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Abstract

The early philosophical standpoint of Professor Bogusław Wolniewicz alluded mainly to the so-called first philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, as expressed in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Professor Wolniewicz’s views have found their expressions, first, in the book (in Polish) Things and Facts. An introduction to the first philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein (1968), and finally in his monograph (in Polish) Ontology of Situations. Foundations and Applications (1985). In both cases, Wolniewicz’ standpoint has been expressed by giving a substantive interpretation to semiotical and logical concepts (i.e. by producing hypostases). This practice looks rather dubious to me, in both cases, although I hope that ontology of situations can be usefully treated as a general formal theory of semantical correlates characteristic for sentential statements.

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Authors and Affiliations

Józef Andrzej Stuchliński
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Abstract

In the Two Concepts of Rules (1955) John Rawls presents the following distinction between two concepts of rules governing human action: a rule as summary of past decisions versus a rule defining a practice. The latter concept was incorporated by John Searle (1964, 1969, 1991, 1995) as the key element of his ontology of social facts. For, according to Searle, a rule of such type is used to create a new practice or institution, and consequently, a new kind of conduct in the framework of such institution. Usually (but not always) a sentence expressing such a rule is a definition of special kind with an unexpected feature: what has been defined is a creation of the definition / of the author. The present paper is an attempt to reveal the essential contribution of Rawls to the early stage of development of Searle’s social ontology as well as an attempt to present its development from 1964 onward until the appearance of its full blooded version in 1995. Moreover, particular attention is devoted to the concept of Searle’s definition of institutional object. The special features of the definition indicate the need to distinguish a fourth concept of ‘definition’, a ‘creative definition’, over the three proposed by Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz in his Three concepts of definition (1958).
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Bibliography

Ajdukiewicz K. (1958a), Trzy pojęcia definicji, „Studia Filozoficzne” 5 (8), s. 3–16; również w: tenże, Język i poznanie, t. II, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1965, s. 296–307.
Ajdukiewicz K. (1958b), Le problème du fondement des propositions analytiques, „Studia Logica” 8, s. 259–272; wyd. pol.: Zagadnienie uzasadniania zdań analitycznych, przeł. H. Mortimer, w: K. Ajdukiewicz, Język i poznanie, t. II, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1965, s. 308–321.
Ajdukiewicz K. (1965), Język i poznanie, t. II, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Anscombe G.E.M. (1958), On Brute Facts, „Analysis” 18, s. 69–72.
Friedman R.L. (2021), Peter Auriol, w: E.N. Zalta (red.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2021 Edition, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/auriol/
Grice H.P. (1975), Logic and Conversation, w: P. Cole, J.L. Morgan (red.), Syntax and Semantics, t. 3: Speech Acts, New York: Academic Press, s. 41–58; wyd. pol.: Logika a konwersacja, przeł. J. Wajszczuk, „Przegląd Humanistyczny” 21 (1977), nr 6 (141), s. 85–99; oraz Logika a konwersacja, przeł. B. Stanosz, w: B. Stanosz (red.), Język w świetle nauki, Warszawa: Czytelnik, 1980.
Lakoff G., Johnson M. (1980), Metaphors We Live By, Chicago – London: The University of Chicago Press; wyd. pol.: Metafory w naszym życiu, przeł. T.P. Krzeszowski, Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1988.
Levinson S.C. (2000), Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature, Cambridge, MA – London: The MIT Press.
Rawls J. (1955), Two Concepts of Rules, „The Philosophical Review” 64, s. 3–32.
Searle J.R. (1964), How to Derive „Ought” From „Is”, „The Philosophical Review” 73, s. 43–58.
Searle J.R. (1965), What Is a Speech Act?, w: M. Black (red.), Philosophy in America, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, London: Allen & Unwin, s. 221–239; częściowe wyd. pol.: Czym jest akt mowy?, przeł. H. Buczyńska‑Garewicz, „Pamiętnik Literacki” 1980, nr 2, s. 241–248.
Searle J.R. (1969), Speech Acts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; wyd. pol.: Czynności mowy, przeł. B. Chwedeńczuk, Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax, 1987.
Searle J.R. (1991), Intentionalistic Explanations in the Social Sciences, „Philosophy of Social Sciences” 21, s. 332–344.
Searle J.R. (1995), The Construction of Social Reality, New York: Free Press.
Sperber D., Wilson D. (1986), Relevance: Communication and Cognition, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers; wyd. pol.: Relewancja. Komunikacja i poznanie, red. M. Jodłowiec, A. Piskorska, Kraków: Tertium, 2011.
Znamierowski Cz. (1921), O przedmiocie i fakcie społecznym, „Przegląd Filozoficzny” 24, s. 1–33.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Nowak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Łódzki, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Lindleya 3/5, 90‑131 Łódź
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Abstract

This paper sets out to characterise and analyse logical atomism of Bertrand Russell. Main tenets of that theory are described by reference to Russell’s lecture Facts and Propositions (1918) and to other publications by that author. The essential claims of Russell’s position are discussed and confronted with tenets of ontology of situations developed by Bogusław Wolniewicz, a position inspired by logical atomism of Ludwig Wittgenstein. The author argues that several of Russell’s theses on logical atomism can be interpreted in the light of Wolniewicz’s ontology of situations. Finally, some minor concluding remarks are offered that can help to develop an ontology conceived in the spirit of the ontology of logical atomism. 366 Janusz Kaczmarek
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Kaczmarek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Łódzki, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Lindleya 3/5, 90-131 Łódź
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Abstract

Bogusław Wolniewicz created an original formal system based on his considerations on the ontology and semantics embedded in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. His system – called by Wolniewicz ‘ontology of situations’ – can be complemented by a philosophical interpretation. In this article I identify the implicit and intuitive underpinnings of the system, its formal content and its philosophical implications. I also indicate a few applications of the system to axiology and logical hermeneutics.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mieczysław Omyła
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Abstract

Bogusław Wolniewicz’s book Things and facts, although it is essentially devoted to the interpretation of the Wittgenstein’s Tractatus, also has a substantive layer in which Wolniewicz raises very important problems in the fields of methodology, semiotics and metaphysics, such as: (a) the problem of clarity of philosophical texts and its relation to simplicity and brevity, as well as to thoroughness and suggestiveness; (b) the problem of semantic correlation types; (c) the problem of analysis, interpretation and definition; (d) the problems of modality, negative facts, absolute monism and coherentionism; (e) the problem of abstraction and moral-praxeological antinomy. The author of the paper reconstructs Wolniewicz’s views on these matters.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Jadacki

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