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Abstract

The use of cold forging is a widely used solution in many industries. One application is the manufacture of bolts and fasteners. The largest amounts of bolts are used in the automotive and machine industry. Those customers demand high standards of quality and reliability from producers based on ISO 9001 and IATF 16949. Also, the construction, agriculture and furniture industries are raising their expectations for deliveries from year to year.
Automotive companies issue their standards specifying specific requirements for products. One of these standards is the aviation standard SAE USCAR 8-4; 2019, which speaks of a compatible arrangement of fibers in the bolt head and in the area of transition into the mandrel.
The article presents the cold forging process of flange bolts. Obtaining a compatible, acceptable and incompatible grain flow pattern based of the above mantioned standard was presented. Then the results of FEM simulation were correlated with the performed experiment.
The effect of incompatible grain flow system was discussed and presented as the crack initiating factor due to delta ferrite, hydrogen embrittlement, tempering embrittlement. The reliability of the connections was confirmed in the assembly test for yield stress on a Schatz machine. The advantages of this method and the difference compared to the tensile test were presented.
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Bibliography

[1] IA TF 16949: 2016 – Automotive Quality Management System Standard.
[2] ISO 9001: 2015 – Systemy zarządzania jakością – Wymagania.
[3] A. Komornicka, M. Sąsiadek, T. Nahirny, Wyzwania przemysłu motoryzacyjnego w świetle wprowadzania standardów IATF 16949:2016, [in:] R. Knosali, Innowacje w Zarządzaniu i Inżynierii Produkcji, Oficyna Wydawnicza Polskiego Towarzystwa Zarządzania Produkcją.
[4] S. Ziółkiewicz, S. Stachowiak, D. Kaczmarczyk, A. Karpiuk, Obróbka Plastyczna Metali 17 (1), 7-13 (2006).
[5] A. Żmudzki, P. Skubisz, J. Sińczak, M. Pietrzyk, Obróbka Plastyczna Metali 17 (3), 9-19 (2006).
[6] N . Biba, S. Stebounov, A. Lishiny, J. Mater. Process. Tech. 113, 34-39 (2001).
[7] M Saad, S. Akhtar, M. Srivastava, J. Chaurasia, Materials Today: Proceedings 5, 19576-19585 (2018).
[8] A . Dubois, L. Lazzarotto, L. Dubar., J. Oudin, Wear 249, 951-961 (2002).
[9] Y . Nugraha, Theory of WireDrawing, Tirtayasa University (2007).
[10] S.Y. Hsia, Y.T. Chou, J.C. Chao, Advances in Mechanical Engineering 8 (3), 1-10 (2016).
[11] R . Bussoloti, L. Albano, L. de Canale, G.E. Totten, Delta Ferrite: Cracking of Steel Fasteners, [in:] R. Colás, G.E. Totten, Encyclopedia of Iron, Steel, and Their Alloys, Five-Volume Set, CRC Press (2006).
[12] D .H. Herring, Indust Heat 73 (16), 9 (2006).
[13] S.V. Brahimi, S. Yue, K.R. Sriraman, Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 375 (2098), (2017).
[14] SAE USCAR 8-4;2019 „Grain Flow Pattern for Bolts, Screws and Studs”.
[15] PN -EN 26157-3. Części złączne – Nieciągłości powierzchni – Śruby, wkręty i śruby dwustronne specjalnego stosowania.
[16] ISO 898-1:2013-06 Własności mechaniczne części złącznych wykonanych ze stali węglowej oraz stopowej – Część 1: Śruby i śruby dwustronne o określonych klasach własności – Gwint zwykły i drobnozwojny.
[17] ISO 16047:2007 Części złączne – Badanie zależności moment obrotowy/siła zacisku.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Dubiel
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Balawender
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Osetek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Koelner Rawlplug IP Sp. z o. o. Oddział w Łańcucie / Rzeszów University of Technology, Poland
  2. Rzeszów University of Technology, 12 Powstańców Warszawy Av., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

Balconies are elements of some multi-storey buildings. Thermo-insulated fasteners are components that connect balcony slabs with the building structure. Their main task is the transfer of loads in connections of balcony slabs with the building while also minimizing thermal bridges. The article presents analytical calculations performed to develop the new type of thermal insulated fasteners and to determine their load-bearing capacity. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that analytical calculations based on commonly utilized principles of reinforced concrete and steel structure operation along enable the development of the effective design algorithm of insulated fasteners and allow for a quick analysis of various geometric variants of these fasteners. The article presents the adaptation of typical algorithms for calculation of steel and reinforced concrete structures for the analysis of non-typical load-bearing capacity states that occur during the calculation of insulated fasteners. The load-bearing capacities of individual fasteners are shown in M-V interaction diagrams (bending moment – shearing force).
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Janiak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Al. prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Abstract

To this day, most of the papers related to hybrid joints were focused on single and double lap joints in which shear deformation and degradation was the dominant phenomenon. However, in real constructions, complex state of loads can be created by: a) torsion with shear, b) bending with shear, c) torsion with tensile.

Analytical and numerical computation for simple mechanical joints is known, however, the introduction of an adhesive layer to this joint makes the load transferred both through: (1) the adhesive and (2) mechanical fasteners. There is also an interaction between the amount and stiffness of mechanical fasteners and the strength of the adhesive layer.

The paper presents the results of numerical calculations for the bending with shear type of load for the hybrid structural joint and corresponding simple joints by: (1) pure adhesion and (2) rivets with different quantity maintaining the same cross-sectional area. A total of 9 simulations were performed for: (1) 4 types of pure rivets connections, (2) pure adhesive joint and (3) 4 kinds of hybrid joints. The surface-based cohesive behavior was used for creation of the adhesive layer, whereas the rivets were modelled by connector type fasteners, which simplify complexity of the numerical model. The use of connectors allowed for effort assessment taking into account damage in both types of connections. Application of connector elements can be useful for larger structures modelling, e.g. aircraft fuselage, where the number of mechanical joints is significant and complex load conditions occur.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Sadowski
M. Nowicki
P. Golewski
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Abstract

Vertical transport of wall-panels is a part of the prefabrication process of wood-framed buildings. The total dead weight of a wall is suspended on several lifting slings, pointwise clasping the top plate of the wall. This indicates, that all the weight of a wall is cumulated in sheathing-to-framing fasteners, usually staples. This article presents experimental investigations and analytical models evaluated for the description of light wood-framed walls in the process of lifting. Three different models cover the analytical approach: a model of a simple beam on elastic supports (BSS), a model of assembled beams (ACBS), three-dimensional (3D) spatial FE model of the wall (WFEM). Board-to-beam joint material parameters are determined on the base of experimental results. These connections are converted into two variants in the form of spring elements for 2D analysis, and beam elements for 3D analysis.
The numerical results exhibit that the proposed models may correctly represent behavior of a real wall in lifting, applying elastic materials parameters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Malesza
1
Czesław Miedziałowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Wiejska 45A, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland

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