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Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine the impact of various methods of oil mixing with wastewater on

properties of synthetic municipal wastewater containing edible oil (SMW+0.02% m/v rapeseed oil). The study was

carried out in 3L glass, cylindrical reactors to which SMW+0.02% were introduced. Various methods of its mixing

with water were applied: mechanical mixing (SMW+0.02%+mixing) and sonication (SMW+0.02%+ultrasounds).

The wastewater was sonicated at 35 kHz for 30 min. The constant temperature conditions were maintained during

the experiment for each mixing method (15°C, 20°C and 30°C). The analysis of parameters (pH, COD, BOD5

and

long chain free fatty acids concentration) of raw wastewater and after 2, 4, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours of inoculation

was performed to determine the effect of mixing method.

The most signifi cant changes in wastewater chemical parameters after the introduction of the oil were observed

in the case of COD. For SMW+0.02%+ mixing a slow increase in COD within 24 hours of the process was observed.

In the case of SMW+0.02%+ultrasounds the increase and the decrease of COD value were observed in reference

to the initial value. The changes in acids concentrations observed in reactors with SMW+0.02%+ultrasounds were

referred to the ones observed in reactors with SMW+0.02%+mixing but changes were more intense in the fi rst

reactor. The use of ultrasounds in pre-treatment of wastewater resulted in the intense appearance of palmitic acid

for 6 hours. Regardless of the emulsion formation method (mixing or ultrasounds), the concentration of oleic acid

and linoleic acid was reduced. The biggest changes in free fatty acids concentration were observed for palmitic,

oleic and linoleic acids after 24 hours.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Łobos-Moysa
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Abstract

By providing the body with essential nutrients, colostrum plays an immune and immunostimulating function. Colostrum quality depends on multiple factors, including microbial presence. This study aimed to explore the effect of non-aureus staphylococci on colostrum quality. Physical and chemical properties, fatty acid profile of cow colostrum were determined. In our study, we identified three non- aureus staphylococci species in the colostrum: S. sciuri, S. xylosus and S. warneri. The percentage of dry matter in staphylococci positive and negative colostrum samples did not differ significantly. Contents of fat, protein, and lactose in the colostrum were similar. The content of butyric (С4:0) and capric (С10:0) acids was significantly higher in the colostrum fat from samples positive for non- aureus staphylococci. Total bacterial count was lower in non- aureus staphylococci positive samples, while pH increased. The percentage of β-casein was lower in colostrum with a positive culture for non- aureus staphylococci.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Pikhtirova
1
E. Pecka-Kiełb
2
A. Zachwieja
3
J. Bujok
2
F. Zigo
4

  1. Sumy State University, Department of Public Health, Rymskogo-Korsakova 2, Sumy 40007, Ukraine
  2. Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Norwida 31, Wroclaw 50-375, Poland
  3. Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Cattle Breeding and Milk Production, Chełmońskiego 38c, Wroclaw 51-630, Poland
  4. University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Animal Breeding, Komenskeho 73, Kosice 041 81, Slovak Republic
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Abstract

This study analyzed the internal and external quality traits of eggs derived from hens of different breeds, including Silkie, Sultan, Cochin Bantam, Brahma and White Leghorn. The highest mean weight was noted for eggs originating from the White Leghorns breed, and the lowest was for eggs from the Cochin Bantams. Simultaneously, both a positive correlation between the egg weight and the percentage of albumen (r = 0.876) and a negative correlation between egg weight and the percentage of yolk (r = - 0.842) were found. The eggshell composition varied significantly in mean phosphorus amount, whereas the calcium content did not differ significantly. Despite this, eggshell strength varied significantly between breeds. Regarding cholesterol and fatty acid levels, the highest amount of cholesterol was noted in the Cochin Bantam breed, and the lowest was in the White Leghorn, although Leghorn was the breed characterized by the highest saturated fatty acid levels, and Cochin Bantam was the lowest. Regarding the polyunsaturated fatty acids (which have been proven to positively influence the cardiovascular system), the highest levels were obtained by Leghorn eggs, and the lowest were obtained by Silkie eggs. In conclusion, the study indicates that ornamental chicken breeds are a source of high-quality products, which could be attractive to consumers, additionally supporting traditional farming and animal genetic resources.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Tyc
1
B. Wysok
1
A. Drażbo
2
J. Naczmański
2
Ł. Szymański
2

  1. Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, Olsztyn, 10-718, Poland
  2. Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, Olsztyn, 10-718, Poland
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Abstract

The factor which essentially affects sludge biodegradation rate is the degree of fluidization of insoluble organic polymers to the solved form, which is a precondition for availability of nutrients for microorganisms. The phases which substantially limit the rate of anaerobic decomposition include hydrolytic and methanogenic phase.

Subjecting excess sludge to the process of initial disintegration substantially affects the effectiveness of the process of anaerobic stabilization. As a result of intensification of the process of hydrolysis, which manifests itself in the increase in the value and rate of generating volatile fatty acids (VFA), elongation of methanogenic phase of the process and increase in the degree of fermentation of modified sludge can be observed. Use of initial treatment of sewage sludge i.e. thermal disintegration is aimed at breaking microorganisms' cells and release of intracellular organic matter to the liquid phase. As a result of thermal hydrolysis in the sludge, the volatile fatty acids (VFA) are generated as early as at the stage of the process of conditioning. The obtained value of VFA determines the course of biological hydrolysis which is the first phase of anaerobic stabilization.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of thermal disintegration of excess sludge on the effectiveness of the process of hydrolysis in anaerobic stabilization i.e. the rate of production of volatile fatty acids, changes in the level of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and increase in the degree of reduction in organic matter. During the first stage of the investigations, the most favourable conditions of thermal disintegration of excess sludge were identified using the temperatures of 50°C, 70°C, 90°C and heating times of 1.5 h - 6 h. The sludge was placed in laboratory flasks secured with a glass plug with liquid-column gauge and subjected to thermal treatment in water bath with shaker option. Another stage involved 8-day process of anaerobic stabilization of raw and thermally disintegrated excess sludge. Stabilization was carried out in mesophilic temperature regime i.e. at 37°C, under periodical conditions. In the case of the process of anaerobic stabilization of thermally disintegrated excess sludge at the temperature of 50°C and heating time of 6 h (mixture B) and 70°C and heating time of 4.5% (mixture C), the degree of fermentation of 30.67% and 33.63%, respectively, was obtained. For the studied sludge, i.e. mixture B and mixture C, maximal level of volatile fatty acids i.e. 874.29 mg CH3COOH/dm3 and 1131.43 mg CH3COOH/dm3 was found on the 2nd day of the process. The maximal obtained value of VFA was correlated on this day with maximal COD level, which was 1344 mg O2/dm3 for mixture B and 1778 mg O2/dm3 for mixture C.

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Authors and Affiliations

I. Zawieja
P. Wolski
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Abstract

This study was intended to determine the effect of adding flax seeds to a concentrate for lamb fattening on the fatty acid composition of the omental fat depot in Pramenka lambs reared indoors. A total of 63 lambs (10±3 kg of live body weight, 30±7 days of age, 30 males and 33 females) were used. They were divided into two groups: a control (CON) fed on hay, ewe’s milk, and a 300-g daily ration of a commercial concentrate, and an experimental group (FS) fed on hay, ewe’s milk and 300 g/day of the concentrate enriched with 5% of flax seeds. After a 60-day fattening period for each group, 10 lambs (5 males and 5 females) were selected and omental fat samples were analysed for fatty acid composition. Highly significant differences (p<0.001) were found between CON and FS in α-linolenic acid, the sum of n-3 fatty acids, and the ratio n-6/n-3 fatty acids. The effect of sex on the fatty acid content in the fat depot was only significant for C20:0 fatty acid (p<0.05).
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Authors and Affiliations

E. Mujić
1
J. Mateo
2
H. Omanović
3
D. Nedić
4
H. Vilić
1
M. Červek
5

  1. University of Bihac, Biotechnical Faculty, Luke Marjanovića bb, 77000, Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  2. Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n 24071 León, Spain
  3. University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  4. University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
  5. Emona Razvojni Center za Prehrano (RCP) Kavčičeva ulica 72, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a group of chronic inflamma-tory disorders characterized by dysbiosis and altered short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) level. The association between individual SCFA levels and cytokine levels is unknown.
Objectives: We aimed to determine the fecal SCFA levels in patients with IBD in relation to disease severity and the serum levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Patients and Methods: The study included 61 patients with IBD (inactive, 22; active, 39) and 16 controls. Fecal levels of organic acids (acetic, lactic, propionic, butyric, isovaleric, isobutyric, and valeric), serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-17, and IL-22, complete blood count and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured.
Results: Patients with active IBD had reduced butyric, acetic, valeric, and isovaleric acid levels and elevated lactic acid levels in stool. Hemoglobin levels were positively correlated with the levels of acetic and butyric acids ( R = 0.266 and R = 0.346, respectively; P <0.05). In addition, CRP levels were inversely correlated with butyric acid levels ( R = –0.573; P <0.05). Higher serum TNF-α levels were observed in patients with active IBD compared with controls (6.64 pg/ml vs 2.05 pg/ml, P <0.05). No relationship was noted between the SCFA profile and cytokine levels.
Conclusions: The study showed that determination of SCFA levels can be used to evaluate the activity of IBD. The relationship between individual SCFA and cytokine levels seems to be complex and requires further studies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Olga Kaczmarczyk
1
Agnieszka Dąbek-Drobny
2
Michał Woźniakiewicz
3
Paweł Paśko
4
Justyna Dobrowolska-Iwanek
4
Aneta Woźniakiewicz
3
Aneta Targosz
5
Agata Ptak-Belowska
5
Agnieszka Piątek-Guziewicz
1
Kacper Wcisło
6
Paweł Zagrodzki
4
Małgorzata Zwolińska-Wcisło
1 2

  1. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Unit of Clinical Dietetics, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  3. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
  4. Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  5. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  6. Department of Pathomorphology, University Hospital, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Scar development in the children’s renal cortex with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is one of the most important parameters of prognosis. It can develop regardless of the chosen treatment, even after the regression of VUR. The shape of the renal papillae, the ascending urinary tract infection, the greater than third-degree VUR, and finally the increased intra-calyceal pressure, induce the formation of renal scarring in the renal parenchyma. Renal scarring may complicate VUR independently of the therapeutic strategy (conservative or operative) and its regression. For restitution of this entity, many scientific terms have been used and the most common of them is intrarenal reflux (IRR). The effects of VUR on future renal function result from the limited ability of the affected kidney to grow (failure of renal growth) due to the existence of scars in the renal cortex, the worsening of these scars, or finally the creation of new scars. With the present study, we intend to clarify the etiology and the pathophysiology of IRR and the relation of VUR prognosis to newer biomarkers such as N-acetyl-beta-glycosaminidase, beta-2 microglobulin, Pen-traxin- 3 and Liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ioanna Gkalonaki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Evangelia Schoina
1
Michail Anastasakis
1
Ioannis Patoulias
1

  1. First Department of Pediatric Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital “G. Gennimatas”, Thessaloniki, Greece

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