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Abstract

This article presents some results of work on the selection of the most promising types of lamps for various objects in industry, in commercial and residential buildings. It is shown that the use of a particular type of lamp depends on the conditions of a particular country (the cost of credit resources, the availability of different types of lamps on the market, and government incentives or restrictions), as well as on the conditions of the specific object (cost of lamps, duration of operation during the day, tariffs for energy resources, the cost of equipment and its installation (dismantling, utilization), the cost of replacing the equipment after leaving it, the term of service of various types of lamps). It is also necessary to consider the possible risks of changes in tariffs and the cost of money.
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Authors and Affiliations

Volodymyr Mamalyga
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine
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Abstract

Because of the value of time, investors are interested in obtaining economic benefits rather early and at a highest return. But some investing opportunities, e.g. mineral projects, require from an investor to freeze their capital for several years. In exchange for this, they expect adequate remuneration for waiting, uncertainty and possible opportunities lost. This compensation is reflected in the level of interest rate they demand. Commonly used approach of project evaluation – the discounted cash flow analysis – uses this interest rate to determine present value of future cash flows. Mining investors should worry about project’s cash flows with greater assiduousness – especially about those arising in first years of the project lifetime. Having regard to the mining industry, this technique views a mineral deposit as complete production project where the base sources of uncertainty are future levels of economic-financial and technical parameters. Some of them are more risky than others – this paper tries to split apart and weigh their importance by the example of Polish hard coal projects at the feasibility study. The work has been performed with the sensitivity analysis of the internal rate of return. Calculations were made using the ‘bare bones’ assumption (on all the equity basis, constant money, after tax, flat price and constant operating costs), which creates a good reference and starting point for comparing other investment alternatives and for future investigations. The first part introduces with the discounting issue; in the following sections the paper presents data and methods used for spinning off risk components from the feasibility-stage discount rate and, in the end, some recommendations are presented.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr W. Saługa
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Abstract

The usage of wet methods for flue gas dedusting from coalfired boilers is associated with significant heat losses and water resources. Widespread emulsifiers of the first and second generation are satisfactory in terms of flue gas cleaning efficiency (up to 99.5%), but at the same time do not create conditions for deeper waste heat recovery, leading to lowering the temperature of gases. Therefore, in the paper, an innovative modernization, including installing an additional economizer in front of the scrubber (emulsifier) is proposed, as part of the flue gas passes through a parallel bag filter. At the outlet of the emulsifier and the bag filter, the gases are mixed in a suitable ratio, whereby the gas mixture entering the stack does not create conditions for condensation processes in the stack.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Iliya Krastev Iliev
1
Tomasz Kowalczyk
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hristo Kvanov Beloev
1
Angel Kostadinov Terziev
3
Krzysztof Jan Jesionek
4
Janusz Badur
2

  1. University of Ruse, Department of Thermotechnics, Hydraulics and Environmental Engineering, Studentska 8, 7017 Ruse, Bulgaria
  2. Energy Conversion Department, Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-251 Gdansk, Poland
  3. Technical University of Sofia, Department of Power Engineering and Power Machines, Kliment Ohridski 8, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
  4. Witelon Collegium State University, Faculty of Technical and Economic Science, Sejmowa 5C, 59-220 Legnica, Poland

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