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Number of results: 11
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Abstract

The paper presents a new method for measuring the strain and load of wire ropes guide using fiber optic sensors with Bragg gratings. Its principle consists in simultaneous fiber optic measurement of longitudinal strain of the rope and transverse strain of the bolt fixing the rope. The tensometric force transducers which have been used so far were only able to determine the load in the head securing the rope through an indirect measurement using a special strain insert. They required calibration, compensation of temperature changes, as well as periodic checking and calibration. The head fastening the rope required significant design changes. Measurement based on fiber optic sensors does not have these drawbacks and is characterized by a much higher accuracy and safety of measurements, because the working medium is light. The fastening head does not change. The measurement of the rope load may be based on the change of strain value or indirectly by means of measuring the deflection of the bolt fixing the rope holder. The proposed solution consists in placing the optical fiber with Bragg grating inside the bolt. It enables continuous measurements with a frequency of 2 kHz. A special test bench was built at the Research and Supervisory Centre of Underground Mining. Testing on guide ropes was carried out in a mining hoist in the Piast mine.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Juraszek
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Abstract

The brake linkage of a hoisting machine is a very important component determining the safety of

the hoisting machine’s entire braking system. It is subject to weekly inspections. However, an efficiency

test of brake performance is carried out every 6 months. Once every 3 years, a test must be carried out by

an appraiser who pays particular attention to the executive and control components of the brakes as well

as the strain - brake system and brake release components. The legal provisions regulating the testing

of braking system linkages are not precise. So far, the control has been based on random measurement

of strains using electrical resistance strain gauges stuck to the surface of the linkage. A new method

for measuring the strains of the linkage has been proposed in the work. It is based on fibre optic strain

sensors with Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBG). They are mounted using specially designed and tested holders

for mounting on the brake linkage. They provide quick assembly and the measurement of strain in the

direction parallel to the axis of the linkage. The structure of the holder also allows for the measurement

in 4 positions turned every 90 relative to one another. Such a measurement enables a comprehensive

analysis of strains and stresses in the brake linkage. In the work, it was shown that there is a complex

state of strain and stress in the brake linkage. The previous procedures for linkage testing are inadequate

in relation to this condition. An experimental and numerical method was proposed to assess the state

of linkage stress. It should constitute the basis for the decision of the appraiser to allow the linkage for

further use. The method proposed in the work also allows for continuous measurements of linkage strains

as well as dynamic braking tests.

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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Juraszek
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Abstract

An optimal sensor placement methodology is implemented and herein proposed for SHM model-assisted design and analysis purposes. The kernel of this approach analysis is a genetic-based algorithm providing the sensor network layout by optimizing the probability of detection (PoD) function while, in this preliminary phase, a classic strain energy approach is adopted as well established damage detection criteria. The layout of the sensor network is assessed with respect to its own capability of detection, parameterized through the PoD. A distributed fiber optic strain sensor is adopted in order to get dense information of the structural strain field. The overall methodology includes an original user-friendly graphical interface (GUI) that reduces the time-to-design costs needs. The proposed methodology is preliminarily validated for isotropic and anisotropic elements.

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Bibliography

[1] C. Boller, F.K. Chang, and Y. Fujino. Encyclopedia of Structural Health Monitoring. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK, 2009.
[2] M.I. Friswell. Damage identification using inverse methods. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 365(1851):393–410, 2007. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2006.1930.
[3] S. Zhou, Y. Bao, and H. Li. Optimal sensor placement based on substructure sensitivity. In Proceedings of SPIE, Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, volume 8345, 2012. doi: 10.1117/12.915074.
[4] D.C. Kammer and M.L. Tinker. Optimal placement of triaxial accelerometers for modal vibration tests. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 18(1):29–41, 2004. doi: 10.1016/S0888-3270(03)00017-7.
[5] M. Najeeb and V. Gupta. Energy efficient sensor placement for monitoring structural health. International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications, 1–16 June 2014. doi: 10.3390/ecsa-1-d008.
[6] W. Liu, W.C. Gao, Y. Sun, and M.J. Xu. Optimal sensor placement for spatial lattice structure based on genetic algorithms. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 317(1–2):175–189, 2008. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2008.03.026.
[7] H. Gao and J.L. Rose. Sensor placement optimization in structural health monitoring using genetic and evolutionary algorithms. Proceedings of SPIE, Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, volume 6174, 2006. doi: 10.1117/12.657889.
[8] X. Bao and L. Chen. Recent progress in Brillouin scattering based fiber sensors. Sensors, 11(4):4152–4187, 2011. doi: 10.3390/s110404152.
[9] L. Maurin, P. Ferdinand, F. Nony, and S. Villalonga. OFDR distributed strain measurements for SHM of hydrostatic stressed structures: an application to high pressure hydrogen storage type IV composite vessels – H2E Project. 7th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, pages 930–937, Nantes, France, 8–11 July, 2014.
[10] O. Shapira, U. Ben-Simon, A. Bergman, S. Shoham, B. Glam, I. Kressel, T. Yehoshula, and M. Tur. Structural health monitoring of a UAV fleet using fiber optic distributed strain sensing. International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Stanford, CA, USA, 1–3 September, 2015. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/371.
[11] J. Li, R.K. Kapania, andW. B. Spillman. Placement optimization of distributed-sensing fiber optic sensors using genetic algorithms, AIAA Journal, 46(4):824–836, 2008. doi: 10.2514/1.25090.
[12] H. Li, H. Yang, and S.-L.J, Hu. Modal strain energy decomposition method for damage localization in 3D frame structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 132(9):41–951, 2006. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2006)132:9(941).
[13] H.-W. Hu and C.-B. Wu. Non-destructive damage detection of two dimensional plate structures using modal strain energy method. Journal of Mechanics, 24(4):319–332, 2008. doi: 10.1017/S1727719100002458.
[14] Z.Y. Shi, S.S. Law, and L.M. Zhang. Improved damage quantification from elemental modal strain energy change. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 128(5):521–529, 2002. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2002)128:5(521).
[15] M. Ciminello, A. Concilio, B. Galasso, and F.M. Pisano. Skin-stringer debonding detection using distributed dispersion index features. Structural Health Monitoring, 17(5):1245–1254, 2018. doi: 10.1177/1475921718758980.
[16] P.O. Mensah-Bonsu. Computer-aided Engineering Tools for Structural Health Monitoring under Operational Conditions. Master’s Thesis, University of Connecticut, USA, 2012. https://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/278.
[17] R. Mason, L.A. Ginter, M. Singleton, V.F. Hock, R.G Lampo, and S.C. Sweeney. A novel integrated monitoring system for structural health management of military infrastructure, Proceedings of Department of Defense Corrosion Conference, 2009.
[18] S. Beskhyroun. Graphical interface toolbox for modal analysis. Proceedings of the Ninth Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering: Building an Earthquake-Resilient Society, Auckland New Zealand, 14–16 April 2011.
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Authors and Affiliations

Salvatore Ameduri
1
Monica Ciminello
1
Ignazio Dimino
1
Antonio Concilio
1
Alfonso Catignani
2
Raimondo Mancinelli
2

  1. Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali, CIRA, Capua, Italy.
  2. Universitá degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Napoli, Italy.
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Abstract

The low-frequency optical-signal phase noise induced by mechanical vibration of the base occurs in field-deployed fibers. Typical telecommunication data transfer is insensitive to this type of noise but the phenomenon may influence links dedicated to precise Time and Frequency (T&F) fiber-optic transfer that exploit the idea of stabilization of phase or propagation delay of the link. To measure effectiveness of suppression of acoustic noise in such a link, a dedicated measurement setup is necessary. The setup should enable to introduce a low-frequency phase corruption to the optical signal in a controllable way. In the paper, a concept of a setup in which the mechanically induced acoustic-band optical signal phase corruption is described and its own features and measured parameters are presented. Next, the experimental measurement results of the T&F transfer TFTS-2 system’s immunity as a function of the fibre-optic length vs. the acoustic-band noise are presented. Then, the dependency of the system immunity on the location of a noise source along the link is also pointed out.

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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Śliwczyński
Przemysław Krehlik
Marcin Lipiński
Łukasz Buczek
Jacek Kołodziej
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Abstract

The paper presents a construction of a system for measurements of pH, concentration of calcium ions and concentration of heavy metal ions in water. Three fiber optic sensors in flow configuration were designed and tested. The system is fully automatic and can be used for water quality monitoring.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Dybko
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Abstract

This paper deals with an issue of a rotational motion impact on a construction and presents civil engineering applications of a fiber optic rotational seismograph named Fiber-Optic System for Rotational Events & Phenomena Monitoring. It has been designed for a long- term building monitoring and structural rotations’ recording. It is based on the Sagnac effect which enables to detect one-axis rotational motion in a direct way and without any reference system. It enables to detect a rotation component in the wide range of a signal amplitude from 10-8 rad/s to 10 rad/s, as well as a frequency from DC to 1000 Hz. Data presented in this paper show the behavior of a reinforced concrete frame construction on different floors. Several measurements were carried out by placing the applied sensor on different floor levels of a building. The laboratory and in-situ measurements confirmed that Fiber-Optic System for Rotational Events & Phenomena Monitoring is an accurate and suitable device for applications in civil engineering.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Kurzych
L.R. Jaroszewicz
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy K. Kowalski
ORCID: ORCID
Bartosz Sakowicz
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The aim of this work was to induce permanent birefringence both in typical liquid crystal cells and photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) by photo-polymerization. For this purpose three different liquid crystalline materials, namely E7, 5CB, and 6CHBT were combined with a mixture of RM257 monomer and a UV sensitive initiator with the percentage weight less than 10%. Due to the photo-polymerization process it was possible to achieve polymer-stabilized liquid crystal orientation inside LC cells and micro-sized cylindrical glass tubes. In particular, periodic change in spatial molecular orientation was achieved by selective photo-polymerization. Successful results obtained in these simple geometries allowed for the experimental procedure to be repeated in PCFs leading to locally-induced permanent birefringence in PCFs.

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Authors and Affiliations

M.S. Chychłowski
S. Ertman
K. Rutkowska
O. Strzeżysz
R. Dąbrowski
T.R. Woliński
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Abstract

Distributed measurement often relies on sensor networks. In this paper, we present the construction of low-coherence fiber-optic Fabry–Pérot sensors connected into a quasi-distributed network. We discuss the mechanism of spectrum modulation in this type of sensor and the constraints of assembly of such sensors in the network. Particular attention was paid to separate the signals from individual sensors which can be achieved by cavity length-based addressing. We designed and built a laboratory model of a temperature sensors network. The employed sensors are low-coherence Fabry–Pérot interferometric sensors in a fiberoptics configuration. The extrinsic sensor cavity utilizes the thermal expansion of ceramics, and the sensors are addressed by the different lengths of the cavities. The obtained test results showthat the signal components from each sensor can be successfully separated, and the number of sensors could be expanded depending on the FWHM of the light source.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Karpienko
1
Marcin J. Marzejon
1
Adam Mazikowski
1
Jerzy Plucinski
1

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

This paper focuses on automatic locking of tracking filters used in optical frequency transfer systems. General concept of such a system is briefly described and the problems with its automatic startup, originating in the use of the analog phase locked loop to filter weak, received signal, are discussed. A supervisory circuitry and algorithm to solve these problems is proposed. The frequency of the signal to be filtered is measured indirectly and the output frequency of the tracking filter is monitored. In the case of lack of synchronism (i:e: after the startup) a significant difference of these frequencies is measured and the supervisory algorithm forces the filter to tune into the right frequency and then allows it to synchronize. A system with the proposed solution was implemented and tested experimentally on a fiber optic link with high attenuation and multiple optical connectors. Transient signals during locking were recorded to investigate the system’s behavior in real environment. The system was evaluated in the link causing synchronization losses every 17 min on average. During measurements over 3 days, the whole system was synchronized for over 99.98% of time despite these difficult conditions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Włodarczyk
Przemysław Krehlik
Łukasz Śliwczyński
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Abstract

This paper investigates the noise levels present at various points in the FOSREM type fiber optic seismograph. The main aim of this research was to discover magnitudes of noise, introduced by various components of the analog and optical circuits of the device. First, the noise present in the electronic circuit without any optics connected is measured. Further experiments show noise levels including the detector diode not illuminated and illuminated. Additional tests were carried out to prove the necessity of analog circuitry shielding. All measurements were repeated using three powering scenarios which investigated the influence of power supply selection on noise. The results show that the electronic components provide a sufficient margin for the use of an even more precise detector diode. The total noise density of the whole device is lower than 4⋅10−7 rad/(s√Hz). The use of a dedicated Insulating Power Converter as a power supply shows possible advantages, but further experiments should be conducted to provide explicit thermic confirmation of these gains.
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Bibliography

  1. Rajan, G. Optical Fiber Sensors: Advanced Techniques and Applications. (CRC press, 2017).
  2. Sabri, N., Aljunid, S. A., Salim, M. S., Ahmad, R. B. & Kamaruddin, R. Toward optical sensors: Review and applications. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 423, 012064 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/423/1/012064
  3. Lee, B. et al. Interferometric fiber optic sensors. Sensors 12(3), 2467-2486 (2012). https://doi.org/10.3390/s120302467
  4. Bao, X. & Chen, L. Recent progress in distributed fiber optic sensors. Sensors 12(7), 8601–8639 (2012). https://doi.org/10.3390/s120708601
  5. Liu, G., Han, M. & Hou, W. High-resolution and fast-response fiber-optic temperature sensor using silicon Fabry-Pérot cavity. Opt. Express 23(6), 7237–7247 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.007237
  6. Campanella, C. E., Cuccovillo, A., Campanella, C., Yurt, A. & Passaro, V. Fibre Bragg grating based strain sensors: review of technology and applications. Sensors 18(9), 3115 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093115
  7. Ramakrishnan, M., Rajan, G., Semenova, Y. & Farrell, G. Overview of fiber optic sensor technologies for strain/temperature sensing applications in composite materials. Sensors 16(1), 99 (2016), https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010099.
  8. Yu, Q. & Zhou, X. (2011) Pressure sensor based on the fiber-optic extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer. Photonic Sens. 1(1), 72–83 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-010-0017-9
  9. Chang, T. et al. Fiber optic interferometric seismometer with phase feedback control. Opt. Express 28(5), 6102–6122 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.385703
  10. Budinski, V. & Donlagic, D. Fiber-optic sensors for measurements of torsion, twist and rotation: a review. Sensors 17(3), 443 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030443
  11. Jaroszewicz, L. R., Kurzych, A., Krajewski, Z., Kowalski, J. K., Kowalski, H. A. & Teisseyre, K. P. Innovative Fibre-Optic Rotational Seismograph. in 7th International Symposium on Sensor Science Proceedings 15, 45 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019015045
  12. Lee, W. H. K., Celebi, M., Todorovska, M. & Igel, H. Introduction to the special issue on rotational seismology and engineering applications. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 99, 945–957 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080344
  13. Kurzych, A., Kowalski, J. K., Sakowicz, B., Krajewski, Z. & Jaroszewicz, L. R. The laboratory investigation of the innovative sensor for torsional effects in engineering structures’ monitoring. Opto-Electron. Rev. 24(3), 134–143 (2016). http://doi.org/10.1515/oere-2016-0017
  14. Kurzych, A., Jaroszewicz, L. R., Kowalski, J. K. & Sakowicz, B. Investigation of rotational motion in a reinforced concrete frame construction by a fiber optic gyroscope. Opto-Electron. Rev. 28(2), 69–73 (2020). https://doi.org/10.24425/opelre.2020.132503
  15. Bernauer, F. et al. Rotation, strain, and translation sensors performance tests with active seismic sources. Sensors 21(1), 264 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010264
  16. Sagnac, G. The light ether demonstrated by the effect of the relativewind in ether into a uniform rotation interferometer. Acad. Sci. 95, 708–710 (1913).
  17. Post, E. J. Sagnac effect. Rev. Mod. Phys. 39, 475–493 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.39.475
  18. Jaroszewicz, L. R., Kurzych, A., Krajewski, Z., Dudek, M., Kowalski, J. K. & Teisseyre, K. P. The fiber-optic rotational seismograph - laboratory tests and field application. Sensors 19(12), 2699 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19122699
  19. Lefevre, H. C., Martin, P., Morisse, J., Simonpietri, P., Vivenot, P. & Arditti, H. J. High-dynamic-range fiber gyro with all-digital signal processing. Proc. SPIE 1367, 72–80 (1991).
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  23. Heinzel, G., Rüdiger, A. & Schilling, R. Spectrum and spectral density estimation by the Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), including a comprehensive list of window functions and some new at-top windows. https://holometer.fnal.gov/GH_FFT.pdf (2021).
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  26. Konno K. & Ohmachi, T. Ground motion characteristics estimated from spectral ratio between horizontal and vertical components of microtremor. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 88(1), 228-241 (1998).
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Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir Niespodziany
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna T. Kurzych
2
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Dudek
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Heat Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 21/25 Nowowiejska St., Warsaw 00-665, Poland
  2. Institute of Technical Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. S. Kaliskiego St., Warsaw 00-908, Poland
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Abstract

An interferometric structure based on a Dual-Resonance Long-Period Grating (DRLPG) within a Fiber Loop Mirror (FLM) is presented in this paper. Its purpose is to measure the refractive index (RI) of liquid analytes. The grating is the RI sensing probe, while the FLM serves as a band-pass filter. Due to the high extinction ratio of the FLM, amplitude measurements can be obtained, allowing implementation of the differential interrogation method to establish the sensitivity of the device. The use of a polarization controller makes it possible to fine-tune the interferometric peaks with respect to the two notches of the DRLPG. Precisely aligned configuration produces a maximum sensitivity of 3871.5 dB/RIU within the RI range of 1.3333 up to 1.3419 with linear sensor response.

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Zawisza
T. Eftimov
P. Mikulic
Y. Chinifooroshan
A. Celebańska
W.J. Bock
L.R. Jaroszewicz
ORCID: ORCID

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