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Abstract

In Poland, in recent years, there has been a rapid accumulation of sewage sludge – a by-product in the treatment of urban wastewater. This has come about as a result of infrastructure renewal, specifically, the construction of modern sewage treatment plants. The more stringent regulations and strategic goals adopted for modern sewage management have necessitated the application of modern engineering methodology for the disposal of sewage sludge. One approach is incineration. As a consequence, the amount of fly ash resulting from the thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge has grown significantly. Hence, intensive work is in progress for environmentally safe management of this type of waste. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the possibility of using the fly ash that results from municipal sewage sludge thermal treatment (SSTT) as an additive to hardening slurries. The article presents the technological and functional parameters of hardening slurries with an addition of fly ash obtained by SSTT. Moreover, the usefulness of these slurries is analyzed on the basis of their basic properties, i.e., density, contractual viscosity, water separation, structural strength, volumetric density, hydraulic conductivity, compressive and tensile strength. The research on technological and functional properties was carried out, the aim of which was to determine the practical usefulness of the hardening slurries used in the experiment. Subsequently, leaching tests were performed for heavy metals in the components, the structure of the hardening slurries. An experiment showed leaching of hazardous compounds at a level allowing their practical application. The article presents the potential uses of fly ash from SSTT in hardening slurry technology.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Falaciński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Wojtkowska
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw
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Abstract

Strength and permeability properties along with microstructural evolution of hardened slurries composed of fly ash from fluidal bed combustion of brown coal and an addition of OPC/BFSC is assessed in this paper. An increase in the amount of fly ash in slurries influences the development of mechanical strength and a decrease of hydraulic conductivity. SEM, XRD, and porosity analyses confirmed formation of watertight microstructures. The structure of slurries is composed of ettringite, C-S-H phase, AFt, and AFm phases. Ettringite crystallises as relatively short needles forming compact clusters or intermixed with the C-S-H phase. The occurring C-S-H phases are mainly of type I – fibrous and type II – honeycomb

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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Kledyński
P. Falaciński
A. Machowska
J. Dyczek
Ł. Kotwica
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research on the kinetics of the binding process of self-hardening moulding sands with an organic binder under conditions of forced air flow at various pressure values. Three moulding sands made using urea-furfuryl resin Furanol FR75A technology were studied. The moulding sands were prepared on a base of quartz sand with an average grain size of dL = 0.25, 0.29 and and 0.37 mm , with permeability values of 306 , 391 and and 476 m 2/10 8Pa ∙ s (for ρ0 = 1.60 , 1.60 and and 1.61 g/cm 3, respectively). The research was conducted for a resin content of 1% with a constant proportion of hardener to resin, which was equal to 50%. Samples of the tested moulding sands were blown with air at pressures of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 bar. The kinetics of the hardening process was monitored using ultrasound technology, according to a previously developed methodology [1]. The research was carried out on an ultrasound testing station equipped with a temperature chamber and an airflow reducer. The tests were conducted at a temperature of 20°C, and of the air flow pressure on the changes in ultrasonic wave velocity in the hardening mouldins sand as a function of time, the kinetics of the hardening process, and the degree of moulding sand hardening were determined. Additionally, the influence of the moulding sand permeability on the course of the hardening process at a constant air flow pressure was determined.
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Bibliography

[1] Zych, J. (2007). Synthesis of the applications of ultrasonic technology in the analysis of the kinetics of selected processes occurring in molding materials. AGH Uczelniane Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Dydaktyczne. Seria: Rozprawy i Monografie nr 163, Kraków. (in Polish).
[2] Holtzer, M., Kmita, A. & Roczniak, A. (2014). New furfuryl resins more environmentally friendly. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 14(spec.4), 51-54. (in Polish).
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[9] Matonis, N. & Zych, J. (2022). Plasticity changes of moulding sands with chemical binders caused by increasing the hardenin degree. Archives od Foundry Engineering. 22(2), 71-76. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140227.
[10] Zych, J. (1999). Patent Nr PL 192202 B1. Kraków
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Authors and Affiliations

Natalia Matonis
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Poland
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Abstract

The numerical algorithm of thermal phenomena is based on the solution of the heat conduction equations in Petrov-Galerkin’s formula using the finite element method. In the modeling of phase transformation in the solid state, the models based on the diagrams of continuous heating and continuous cooling (CHT and CCT). In the modeling of mechanical phenomena, equations of equilibrium and constitutive relationships were adopted in the rate form. It was assumed that the hardened material is elastic-plastic, and the plasticizing can be characterized by isotropic, kinematic or mixed strengthening. In the model of mechanical phenomena besides thermal, plastic and structural strains, the transformations plasticity was taken into account. Thermo-physical size occurring in the constitutive relationship, such as Young’s modulus and tangential modulus, while yield point depend on temperature and phase composition of the material. The modified Leblond model was used to determine transformation plasticity. This model was supplemented by an algorithm of modified plane strain state, advantageous in application to the modeling of mechanical phenomena in slender objects. The problem of thermoelasticity and plasticity was solved by the FEM. In order to evaluate the quality and usefulness of the presented numerical models, numerical analysis of temperature fields, phase fractions, stresses and strains was performed, i.e. the basic phenomena accompanying surface layer of progressive-hardening with a movable heat source of slender elements made of tool steel for cold work.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Domański
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Abstract

Based on laboratory tests of selected properties of secondary waste (ashes and dusts) from municipal waste incineration plants, the possibility of recovering some properties of waste in the process of filling the post-mining voids in the salt mine was assessed. The furnace bottom ash and the waste from the flue gas treatment from one of the national incineration plants were examined. The grain curves of dry waste and the density of the prepared mixtures were characterized. Twelve variants of the compositions of ash-based mixtures with varying proportions of the individual components were considered, taking into account both fresh water and brine. For each variant of the composition, the amount of redundant liquid appeared as well as the time of solidifying of the mixture to a certain strength and the compressibility values obtained. Considering the possibility of transporting mixtures in mines by means of pipelines at relatively long distances, and allowing the filling of large salt chambers to be filled and evenly filled, flow parameters were determined. In addition, the permeability of solidified waste samples was investigated, showing the potential for reducing the strength of the waste mass due to the action of water or brine. The technical feasibility of eliminating redundant liquid in the binding process has been confirmed, which is particularly important in salt mines. Preliminary values for the amount of binder (5%÷10%) to be added to the mixtures to obtain the specified strength properties of the artificially formed mass at Rc = 0.5 MPa. Attention was paid to the important practical aspect resulting from the rapid increase of this type of waste in the comming years in Poland and at the same time vast potential for their use in salt mining, where we have a huge capacity of salt chambers available.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Skrzypkowski
Waldemar Korzeniowski
Katarzyna Poborska-Młynarska
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Abstract

The study presents methods to be used for improving the performance parameters of car engine pistons made of EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg alloy according to the PN-EN 1706: 2011. Pistons of slow sucking and turbocharged engines were researched. A solution heat and ageing treatments were applied according to four variants. Temperatures of the solution heat treatment were: 550 ±5°C; 510°C ±5°C; and alternate: 276 ±5°C/510 ±5°C. The solution time ranged from 6 min to 4 h. Temperatures of the ageing heat treatment were 20°C and 250°C, while the ageing time ranged from 1,5 to 3h. Natural ageing was performed in 5 days. Measurements of hardness HRB and the piston diameters were performed. An improvement in the performance parameters of combustion engines was observed. Three solution heat treatment and ageing variants, allowed to obtain the pistons with hardness equal/higher than pistons of the turbocharged engines. The test results confirmed the possibility of providing a piston with properties exceeding the high load parameters specified by the manufacturer. Further studies will make it possible to improve the effects of the proposed solutions.
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Bibliography

[1] Stone, R. (2012). Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines. Fourth Edition, SAE and Macmillan.
[2] Heywood, J.B. (2018). Internal Combustion Engines Fundamentals, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Education.
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[7] Manasijevic, S., Pavlovic-Acimovic, Z., Raic, K., Radisa, R. & Kvrgi´c, V. (2013). Optimisation of cast pistons made of Al–Si piston alloy. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 26(5), 255-261.
[8] Javidani, M. & Larouche, D. (2014). Application of cast Al–Si alloys in internal combustion engine components. International Materials Reviews. 59(3), 132-158.
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[13] Pezda, J. (2015). The effect of the T6 head treatment on change of mechanical properties of the AlSi12CuNiMg alloy modified with strontium. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 60(2), 627-632.
[14] Czekaj, E., Fajkiel, A. & Gazda, A. (2005). Short-lived ultrahigh temperature silicon spheroidization treatment of silumins. Archiwum Odlewnictwa. 5(17), 51-68. (in Polish).
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[16] Pezda, J. (2010). Heat treatment of EN AC-AlSi13Cu2Fe silumin and its effect on change of hardness of the alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 10(1), 131-134.
[17] Pezda, J. (2014). Effect of a selected heat treatment parameters on technological quality of a silumin-cast machinery components; Bielsko-Biała: ATH Scientific Publishing House: Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
[18] Pezda, J. & Jarco, A. (2016). Effect of T6 heat treatment parameters on technological quality of the AlSi7Mg alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(4), 95-100.
[19] Czekaj, E., Kwak, Z., Garbacz-Klempka, A. (2017). Comparison of impact of immersed and micro-jet cooling during quenching on microstructure and mechanical properties of hypoeutectic silumin AlSi7Mg0.3. Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering. 43(3), 153-168.
[20] Pezda, J. & Jezierski, J. (2020). Non-standard T6 heat treatment of the casting of the combustion engine cylinder head. Materials. 13(18), 4114.
[21] Jarco, A. & Pezda, J. (2021). Effect of heat treatment process and optimization of its parameters on mechanical properties and microstructure of the AlSi11(Fe) alloy. Materials (Basel) 14(9), 2391.
[22] Nikitin, K.V., Chikova, O.A., Amosov, E.A. & Nikitin, V.I. (2016). Shortening the time of heat treatment of silumins of the Al – Si – Cu system by modifying their structure. Metal Science and Heat Treatment. 58(7), 400-404.
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[25] Kuriš, M., Bolibruchova, D. M., Matejka M. & Kantoríková, E. (2021). Effect of the precipitation hardening on the structure of AlSi7Mg0.3Cu0.5 alloy with addition of Zr and combination of Zr and Ti. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(1), 95-100.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Trepczyńska-Łent
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Műller
2

  1. Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Al. prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
  2. Bergerat Monnoyeur Sp. z o.o. – Caterpillar, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents the research results of the influence of the precipitation hardening on hardness and microstructure of selected Al-Si and Al-Cu alloys obtained as 30 mm ingots in a horizontal continuous casting process. The ingots were heat treated in process of precipitation hardening i.e. supersaturation with subsequent accelerated or natural ageing. Moreover in the range of the study it has been carried out investigations of chemical constitution, microscopic metallographic with use of scanning electron microscope with EDS analysis system, and hardness measurements using the Brinell method. On basis of obtained results it has been concluded that the chemical constitution of the investigated alloys enables to classify them into Al alloys for the plastic deformation as EN AW-AlSi2Mn (alternatively cast alloy EN AC-AlSi2MgTi) and as EN AW-AlCu4MgSi (alternatively cast alloy EN AC-AlCu4MgTi) grades. Moreover in result of applied precipitation hardening has resulted in the precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution of dispersive particles of secondary phases rich in alloying element i.e. Si and Cu respectively. In consequence it has been obtained increase in hardness in case of AlSi2Mn alloy by approximately 30% and in case of AlCu4MgSi alloy by approximately 20% in comparison to the as-cast state of continuous ingots.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Wróbel
P.M. Nuckowski
P. Jurczyk
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Abstract

The high mechanical properties of the Al-Li-X alloys contribute to their increasingly broad application in aeronautics, as an alternative forthe aluminium alloys, which have been used so far. The aluminium-lithium alloys have a lower specific gravity, a higher nucleation andcrack spread resistance, a higher Young’s module and they characterize in a high crack resistance at lower temperatures. The aim of theresearch planned in this work was to design an aluminium alloy with a content of lithium and other alloy elements. The research includedthe creation of a laboratorial melt, the microstructure analysis with the use of light microscopy, the application of X-ray methods to identify the phases existing in the alloy, and the microhardness test.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Augustyn-Pieniążek
S. Rzadkosz
H. Adrian
M. Choroszyński
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Abstract

The contributions of work-hardening of austenite and the presence of martensite on the hardening of an AISI 304L stainless steel were evaluated based on plastic deformation under different reductions in thickness at two rolling temperatures. The cold deformation temperatures of 300 K and 373 K were chosen to induce strain-hardening plus strain-induced martensitic transformation in the former and strain-hardening in the latter. This made it possible to elucidate the real effects of strengthening mechanisms of metastable austenitic stainless steels during mechanical working.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Mirzaie
H. Mirzadeh
M. Naghizadeh
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Abstract

In the paper, the authors present the approach to modelling of austenitic steel hardening basing on the Frederick-Armstrong’s rule and Chaboche elastic-plastic material model with mixed hardening. Non-linear uniaxial constitutive equations are derived from more general relations with the assumption of an appropriate evolution of back stress. The aim of the paper is to propose a robust and efficient identification method of a well known material model.

A typical LCF strain-controlled test was conducted for selected amplitudes of total strain. Continuous measurements of instant stress and total strain values were performed. Life time of a specimen, signals amplitudes and load frequency were also recorded.

Based on the measurement, identification of constitutive equation parameters was performed. The goal was to obtain a model that describes, including hardening phenomenon, a material behaviour during the experiment until the material failure. As a criterion of optimisation of the model least square projection accuracy of the material response was selected.

Several optimisation methods were examined. Finally, the differential evolution method was selected as the most efficient one. The method was compared to standard optimisation methods available in the MATLAB environment. Significant decrease of computation time was achieved as all the optimisation procedures were run parallel on a computer cluster.

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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Maciejewski
Wojciech Myszka
Grażyna Ziętek
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Abstract

17-4PH stainless steel finds application in the aerospace industry owing to its good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In the literature, this steel is described as good for welding, but research shows that it may be problematic due to the formation of defects. In this study, the welded joints were made by the robotic TIG welding method with various welding speeds (2 and 3 mm/s). The joints were subjected to non-destructive testing and were free from defects. The microstructure was observed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Changes in the microstructure of the heat affected zone were observed and discussed. Based on the observation of the microstructure and the change in the hardness profile, the heat affected zone was divided into 4 characteristic regions. δ-ferrite and NbC were observed in the martensite matrix. The welded joints were subjected to heat treatment consisting of solution and aging in 550°C for 4 h. The microstructure of the heat affected zone become homogenized as a result of the heat treatment. The content of stable austenite in the welded joint after the heat treatment was about 3%.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Nalborczyk-Kazanecka
1
ORCID: ORCID
G. Mrowka-Nowotnik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, 12 Powstańców Warszawy Av., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to select the optimal content of zirconium introduced as an alloying additive to obtain the best strength properties of Al-Si alloy. A technically important disadvantage is the tendency of silumins to form a coarse-grained structure that adversely affects the mechanical properties of castings. To improve the structure, modification processes and alloying additives are used, both of which can effectively refine the structure and thus increase the mechanical properties. According to the Hall-Petch relationship, the finer is the structure, the higher are the mechanical properties of the alloy. The proposed addition of zirconium as an alloying element has a beneficial effect on the structure and properties of silumins, inhibiting the grain growth. The starting material was an aluminium-silicon casting alloy designated as EN AC-AlSi9Mg (AK9). Zirconium (Zr) was added to the alloy in an amount of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% by weight. From the modified alloy, after verification of the chemical composition, samples were cast into sand moulds based on a phenolic resin.
The first step in the research was testing the casting properties of alloys with the addition of Zr (castability, density, porosity). In the next step, the effect of zirconium addition on the structure and mechanical properties of castings was determined.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Kamińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Angrecki
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Dudek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The sodium silicate sands hardened by microwave have the advantages of high strength, fast hardening speed and low residual strength with the lower addition of sodium silicate. However, the sodium ion in the sands will absorb moisture from the atmosphere, which would lead to lower storing strength, so the protection of a bonding bridge of sodium silicate between the sands is crucial. Methyl silicone oil is a cheap hydrophobic industrial raw material. The influence of the addition amount of methyl silicone oil modifier on compressive strength and moisture absorption of sodium silicate sands was studied in this work. The microscopic analysis of modified before and after sodium silicate sands has been carried on employing scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy spectrum analysis(EDS). The results showed that the strength of modified sodium silicate sands was significantly higher than that of unmodified sodium silicate sands, and the best addition of methyl silicone oil in the quantity of sodium silicate was 15%. It was also found that the bonding bridge of modified sodium silicate sands was the density and the adhesive film was smooth, and the methyl silicone oil was completely covered on the surface of the sodium silicate bonding bridge to protect it.
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Bibliography

[1] Stachowicz, M., Pałyga, Ł. & Kȩpowicz, D. (2020). Influence of automatic core shooting parameters in hot-box technology on the strength of sodium silicate olivine moulding sands. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 67-72.
[2] Nowak, D.(2017).The impact of microwave penetration depth on the process of hardening the moulding sand with sodium silicate. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(4), 115-118.
[3] Gal, B., Granat, K. & Nowak, D. (2017). Effect of compaction degree on permittivity of water-glass containing moulding sand. Metalurgija. 56(1), 17-20.
[4] Kaźnica, N. & Zych, J. (2019). Indicator wso: a new parameter for characterization of protective coating efficiency against humidity. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28(7), 3960-3965.
[5] Bae, M.A., Lee, M.S. & Baek, J.H. (2020). The effect of the surface energy of water glass on the fluidity of sand. Journal of Korean Institute of Metals and Materials. 58(5), 319-325.
[6] Peng, Q.S., Wang, P.C., Huang, W., & Chen, H.B. (2020). The irradiation-induced grafting of nano-silica with methyl silicone oil. Polymer. 192(4), 122315.
[7] Stachowicz, M., Granat, K., & Payga. (2017). Influence of sand base preparation on properties of chromite moulding sands with sodium silicate hardened with selected methods. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(1), 379-383.
[8] Zhu, C. (2007). Recent advances in waterglass sand technologies. China Foundry. 4(1), 13-17.
[9] Huafang, W., Wenbang, G. & Jijun, L. (2014). Improve the humidity resistance of sodium silicate sands by ester-microwave composite hardening. Metalurgija. 53(4), 455-458.
[10] Masuda, Y., Tsubota, K., Ishii, K., Imakoma, H. & Ohmura, N. (2009). Drying rate and surface temperature in solidification of glass particle layer with inorganic binder by microwave drying. KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU. 35(2), 229-231.
[11] Kosuge, K., Sunaga, M., Goda, R., Onodera, H. & Okane, T. (2018). Cure and collapse mechanism of inorganic mold using spherical artificial sand and water glass binder. Materials transactions. 59(11), 1784-1790.
[12] Zhang, Y.H., Liu, Z.Y., Liu, Z.C. & Yao, L.P. (2020). Mechanical properties of high-ductility cementitious composites with methyl silicone oil. Magazine of Concrete Research. 72(14), 747-756.
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Authors and Affiliations

Huafang Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xiang Gao
1
Lei Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wei He
1
Jijun Lu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan Textile University, China
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Abstract

The results of investigations of plasticity of moulding sands with binders obtained by measuring deflection angles in the single point bend test in dependence on their hardening degree are presented in the hereby paper. Shaped samples made of moulding sands obtained in the technology with urea-furfuryl resin Furanol FR75A and in the technology with water glass, were subjected to various tests. Shaped samples were made on the quartz matrix of a medium grains size ����=0,29 ����. Investigations were performed for the resin content being 1% and 2%, at a constant proportion of a hardener versus resin -- equal 60%. In the case of sands from the technology with water glass, investigations were performed for 3.5% of water glass versus sand matrix and 0.35% of Flodur. Plasticity tests were carried out with using the strength machine with a continuous recording of a sample deflection value. Measurements of deflection angles values in the bend test were performed on a series of simultaneously made samples at constant time intervals from the moment of their making. To determine the sand hardening degree the ultrasound technique was applied, according to the previously developed methodology [1]. Every time from the obtained results the characteristic of the growing stress as a function of deflection was prepared (��). In addition, for the tested group of moulding sands, empirical relationships between the maximum deflection angle (αmax) in the bend test and the hardening degree were determined (Sx): α = f(Sx).
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Bibliography

[1] Zych, J. (2002). New, nondestructive method of quality inspection of mould’s elements made of moulding sands with chemical binders. Archives of Foundry. 2(5), 132-139.
[2] Fredrickson, A.G. (1964). Principles and applications of rheology. New York: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
[3] Reiner M. (1958). Theoretical rheology. Warszawa: PWN. (in Polish).
[4] Kembłowski, Z. (1973). Rheometry of non-Newtonian fluids. Warszawa: WNT. (in Polish).
[5] Malkin, A. JU. (1994). Rheology Fundamentals. ChemTec Publishing. Canada.
[6] Barnes, H.A. (1997). Thixotropy-a review. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics. 70(1-2), 1-33.
[7] Gröning, P. (2014). Properties and use of the modern PUR cold-box system. 4th Conference: Molding and core materials - theory and practice. 28 -30 August. Iława – Poland: Hüttenes-Albertus Poland. (in Polish).
[8] Gröning, P., Schreckenberg, S. & Jenrich, K. (2015). Herstellung von hoch-komplexen Zylinderkurbel-gehäusen. Giesserei. 102(01), 42-47.
[9] Grabarczyk, A., Dobosz, M.St., Kusiński, J., & Major-Gabryś, K. (2018). The tendency of moulding sands to generate core cracs. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(1), 157-161.
[10] Dobosz, M.St., Grabarczyk, A. & Major-Gabryś, K. (2017). Elasticity of moulding sands – a method of reducing core cracking. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(1), 31-36.
[11] Grabarczyk, A. (2018). Analysis and evaluation of mechanical and thermal deformation of molding sands with selected binders. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków. (in Polish).
[12] Zych, J. (2007). Synthesis of ultrasonic technique applications in the analysis of the kinetics of selected processes in molding materials. Kraków: AGH Uczelniane Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Dydaktyczne. Seria: Rozprawy i Monografie nr 163. (in Polish).

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Authors and Affiliations

Natalia Matonis
ORCID: ORCID
J. Zych
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, ul. Reymonta 23, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

Self-hardening aluminium alloys represent a new and interesting group of aluminium alloys. They have the advantage that they do not need to be heat treated, which is an important advantage that contributes to a significant reduction in production costs of some components and in the amount of energy used. The present paper deals with the possibility to replace the most used heat treatable AlSi7Mg0.3 cast alloys with a self-hardened AlZn10Si8Mg cast alloy. In this study, microstructural characterization of tensile and fatigue-tested samples has been performed to reveal if this replacement is possible. The results of fatigue tests show that AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy after T6 heat treatment and self-hardened AlZn10Si8Mg has comparable values of fatigue properties. The self-hardening alloy has slightly lower strength, ductility, and hardness.
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Authors and Affiliations

L. Kuchariková
1
ORCID: ORCID
L. Pastierovičová
1
ORCID: ORCID
E. Tillová
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Chalupová
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Závodská
1 2

  1. University of Žilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovak Republic
  2. Schaeffler Slovakia, Kysucké Nové Mesto, Slovak Republic
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Abstract

Dual-phase steels have received extensive attention in autobody frame manufacturing due to the resulting characteristics of an interesting combination of ductile ferrite and hard martensite. Moreover, the ductile ferrite and hard martensite lead to heterogeneous deformation in the boundary between the two phases. Then, geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) are created to accommodate a lattice mismatch due to the deformation incompatibility of the boundary in straining. In this study, a new empirical GND model is developed, in which the GND density is a function of local plastic deformation; the GND density is distributed in the phase boundary in accordance with an “S” model of material plastic strain. The boundary conditions are applied to define the parameters. The proposed model is verified with DP600 steel. The effects of the GNDs and the width between ferrite and martensite on the strain hardening of DP600 steel are evaluated.
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Authors and Affiliations

Gou Rui-Bin
1
Dan Wen-Jiao
1
Xu Yong-Sheng
2
Yu Min
3
Li Tong-Jie
1

  1. Anhui Science and Technology University, College of Mechanical Engineering, Fengyang 233100, Anhui, China
  2. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai 200240, China
  3. Anhui Science and Technology University, College of Architecture, Bengbu 233000, Anhui, China
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Abstract

The microstructural properties and hardness of a model ternary Fe-4Cr-6Ti ferritic alloy aged at 800°C for 8, 16 and 24 h are investigated in detail. Fine Fe2Ti Laves phase particles precipitate in the α-Fe (ferrite) matrix phase after solutionizing and subsequent aging treatments. The size and amount of Fe2Ti precipitates gradually increase with increasing aging time. The magnetic measurements of the aged samples confirm the variations in the microstructural properties including the volume fraction of the constituent phases, and Ti content of the α-Fe matrix phase. The mean Vickers microhardness value also increases from 203.5 to 238.4 with increasing aging time from 8 to 24 h. In addition, the cyclic oxidation behavior of 24 h aged sample, which contains maximum amount of Fe2Ti precipitates, is also investigated in detail. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that scale product is α-Fe2O3 (hematite). Significant scale spallation and void formation is observed on the surfaces of 24 h aged Fe-4Cr-6Ti sample oxidized at 500°C.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmet Demirel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Emre Can Çetin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ali Karakuş
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mehmet Şahin Ataş
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mehmet Yildirim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Konya Technical University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Konya , Turkey
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Abstract

In view of the permanent increase of the municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) residues amount,

the numerous attempts to find a way of their recovery have been undertaken. In this paper the idea of the

recovery of the MSWI residues in Kłodawa salt mine is presented. The idea is to fill the waste in underground

workings, close and/or backfill the underground excavations with self-solidifying mixture prepared

on the basis of MSWI grained solid residues. Two techniques are proposed: 1) hydraulic backfill technique

(HBT) where the mixture is prepared in the surface installation and pumped down into the underground

workings through shaft and the pipelines and 2) dry waste technique (DWT), where dry grained waste is

dropped into the mine by pneumatic pipeline transport, then supplied to the underground mixture-preparing-

installation and pumped as a thin liquid or paste into the selected workings. The description of the

technology is preceded by general characteristic of the hardening backfill in underground mines and by

characteristic of MSWI residues, drafted on the basis of the literature review.

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Authors and Affiliations

Waldemar Korzeniowski
Krzysztof Skrzypkowski
Katarzyna Poborska-Młynarska
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Abstract

This article presents test results for hydraulic conductivity and porosity structure of hardening slurries prepared of Portland cement, betonite, water and fluidal ashes from the combustion of hard and brown coal. The slurries were exposed to persistent filtering action (180 days) of liquids chemically aggressive to cement binders, i.e. distilled water, 0.5% solution of nitric acid, 1% solution of sodium sulphate, 1% solution of magnesium nitrate and 1% solution of ammonium nitrate. Samples exposed to filtration of tap water constituted the reference base. The research was into relations between hydraulic conductivity and pore structure parameters in slurries, as well as into the influence of the type of aggressive medium on leak tightness of slurries (their porosity and hydraulic conductivity).

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Falaciński
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Abstract

This article presents ways of possible utilization and application of fl uidal combustion wastes as active additives to hardening slurries which are used to seal environment protection structures, i.e. cut-off walls in waste dumps and wastewater treatment plants. Cut-off walls are often exposed to fi ltrating action of eluates - polluted (aggressive) waters. Results of hydraulic conductivity tests of slurries after their long-term (210 days) fi ltration with eluates from a municipal waste dump and with tap water are presented. Porosity tests were also conducted to show the porosity structure of the fi ltered slurries. Additionally, compressive strength of slurries maturing in tap water and waste dump eluates was tested in parallel.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Falaciński
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Abstract

In the paper, an attempt is made to explain the previously observed increased effectiveness of utilising hydrated sodium water-glass grade

137 after hardening moulding sands with selected physical methods. In the modified process of preparing sandmixes, during stirring

components, water as a wetting additive was introduced to the sand-binder system. Presented are examination results of influence of faster

microwave heating and slower traditional drying of the so-prepared moulding sands on their tensile and bending strength, calculated per

weight fraction of the binder. The measurement results were confronted with SEM observations of linking bridges and with chemical

analyses of grain surfaces of high-silica base. On the grounds of comprehensive evaluation of hardened moulding sands, positive effects

were found of the applied physical process of binder dehydration and presence of the wetting additive. It was observed that introduction of

this additive during stirring, before adding the binder, improves flowing the binder to the places where durable linking bridges are created.

It was also found that the applied methods of hardening by dehydration enable creation of very durable linking bridges, strongly connected

with the sand base, which results in damages of high-silica grain surfaces, when the bridges are destroyed.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Stachowicz
K. Granat
Ł. Pałyga
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Abstract

Measurements of the hardening process of the selected self-setting sands are presented in the hereby paper. Moulding sands were prepared

on the matrix of „Szczakowa” sand of the Sibelco Company. Two resins: phenol-formaldehyde-furfuryl (FF/AF) and urea-formaldehydefurfuryl

(MF/AF) were used for making moulding sands. – Methylbenzene-sulphonic acid was applied as a hardener for the moulding sand

on FF/AF resin, while paratoluene-sulphonic acid for the moulding sand on MF/AF resin. Both hardeners were used in two concentrations:

low – the so-called ‘slow’ hardener and high - ‘fast’ hardener. During investigations, the courses of the hardening process were

determined, more accurately changes of the velocity of the ultrasound wave passage through the moulding sand cL = f(t) and changes of

the moulding sand hardening degree versus time, Sx = f(t). In addition, the kinetics of the hardening process was determined.

Measurements were performed on the research stand for ultrasound investigations.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ł. Jamrozowicz
J. Kolczyk
N. Kaźnica
Z. Pyziak
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Abstract

This publication describes research on the course of the process of cross-linking new BioCo polymer binders - in the form of water-based polymer compositions of poly(acrylic acid) or poly(sodium acrylate)/modified polysaccharide - using selected physical and chemical factors. It has been shown that the type of cross-linking factor used influences the strength parameters of the moulding sand. The crosslinking factors selected during basic research make it possible to obtain sand strengths similar to those of samples of sands bonded with commercial binders. Microwave radiation turned out to be the most effective cross-linking factor in a binder-matrix system. It was proven that adsorption in the microwave radiation field leads to the formation of polymer lattices with hydrogen bonds which play a major role in maintaining the formed cross-linked structures in the binder-matrix system. As a result, the process improves the strength parameters of the sand, whereas the hardening process in a microwave field significantly shortens the setting time.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Grabowska
A. Bobrowski
K. Kaczmarska
E. Olejnik
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Abstract

One type of spheroidal cast iron, with additions of 0.51% Cu and 0.72% Ni, was subjected to precipitation hardening. Assuming that the

greatest increase in hardness after the shortest time of ageing is facilitated by chemical homogenisation and fragmentation of cast iron

grain matrix, precipitation hardening after pre-normalisation was executed. Hardness (HB), microhardness (HV), qualitative and

quantitative metalographic (LM, SEM) and X-ray structural (XRD) tests were performed. The acquired result of 13.2% increase in

hardness after ca. 5-hour ageing of pre-normalised cast iron confirmed the assumption.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Szykowny
M. Trepczyńska-Łent
T. Giętka
Ł. Romanowski

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