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Abstract

The assessment of teachers' exposure to noise in primary schools was carried out on the basis of: questionnaire studies (covering 187 teachers in 3 schools), noise measurements at the teachers' workplaces, measurements of the school rooms acoustic properties (reverberation time and speech transmission index STI in 72 classrooms), analysis of statistical data regarding hazards and occupational diseases in the education sector. The studies have shown that noise is the main factor of annoyance in the school environment. Over 50% of questioned teachers consider noise as annoying and near 40% as very annoying or unbearable. A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure levels measured in classrooms, teacher rooms and common rooms are in the range of 58-80 dB and they exceed 55 dB (criteria of noise annoyance). The most frequently reported subjective feelings and complaints (over 90%) are: growth of psychical and emotional tension, irritation, difficulties in concentrating, hoarseness, cough. Noise in schools is also a harmful factor. High A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure levels ranging from 80 to 85 dB, measured in corridors during pauses and in sports halls, can cause the risk of hearing damage among PE teachers and persons oversensitive to noise. The latter concerns both teachers and pupils. High background noise levels (55-65 dB) force teachers to raise their voice. It can lead to the development of an occupational disease - chronic voice disorders due to excessive vocal effort lasting for at least 15 years. In the education sector 785 new cases of this disease were reported only in 2008. Poor acoustics in classrooms (reverberation time ranging from 0.8 to 1.7 s, STI < 0.6 in 50% of classrooms) have an adverse influence on speech reception and make the teaching and learning processes difficult.

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Authors and Affiliations

Danuta Augustyńska
Anna Kaczmarska
Witold Mikulski
Jan Radosz
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Abstract

The economical combustion of gas fuel implies that it takes place with a minimum coefficient of excess air and minimal losses. Constructive, aerodynamic and physical factors have a determining influence on the completeness of combustion and the conditions of ignition. Using the ANSYS software program, the main characteristics of the combustion process in the cylindrical mixing section of a flat flame injection burner are investigated through computer simulation. A geometric model was created on which it is possible to study both straight and rotating jets. The possibility of numerically investigating the combustion of gaseous fuel (C 3H 8) in a confined air flow produced by injection is considered. A k-ε model of turbulence was used, which is based on the equation for turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate. The purpose of the work is to study and analyze the changes and distribution of temperature and speed as well as the concentration of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide along the axis of the combustion chamber. The results are presented for the angles of inclination of the nozzles of 45° and 0°. Based on these, an analysis was made, where it was found that with the increase in the degree of rotation, the absolute values of the temperature increase and the change in the mass concentration of the fuel along the length of the mixing section can be used to regulate the combustion process. The created numerical model can be successfully used to determine the main parameters of the burner under the same initial conditions, changing the angle of inclination of the nozzles. The obtained results can be considered as a basis for further research related to increasing the efficiency of the combustion process and lowering the harmful emissions produced by it.
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Authors and Affiliations

Konstantin Vasilev Kostov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ivan Nikolaev Denev
2
ORCID: ORCID
Neven Yordanov Krystev
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing and Thermal Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Pedagogy of Sliven, Technical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing Engineering and Thermal Engineering, Technica lUniversity of Sofia, Bulgaria
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Abstract

The intensity of Arion lusitanicus occurrence and the damage degree of 31 crop species have been estimated. It has been found that the slug damaged lettuce and cabbage plants very heavily (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata L., Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba) and many species of other vegetables (Cucumis sativus L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Raphanus sativus L. subvar. radicula Pers.). Plant damages in the edge strips were also observed on rape and barley plantations attacked by this slug. The moving activity of particular individuals of Arion lusitanicus was varying. Planning of the experiments in a nested block design has made it possible to statistically determine tendencies of the slug movement. It was observed that when some individuals remained at the point where they were initially placed, others, 2 hours after, moved over 7 m away. The mean weighed length of pathway covered by a single individual and the mean movement rate of one were estimated for each of 9 observation dates. It has been found that slugs penetrating the site surface under observation displayed their tendencies to move towards more moist places and towards food sources.

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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Kozłowska
Jan Kozłowski
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Abstract

Transition of the global energy sector is in progress. The share of renewable energies has increased over time and achieved 36.6% of global electricity capacity in 2020. Marine Renewable Energy plays a substantial role in this transition. However, while marine renewable energy will contribute to less GHG emissions, and thus enhance compliance with the Paris Agreement, there are concerns over potential impacts marine renewable energy installations may have on biodiversity. Such impacts include, among others, habitat loss, collision risks, noise and electromagnetic fields. This paper addresses these issues from the perspective of international environmental law, illustrating how potentially conflicting objectives (mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and preserving biodiversity) can be accommodated. This requires a discussion of broader concepts such as no harm and precautionary action as well as detailed rules extending from marine protected areas to the discussion of specific treaty issues, even public participation, including participation of indigenous peoples. The paper aims at illustrating the ability of international law to ensure not just an environmentally sound but a biodiversity-compatible transition towards marine renewable energy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Thilo Marauhn
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ayşe-Martina Böhringer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Jaś-Nowopolska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Faculty of Law, Chair for Public and International Law
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Abstract

This study presents the figure of Professor Ludwik Bandura as a fighter, teacher, scientist of special sensibility and a model of humanity. Then there is a discussion of L. Bandura's (1947) research on the harm done to children by war and the obligations of the “socialized school” towards children of war that result from these experiences.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Kwieciński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. członek rzeczywisty PAN
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Abstract

The impact of wind power plants on the environmental components is assessed taking into account a number of their parameters, in particular the technical characteristics of wind turbines, the characteristics of networks, engineering and other structures. To do this the life cycle of the wind power plants is described taking into account (by way of inventory) all the necessary materials and resources. Waste management scenarios have been developed, the use of which will make it possible to reduce the harmful impact on the environment. Based on the inventory and input data on the wind farm under study, a diagram is generated – a tree of life cycle processes of the wind power plant – to determine the potential environmental impacts. A list of impact categories that represent the load on the environment caused by the wind power plant is defined; also, the relative contribution of harmful factors is determined for each category, taking into account possible scenarios of waste management. Ecological profiles have been built for all potential impacts on the environment. After normalisation and determination of significance, individual estimates of all indicators and their distribution in three categories of lesions were obtained: human health, ecosystem quality and resources, as well as four stages of the wind farm life cycle: production, dismantling and disposal, operation, transportation and installation. The obtained profiles made it possible to determine individual indicators and eco-indicators, expressed in eco-points that characterise the wind farm under study.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariia Ruda
1
ORCID: ORCID
Taras Boyko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Oksana Chayka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maryna Mikhalieva
2
ORCID: ORCID
Olena Holodovska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 Bandera Str., 79000, Lviv, Ukraine
  2. Hetman Petro Sahaidachnyi National Army Academy, Lviv, Ukraine

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