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Abstract

The article presents youth expectations towards:

– school, presented by the competences of the eighteen-year-old,

– the world, reflecting the concept of one’s own identity,

– oneself expressing the condition measured by satisfaction with oneself.

The summary tries to answer the question: can the expectations be fulfilled?

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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Leppert
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Abstract

This paper presents a new approach to the design methodology of road routes, in literature often referred to as the polynomial alignment. The author proposes the use of the so-called general transition curves that have been described in detail in his earlier research papers. General transition curves employ only one curvature extremum, and the whole curved transition between two extreme points of zero curvature value is described by a single equation. As a result, the curves are very useful for the creation of route geometry in accordance with the principles of polynomial alignment. The paper describes the main concept of polynomial alignment and presents equations of curves which can be used in the proposed alignment procedure. In addition, the paper gives a detailed description of design procedures.
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Bibliography

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  19.  G. Cantisani, D. Dondi, G. Loprencipe, and A. Ranzo, “Spline curves for geometric modeling of highway design”, Proc., 2nd Int. Congress New Technologies and Modelling Tools for Road Applications to Design and Management, Societe Italiana di Infrastrutture Viarie, Ancona, Italy, 2004.
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  24.  M.B. Sushma and A. Maji, “A modified motion planning algorithm for horizontal highway alignment development”, Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng. 35(8), 818–831 (2020).
  25.  G. Casal, D. Santamarina and M.E. Vázquez-Méndez, “Optimization of horizontal alignment geometry in road design and reconstruction”, Transp. Res. Part C, 74, 261‒274 (2017).
  26.  Y. Pushak, W. Hare, and Y. Lucet, “Multiple-path selection for new highway alignments using discrete algorithms”, Eur. J. of Oper. Res. 248, 415‒427 (2016).
  27.  G. Bosurgi and A. D’Andrea, “A polynomial parametric curve (PPC-CURVE) for the design of horizontal geometry of highways”, Comp. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng. 27(4), 303‒312 (2012).
  28.  G. Bosurgi, O. Pellegrino, and G. Sollazzo, “Using genetic algorithms for optimizing the PPC in the highway horizontal alignment design”, J. Comput. Civil Eng. 30(1), 04014114 (2014).
  29.  M.W. Kang and P. Schonfeld, “Artificial Intelligence in Highway Location and Alignment Optimization”, World Scientific Publishing Co., 2020.
  30.  M.K. Jha, C. McCall, and P. Schonfeld, “Using GIS, genetic algorithms, and visualization in highway development”, Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng. 16(6), 399‒414 (2001).
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  32.  P. Żabicki and W.Gardziejczyk, “Multicriteria analysis in planning roads – Part 2. Methodology for selecting the optimal variant of the road”, Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci. 68(2), 351‒360 (2020).
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  36.  H. Pu, T. Song, P. Schonfeld, W. Li, H. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Hu, and X. Peng, “A three-dimensional distance transform for optimizing constrained mountain railway alignments”, Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng. 34(11), 972‒990 (2019).
  37.  T. Song, H. Pu, P. Schonfeld, H. Zhang, W. Li, J. Hu, and J. Wang, “Mountain railway alignment optimization considering geological impacts: A cost-hazard bi-objective model”, Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng. 35(12), 1365‒1386 (2020).
  38.  T. Song, H. Pu, P. Schonfeld, H. Zhang, W. Li, J. Hu, and J. Wang, “Bi-objective mountain railway alignment optimization incorporating seismic risk assessment”, Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng. 36(2). 143‒163 (2021).
  39.  M.E. Vázquez-Méndez, G. Casal, A. Castro, and D. Santamarina, “Optimization of an urban railway bypass. A case study in A Coruña- Lugo line, Northwest of Spain”, Comput. .Ind. Eng. 151, 106935 (2021).
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Kobryń
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, ul. Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
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Abstract

Boiling produces vapor with a phase change by absorbing a consistent amount of heat. Experimentation and modeling can help us better understand this phenomenon. The present study is focused on the heat transfer during the nucleate pool boiling of refrigerant R141b on the surface of a horizontal copper tube. The results of the experiment were compared with four correlations drawn from the literature, and the critical heat flux was examined for different pressures and also compared with the predicted values. Simulating boiling with two-phase models allowed us to infer the plot of the temperature distribution around the tube and compared it to results from other work.
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Bibliography

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[3] T. Baki and A. Aris. Etude expérimentale du transfert de chaleur lors de l’ébullition en vase du R141b. (Experimental study of heat transfer during the pool boiling of R141b). Communication Science & Technology, No. 11, July 2012 COST (in French).
[4] T. Baki, A. Aris, and A. Guessab. Impact du diamètre extérieur d’un tube horizontal lors de l’ébullition en vase. (Impact of the outside diameter of a horizontal tube during pool boiling). In 12th Mechanical Congress, 21-24 April 2015, Casablanca, Marocco (in French).
[5] T. Baki, A. Aris, and M. Tebbal. Proposal for a correlation raising the impact of the external diameter of a horizontal tube during pool boiling. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 84:293–299, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2014.05.023.
[6] T. Baki. Etude expérimentale et simulation de l’ébullition à l’extérieur d’un tube horizontal. (Experimental study and simulation of boiling outside a horizontal tube). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sciences and Technology of Oran Mohamed Boudiaf (USTO-MB), Oran, Algeria. (in French).
[7] T. Baki. Ebullition à l’Extérieur d’un Tube Horizontal, Comparaison de Corrélations. (Boiling outside a horizontal tube, comparison of correlations). In National Congress on Energies and Materials (CNEM), December 17-18, 2018, Naâma Algeria (in French).
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[12] M.Y. Abdullah, Prabowo, and B. Sudarmanta. Analysis degrees superheating refrigerant R141b on evaporator. Heat and Mass Transfer, 1–13, 2020. doi: 10.1007/s00231-020-02963-1.
[13] T. Li, X. Wu, and Q. Ma. Pool boiling heat transfer of R141b on surfaces covered copper foam with circular-shaped channels. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 105:136–143, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2019.03.015.
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[16] M.G. Cooper. Saturation nucleate pool boiling – a simple correlation. In: H.C. Simpson et al. (eds.), First U.K. National Conference on Heat Transfer, The Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series, Volume 2.86, pages 785–793, Pergamon, 1984. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-85295-175-0.50013-8.
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[19] K. Fukuda and A. Sakurai. Effects of diameters and surface conditions of horizontal test cylinders on subcooled pool boiling CHFs with two mechanisms depending on subcooling and pressure. In: 12th International Heat Transfer Conference, Grenoble, France, August 18–23, 2002. doi: 10.1615/IHTC12.4530.
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Authors and Affiliations

Touhami Baki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdelkader Aris
2
Mohamed Tebbal
1

  1. Faculty of Mechanics, Gaseous Fuels and Environment Laboratory, University of Sciences andTechnology of Oran Mohamed Boudiaf (USTO-MB), El Mnaouer, Oran, Algeria.
  2. ENP. Oran, Laboratoire de Recherche en Technologie de Fabrication Mécanique, Algeria
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Abstract

In the last decade, Poland has become one of the most active markets for unconventional hydrocarbon deposits exploration. At present, there are twenty concessions for the exploration and/or discovery of reserves, including shale gas. The area covered by exploration concessions constitutes ca. 7.5% of the country’s area. Four main stages can be distinguished In the shale gas development and exploitation project: the selection and preparation of the place of development of the wells, hydraulic drilling and fracturing, exploitation (production) and marketing, exploitation suppression and land reclamation. In the paper, the concept of cost analysis of an investment project related to the exploration and development of a shale gas field/area was presented. The first two stages related to the preparatory work, carried out on the selected site, as well as drilling and hydraulic fracturing were analyzed. For economic reasons, the only rational way to make shale gas reserves available is to use horizontal drilling, either singly or in groups. The number of drilling pads covering the concession area is a fundamental determinant of the development cost of the deposit. In the paper, the results of the cost analysis of various types of reaming method with an area of 25,000,000 m2 were presented. Cost estimates were prepared for two variants: group drilling for three types of drilling pads: with three, five and seven wells and for single wells. The results show that, as the number of horizontal wells increases, the total cost of the development of the deposit is reduced. For tree-wells pad, these costs are 7% lower than in the second variant, for five-well pads they are 11% lower, and for seven-well pads they are 11.5% smaller than in the second variant. Authors, using applied methodology, indicate the direction of further research that will enable the optimization of shale gas drilling operations.

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Authors and Affiliations

Alicja Byrska-Rąpała
Jerzy Feliks
Marek Karkula
Rafał Wiśniowski
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Abstract

The rapid development of grid integration of solar energy in developing countries like India has created vital concerns such as fluctuations and interruptions affecting grid operations. Improving the consistency and accuracy of solar energy forecasts can increase the reliability of the power grid. Although solar energy is available in abundance around the world, it is viewed as an unpredictable source due to uncertain fluctuations in climate conditions. Global horizontal irradiance (GHI) prediction is critical to efficiently manage and forecast the power output of solar power plants. However, developing an accurate GHI forecasting model is challenging due to the variability of weather conditions over time. This research aims to develop and compare univariate LSTM models capable of predicting GHI in a solar power plant in India over the short term. The present study introduces a deep neural network-based (DNN) hybrid model with a combination of convolutional neural network bi-directional long short-term memory (CNN BiLSTM) to predict the one minute interval GHI of a solar power plant located in the southern region of India. The model’s effectiveness was tested using data for the month of January 2023. In addition, the results of the hybrid model were compared to the long short-term memory (LSTM) and BiLSTM deep-learning (DL) models. It has been observed that the proposed hybrid model framework is more accurate compared to the LSTM and BiLSTM architectures. Finally, a GHI prediction tool was developed to understand the trend of the results.
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Authors and Affiliations

S.V.S. Rajaprasad
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rambabu Mukkamala
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. National Institute of Construction Management and Research (NICMAR), Hyderabad,Telangana, India
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Abstract

The article presents studies on the electromechanical system of a metallurgical horizontal looper in the steelmaking industry. During the operation of this unit, parameters in the system changes due to variations of length and mass of the steel strip, these variations significantly change elastic properties and reduce moments of inertia. Various methods of combating elastic vibrations in electromechanical systems are analyzed in this article. The article presents a description of experiments with a horizontal looper. A mathematical model for two extreme positions of the unit was developed based on experimental results. Simulation experiments were made and their results are presented. A new control system structure is proposed to reduce vibrations in the electromechanical system of a horizontal looper. A power-up sensor, adjuster and velocity derivative feedback were added into the model structure. The proposed feedback link structure takes into account the change of steel strip length. From the experimental data it follows that the proposed system provides effective damping of mechanical vibrations in the steel strip if its length during operation is changed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Iosif Breido
Yelena Kuntush
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Abstract

This paper presents a numerical model for the horizontal continuous casting of cast iron (HCCCI). A computational three-dimensional (3D) steady-state, coupled with fluid flow and heat transfer simulation model was developed and validated against experimental results to study the shell thickness and solidification of ductile cast iron. The study introduces the influence of an air gap at the melt-mould interface, which has long been known to have a detrimental effect on the efficiency of the process. The effect of the length and thickness of the melt-mould air gaps (also referred to as top air gaps) on solidification and remelting of the solid strand is studied. Parametric studies on top air gaps suggested a substantial effect on the solid and eutectic area at the top-outlet end of the die when the length of air gas was varied. This study serves to create a foundational and working model with the overall objective of process optimisation and analyzing the effect of operating process input parameters on the shell thickness of the strand.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Chawla
1
ORCID: ORCID
N.S. Tiedje
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Spangenberg
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
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Abstract

2D position error in the Global Positioning System (GPS) depends on the Horizontal Dilution of Precision (HDOP) and User Equivalent Range Error UERE. The non-dimensional HDOP coefficient, determining the influence of satellite distribution on the positioning accuracy, can be calculated exactly for a given moment in time. However, the UERE value is a magnitude variable in time, especially due to errors in radio propagation (ionosphere and troposphere effects) and it cannot be precisely predicted. The variability of the UERE causes the actual measurements (despite an exact theoretical mathematical correlation between the HDOP value and the position error) to indicate that position errors differ for the same HDOP value.
The aim of this article is to determine the relation between the GPS position error and the HDOP value. It is possible only statistically, based on an analysis of an exceptionally large measurement sample. To this end, measurement results of a 10-day GPS measurement campaign (900,000 fixes) have been used. For HDOP values (in the range of 0.6–1.8), position errors were recorded and analysed to determine the statistical distribution of GPS position errors corresponding to various HDOP values.
The experimental study and statistical analyses showed that the most common HDOP values in the GPS system are magnitudes of: 0.7 (�� = 0•353) and 0.8 (�� = 0•432). Only 2.77% of fixes indicated an HDOP value larger than 1. Moreover, 95% of measurements featured a geometric coefficient of 0.973 – this is why it can be assumed that in optimal conditions (without local terrain obstacles), the GPS system is capable of providing values of HDOP ≤ 1, with a probability greater than 95% (2��). Obtaining a low HDOP value, which results in a low GPS position error value, calls for providing a high mean number of satellites (12 or more) and low variability in their number.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Specht
1

  1. Department of Transport and Logistics, Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
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Abstract

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process that allows genetic material to flow between even distantly related organisms. It is primarily observed in bacteria and protists but also in different lineages of eucaryotes. The first HGT cases in plants were discovered at the beginning of the 21st century and have been intensively studied ever since. Researchers have placed particular emphasis on the plant kingdom, especially parasitic plants. This review presents the current state of knowledge about this phenomenon in plants, with a special focus on parasitic plants.
Among the described factors facilitating HGT, close physical contact between organisms is believed to be one of the most important. It is noted especially in the case of parasitism and similar relationships. For that reason, reported occurrences of this phenomenon in holoparasites, hemiparasites, and mycoheterotrophic plants are compared. The mechanisms responsible for HGT in plants still remain unclear, however, the studies described here suggest that both DNA and RNA may play a role as a carrier in that process. Also, the transfer between genomes of different organelles in the cell, intracellular gene transfer (IGT), and its relationships with HGT are described. The occurrence of the HGT and IGT phenomena concerning different genomes: nuclear, mitochondrial, and plastid is discussed in the review. Finally, some future areas of research in the field are proposed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Góralski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Denysenko-Bennett
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Burda
1
ORCID: ORCID
Natalia Staszecka-Moskal
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dagmara Kwolek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The work is devoted to a horizontal tank composed of cylindrical shell closed with ellipsoidal heads and supported at the ends. The tank is loaded with internal or external pressure. For the first load case, a strength condition was formulated, for the other one -the condition of stability of the structure. An optimization model was formulated, in which the mass of the tank subject to the strength and stability conditions was assumed as an objective function. Optimal proportions of geometric dimensions for a family of the tanks of various capacities provided with heads of various convexities were determined. The results were presented in the form of plots. A function was proposed that approximated the solution and could be useful for purposes of designing of the tanks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Magnucki
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy Lewiński
Piotr Stasiewicz
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Abstract

The heat transfer coefficient during the pool boiling on the outside of a horizontal tube can be predicted by correlations. Our choice was based on ten correlations known from the literature. The experimental data were recovered from the recent work, for different fluids used. An evaluation was made of agreement between each of the correlations and the experimental data. The results of the present study firstly showed a good reliability for the correlations of Labuntsov [10], Stephan and Abdeslam [11] with deviations of 20% and 27%, respectively. Also, the results revealed acceptable agreements for the correlations of Kruzhlin [6], Mc Nelly [7] and Touhami [15] with deviations of 26%, 29% and 29% respectively. The remaining correlations showed very high deviations from the experimental data. Finally, improvements have been made in the correlations of Shekriladze [12] and Mostinski [9], and a new correlation was proposed giving convincing results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Touhami Baki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Djamel Sahel
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mechanical Faculty, Gaseous Fuels and Environment Laboratory, USTO-MB, El-M'Naouer, Oran, Algeria
  2. Department of Technical Sciences, Amar Telidji of Laghouat, Algeria
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Abstract

Four Ostracoda species belonging to one family, Halocyprididae, were found in plankton material collected from the Scotia Sea and off the King George Island (the Antarctic) during the austral summer 1988/1989. Alacia belgicae, A. hettacra and Metaconchoecia isocheira were dominant making up to nearly 99% of all Ostracoda. The horizontal distribution was modified by variability of hydrological conditions. The higher concentrations of chlorophyll a and phytoplankton, which were found in the mid- and eastern parts of the Scotia Sea, coincided with the highest densities of Ostracoda. The influence of ice pack presence in the Scotia Sea upon the higher abundance of Ostracoda in the period investigated in comparison with the earlier studies was distinctive. A vertical distribution analysis confirmed that the three above-mentioned endemic species were most abundant in the mesopelagial. The population structures of A. belgicae, A. hettacra, and M. isocheira were analysed. The presence of the youngest stage of A. belgicae in the Scotia Sea confirmed the beginning of reproduction of this species at that time. The vertical distribution patterns of A. hettacra and M. isocheira populations were similar, although their age structures in comparison with A. belgicae differ significantly. This was consistent with their higher “mean population stage” values.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Błachowiak-Samołyk
Andrzej Osowiecki
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Abstract

In this article, the issue of mining impact on road pavements and subgrade is presented, taking into account the interaction between geosynthetic reinforcement and unbound aggregate layers. Underground mining extraction causes continuous and discontinuous deformations of the pavement subgrade. Structural deformations in the form of ruts are associated with the compaction of granular layers under cyclic loading induced by heavy vehicles. Horizontal tensile strains cause the loosening of the subgrade and base layers. The granular layers under cyclic loading are additionally compacted and the depth of ruts increases. Moreover, tensile strains can cause discontinuous deformations that affect the pavement in the form of cracks and crevices. Discontinuous deformations also affect the pavement in the fault zones during the impact of mining extraction. The use of geosynthetic reinforcement enables the mitigation of the adverse effects of horizontal tensile strains. Horizontal compressive strains can cause surface wrinkling and bumps. Subsidence causes significant changes in the longitudinal and transverse inclination of road surface. Both examples of the laboratory test results of the impact of subgrade horizontal strains on reinforced aggregate layers and the selected example of the impact of mining deformation on road subgrade are presented in this article. The examples show the beneficial impact of the use of geosynthetic reinforcement to stabilize unbound aggregate layers in mining areas.

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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Zięba
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Kalisz
Marcin Grygierek
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Abstract

This paper presents theory of new shear horizontal (SH) acoustic surface waves that propagate along the interface of two semi-infinite elastic half-spaces, one of which is a conventional elastic medium and a second one an elastic metamaterial with a negative and frequency dependent shear elastic compliance.
This new surface waves have only one transverse component of mechanical displacement, which has a maximum at the interface and decays exponentially with distance from the interface. Similar features are also shown by the acoustic shear horizontal Maerfeld-Tournois surface waves propagating at the interface of two semi-infinite elastic media due to the piezoelectric effect that should occur in at least one semi-space.
The proposed new shear horizontal acoustic surface waves exhibit also strong formal similarities with the electromagnetic surface waves of the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) type, propagating along a metal-dielectric planar interface. In fact, the new shear horizontal elastic surface waves possess a large number of properties that are inherent for the SPP electromagnetic surface waves, such as strong subwavelength concentration of the wave field in the proximity of the guiding interface, low phase and group velocity etc. As a result, the new shear horizontal acoustic surface waves can find applications in sensors with extremely high sensitivity, employed in measurements of various physical parameters, such as viscosity of liquids, as well as in biosensors, chemosensors, or a near field acoustic microscopy (subwavelength imaging) and miniaturized devices of microwave acoustics.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Kiełczyński
1

  1. Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of analyses concerning a new approach to approximating trajectory of mining-induced horizontal displacements. Analyses aimed at finding the most effective method of fitting data to the trajectory of mining-induced horizontal displacements. Two variants were made. In the first, the direct least square fitting (DLSF) method was applied based on the minimization of the objective function defined in the form of an algebraic distance. In the second, the effectiveness of differential-free optimization methods (DFO) was verified. As part of this study, the following methods were tested: genetic algorithms (GA), differential evolution (DE) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The data for the analysis were measurements of on the ground surface caused by the mining progressive work at face no. 698 of the German Prospel-Haniel mine. The results obtained were compared in terms of the fitting quality, the stability of the results and the time needed to carry out the calculations. Finally, it was found that the direct least square fitting (DLSF) approach is the most effective for the analyzed registration data base. In the authors’ opinion, this is dictated by the angular range in which the measurements within a given measuring point oscillated.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Rusek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Tajduś
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Strata Mechanics Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 27, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The article discusses the applicability of a novel method to determine horizontal curvature of the railway track axis based on results of mobile satellite measurements. The method is based on inclination angle changes of a moving chord in the Cartesian coordinate system. In the presented case, the variant referred to as the method of two virtual chords is applied. It consists in maneuvering with only one GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receiver. The assumptions of the novel method are formulated, and an assessment of its application in the performed campaign of mobile satellite measurements is presented. The shape of the measured railway axis is shown in the national spatial reference system PL-2000, and the speed of the measuring trolley during measurement is calculated based on the recorded coordinates. It has been observed that over the test section, the curvature ordinates differ from the expected waveform, which can be caused by disturbances of the measuring trolley trajectory. However, this problem can easily be overcome by filtering the measured track axis ordinates to obtain the correct shape – this refers to all track segments: straight sections, circular arcs and transition curves. The virtual chord method can also constitute the basis for assessing the quality of the recorded satellite signal. The performed analysis has shown high accuracy of the measuring process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Władysław Koc
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Wilk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Cezary Specht
2
Krzysztof Karwowski
1
Jacek Skibicki
1
Krzysztof Czaplewski
2
Slawomir Judek
1
Piotr Chrostowski
3
Jacek Szmagliński
3
Paweł Dąbrowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mariusz Specht
2
Sławomir Grulkowski
3
Roksana Licow
3

  1. Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
  2. Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Navigation, al. Jana Pawła II 3, 81-345 Gdynia, Poland
  3. Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Abstract

In this study, we tried to understand the horizontal bearing performances of step-tapered piles using numerical simulations. The influence of the geometric parameters, e.g. the diameter ( D) and the distance (L), and the length ( H) of the pile were considered, and the soil distribution imposed on the horizontal bearing capacity of the piles was simulated. Numerical results show that when the other geometrical parameters of step-tapered piles are kept unchanged: (a) the increasing diameter ( D) of the enlarged upper part of step-tapered piles improves the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of step-tapered piles; (b) reduced distance ( L) improves the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of the step-tapered piles; (c) Increasing length ( H) of the enlarged upper part of steptapered piles increases the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity; (d) the reduced length ( H) decreases the bending moment of the pile body. Higher soil strength surrounding the enlarged upper part of step-tapered piles can increase the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of step-tapered piles. The change of soil strengths at the end of the step-tapered piles does not influence the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of step-tapered piles.
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Authors and Affiliations

Liangxiao Xiong
1
ORCID: ORCID
Haijun Chen
2
ORCID: ORCID
Zhongyuan Xu
3
ORCID: ORCID
Changheng Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, PR China
  2. Geotechnical Engineering Department, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210029, PR China
  3. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, DE 19716, United States
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Abstract

The article presents numerical analysis of a typical residential building in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, which was erected in the early twentieth century and was not protected against mining ground deformations. The greatest impact of ground deformation on buildings are ground horizontal strain ε and ground curvature K. Numerical calculations included the building and the ground to take into account the effect of soilstructure interaction. The structure of the analysed building was made of masonry with wooden ceiling and roof elements. The ground was implemented as a layer 3.0m below the foundations and 3.0 m outside the building's projection. Construction loads are divided into two stages – permanent and functional loads as well as ground mining deformation. The maximum convex curvature K+ and the horizontal strain of the substrate ε+ were achieved in the 8th load step. The results of the analyses were presented in the form of stress and deformation maps. The most important results are the magnitude of the main tensile stresses σmax, which could to create cracks in the structure may occur after exceeding the tensile strength ft of the material. The presented method can be used to the analysis of endangered building objects by mining ground deformations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Szojda
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kapusta
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Structural Engineering, ul. Akademicka 5,44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Kielce University of Technology, Department of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

A theoretical formula for large-diameter rock-socket depth is developed to support pail embedding in a large bridge pile foundation project. There is a horizontal additional stress concentration at the place where the soil around the rock-socketed pile meets the soil layer under the horizontal load. When the rock-socketed tip stress and bending moment of the pile are relatively small, the pile shows favourable embedment effect and the pile foundation can be considered safe. The function curve of soil resistance around the pile under the action of horizontal force was obtained by finite element analysis. The force characteristics reveal the depth of the largediameter rock-socketed pile under the horizontal load. As the rock-socketed pile rotates under the action of horizontal force, the rock mass resistance around the pile changes according to the cosine. The distribution of pileside soil resistance is proportional to the displacement and distributed according to the sine. A comprehensive correction coefficient of pile shaft resistance beta is introduced to deduce the theoretical formula of the depth r h of the large-diameter rock-socketed pile embedded in the bedrock. It is verified through both experiments and numerical analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yanfeng F. Li
ORCID: ORCID
Jihe Zhao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ying Xiong
1
ORCID: ORCID
Qinghe Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. DSc., School of Transportation Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
  2. Prof., PhD., School of Transportation Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
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Abstract

The relevant ruling concerns discrimination based on religion, in particular the question of the incompatibility of national legislation with EU Directive 2000/78. Following a short presentation of the factual background, the opinion of the Advocate General, and the judgment of the Court, the article offers comments on questions raised in the judgment, including the direct horizontal effect of the general principle of non-discrimination. In its previous case law the Court confirmed that the principle has “the horizontal exclusion effect.” However, in Cresco Investigation the question was whether it can be the source of rights for individuals. The ECJ adopted a firm approach, ruling that the general principle of non-discrimination as enshrined in Art. 21(1) of the Charter is sufficient in itself to confer rights on individuals which can be invoked in disputes with other private parties. This means that the Court recognised “the horizontal substitution effect” of the general principle of non-discrimination, which is connected with both setting aside any discriminatory provision of national law and applying to members of the disadvantaged group the same arrangements as those enjoyed by persons in the privileged category. The possible consequences of this approach are discussed in the article.
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Authors and Affiliations

Justyna Maliszewska-Nienartowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Professor, Faculty of Political Science and Security Studies Chair of European Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University (Poland)

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