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Abstract

The hyperloop concept is not new, but for many years it was hard for engineers to believe that it could be economically and technically feasible. Nowadays some technical solutions, which could enable construction and operation of a guided transport system based on hyperloop concept, are much more imaginable. Therefore a number of start-up companies are working on comprehensive proposals and chosen technologies aiming at creating the fifth transport mode thanks to innovative concepts, new technologies, and chosen railway, air transport, and space technologies. As new transport mode is expected to offer transport with high speed nearly equal to the speed of sound its feasibility will strongly depend also on coherency between transport means and transport infrastructure in a scale of a future fifth transport mode continent-wide transport network. To meet this challenge railway and start-up companies work together in two streams – in the formal framework of the European standardisation to prepare future hyperloop related EN standards and in research and development projects. The scale of required wide technical coherency on one side and the diversification of products and existence of different developers/producers/contracting entities providing infrastructure and transport means and creating market on the other side contradict if appropriate rules are not set precisely early enough. Such rules in railway transport are based on interoperability concept supported by agreed stable essential requirements and defined in the Railway Interoperability Directive and Technical Specifications for Interoperability. Paper presents findings regarding poor applicability of the railway interoperability to the hyperloop type transport systems at their early stage of development as well as challenges and proposed approaches for the dedicated hyperloop coherency approach – the hyperoperability as it is being discussed in the framework of the Hypernex European project.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Kaczorek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Iwona Karasiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Kycko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Pawlik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Polak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Rzepka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Railway Research Institute, Chłopickiego 50, 04-275 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

In times of rapidly progressing globalization, the possibility of fast long-distance travel between high traffic cities has become an extremely important issue. Currently, available transportation systems have numerous limitations, therefore, the idea of a high-speed transportation system moving in reduced-pressure conditions has emerged recently. This paper presents an approach to the modelling and simulation of the dynamic behaviour of a simplified high-speed vehicle that hovers over the track as a magnetically levitated system. The developed model is used for control system design. The purpose of passive and active suspension discussed in the text is to improve both the performance and stability of the vehicle as well as ride comfort of passengers travelling in a compartment. Comparative numerical studies are performed and the results of the simulations are reported in the paper with the intent to demonstrate the benefits of the approach employed here.

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Bibliography

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[2] R.F. Post and D. Ryutov. The Inductrack: a new approach to magnetic levitation. Technical Report. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA, 1996. doi: 10.2172/237425.
[3] A.A. Shabana, K.E. Zaazaa, and H. Sugiyama. Railroad Vehicle Dynamics: A Computational Approach. CRC Press, 2007.
[4] Z. Liu, Z. Long, and X. Li. Maglev Trains. Key Underlying Technologies. Part of the Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering book series, Springer, 2015. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-45673-6_1.
[5] Y. Cai, S.S. Chen, and D.M. Rote. Dynamics and controls in maglev systems. Technical Report, Argonne National Laboratory, USA, 1992. doi: 10.2172/10136539.
[6] P.K. Sinha. Electromagnetic Suspension Dynamics and Control. Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London, UK, 1987.
[7] M. Appleyard and P.E. Wellstead. Active suspensions: some background. IEE Proceedings – Control Theory and Applications, 142(2):123–128, 1995. doi: 10.1049/ip-cta:19951735.
[8] K.D. Rao. Modeling, simulation and control of semi active suspension system for automobiles under MATLAB Simulink using PID controller. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 47(1):827–831, 2014. doi: 10.3182/20140313-3-IN-3024.00094.
[9] D. Hanafi. PID controller design for semi-active car suspension based on model from intelligent system identification. In: 2010 Second International Conference on Computer Engineering and Applications, volume 2, pages 60–63, Bali Island, Indonesia, 19-21 March 2010. doi: 10.1109/ICCEA.2010.168.
[10] M. Sentil Kumar. Development of active suspension system for automobiles using PID controller. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008, volume II, pages 1472–1477, London, UK, 2-4 July, 2008.
[11] A.J. Truscott and P.E. Wellstead. Adaptive ride control in active suspension systems. Vehicle System Dynamics, 24(3):197–230, 1995. doi: 10.1080/00423119508969088.
[12] U.N.L.T. Alves, J.P.F. Garcia, M.C.M. Teixeira, S.C. Garcia, and F.B. Rodrigues. Sliding mode control for active suspension system with data acquisition delay. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2014:1-13, 2014. doi: 10.1155/2014/529293.
[13] Y. Cai, S.S. Chen, T.M. Mulcahy, and D.M. Rote. Dynamic stability of maglev systems. Technical Report, Argonne National Laboratory, USA, 1992. doi: 10.2172/10110331.
[14] R.M. Katz, V.D. Nene, R.J. Ravera, and C.A. Skalski. Performance of magnetic suspensions for high speed vehicles operating over flexible guideways. Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, 96(2):204–212. doi: 10.1115/1.3426792.
[15] W. Kortüm, W. Schwartz, and I. Fayé. Dynamic modeling of high speed ground transportation vehicles for control design and performance evaluation. In: Schweitzer G., Mansour M. (eds), Dynamics of Controlled Mechanical Systems. Proceedings of IUTAM/IFAC Symposium, pages 335–350, Zurich, Switzerland, May 30–June 3, 1988. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-83581-0_26.
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[17] P. Maciąg, P. Malczyk, and J. Frączek. Optimal design of multibody systems using the adjoint method. In: Awrejcewicz J. (ed.), Dynamical Systems in Applications, pages 240–253. Springer, 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-96601-4_22.
[18] Y. Zhu, C. Sandu, D. Dopico, and A. Sandu. Benchmarking of adjoint sensitivity-based optimization techniques using a vehicle ride case study. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 46(2):254–266, 2018. doi: 10.1080/15397734.2017.1338576.
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Authors and Affiliations

Natalia Strawa
1
Paweł Malczyk
1

  1. Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
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Abstract

Idea to travel faster and faster is as old as human civilization. Different ways were used to move from point to point over centuries. The railways, cars, air-plains and rockets were invented. Each of them have limitations and advantages. Therefore, people always look for other, better solutions. One of them is “vacuum rail” moving inside a tube, known also as a Hyperloop. The number of problems to be solved is extremely high. This paper is devoted to civil engineering problems only e.g. viaducts, tunnels, stations. It is necessary to consider the kind of sub- and superstructure supporting the tube, influence of changes of ambient temperature and solar radiation, the way to ensure safety and structural integrity of the structures in case of fire, decompression of a structural tube and air-tightening, occurrence of accidents etc. Taking into account the fact that bridge and tunnel standards do not include information relating to above mentioned problems it is interesting to determine rules for design, construction and maintenance of such structures.
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Bibliography

[1] Z. Malecha, P. Krukowski, P. Pyrka, K. Skrzynecki, P. Prycinski, M. Palka, Analysis of technological rediness transportation system using high speed vehicles in limited space with reducted air preassure. Report for National research and Development Centre – Poland, 06.2018 (in Polish).
[2] M. Pawlik, M. Kycko, K. Zakrzewski, “Hyperloop vehicles spacing control challenges and possible solutions”, Archives of Civil Engineering, 2021, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 261–274, DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.137167.
[3] J. Piechna, Report on Conceptual Design of Hyperloop, internal material,Warsaw University of Technology, Poland, 2020 (in Polish).
[4] K. Polak, “Hyperloop technology and perspective of implementation”, Prace Instytutu Kolejnictwa, 2017, vol. 156, pp. 28–32 (in Polish).
[5] M. Rudowski, “Intermodal Transport of Hyperloop Capsules – Concept, Requirements, Benefits”, Problemy Kolejnictwa (Railway Reports), 2018, vol. 62, no. 178, pp. 55–62.
[6] R. Sabarinath, “Warsaw Hyperloop Station – Technical Challenges and Opportunities Overview”, MSc. Diploma, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland, 2020.
[7] K. Trzonski, A. Ostenda, “High speed railways – technical and social aspects – Hyperloop One”, Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inzynieryjne, 2017, no.6, pp. 86–90 (in Polish).
[8] J. Tamarit, Evacuated Tube Transportation. Sponsored by CEN/CENELEC, NEN, UNE, 12.2018.
[9] Report “Potential for the development and implementation of the vacuum rail technology in Poland in the social, technical, economic and legal context”, GOSPOSTRATEG, September 2020.
[10] Hyperloop – International Development Overview, Prepared by HARDT, HYPER POLAND, TRANSPOD, ZELEROS, 10.2018.
[11] Hyperloop Alpha by SpaceX, 2017.
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Authors and Affiliations

Henryk Zobel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Pawlak
2
Marek Pawlik
3
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Żółtowski
2
Radosław Czubacki
1
Thakaa Al-Khafaji
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. YLE Inzynierowie Co., Warsaw, Poland
  3. Railways Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Amount of works and activities tending towards defining new transport mode on the basis of the hyperloop system concept is growing significantly. They assume use of individual vehicles, offering space for several dozen passengers, running with speeds near speed of sound in a closed space with significantly lowered air pressure, utilizing magnetic levitation. Simultaneously it is fairly from economic point of view assumed, that first implementations should link locations between which traffic demand is expected to be very high. Assumed short spacing between hyper-vehicles, which are frequently declared to be ad-hoc adjusted to transport demand, to the knowledge of the authors gained in railway transport, seems to be in conflict with high speed safety related spacing in view of the line infrastructure capacity operational rules defined in the UIC (International Union of Railways) documents. That is the challenge, that formed the basis for authors’ investigations described in the paper. Several thesis regarding future new mode of transport based on hyperloop concept form an outcome of those investigations presented in conclusions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Pawlik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Kycko
2
ORCID: ORCID
Konrad Zakrzewski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Assistant professor, PhD., Eng., Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. M.Sc., Eng., Railway Research Institute, Chłopickiego 50, 04-275 Warsaw, Poland

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