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Abstract

The purpose of the paper is the investigation of possibility of utilization of a single-phase induction machine, designed and normally operating as a single-phase capacitor induction motor, as a self-excited single-phase induction generator, which can be used to generate electrical energy from non-conventional energy sources. The paper presents dq model of the self-excited single-phase induction generator for dynamic characteristics simulation and steady-state model based on double revolving field theory with two phase symmetrical components – a forward and backward revolving field for performance of the generator under resistive load. Excitation and load characteristics obtained by simulation showed considerable influence of method of capacitor configuration in the load stator winding on terminal voltage, current and output power of the generator under load. An specific construction of the stator windings together with capacitor requirements to obtain nominal output power at desired self-regulating terminal voltage over the operating range will be the aim of further research.

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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksander Leicht
Krzysztof Makowski
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Abstract

The presented paper concerns the issues of communication networks applied to monitoring and control of reactive power compensator for small hydroelectric plants installed in areas distant from urban agglomerations. Ethernet, CAN, Modbus and GPRS transmission protocols has been used. Industrial programmable controller as a data collector has been used also.

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Authors and Affiliations

Remigiusz Olesiński
Paweł Hańczur
Janusz Wiśniewski
Włodzimierz Koczara
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Abstract

This paper presents the research into the design and performance analysis of a novel five-phase doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). The designed DFIG is developed based on standard induction motor components and equipped with a five-phase rotor winding supplied from the five-phase inverter. This approach allows the machine to be both efficient and reliable due to the ability of the five-phase rotor winding to operate during single or dual-phase failure. The paper presents the newly designed DFIG validation and verification based on the finite element analysis (FEA) and laboratory tests.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roland Ryndzionek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Blecharz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Filip Kutt
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Michna
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Kostro
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gabriela Narutowicza str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents the mathematical model of an autonomous induction generator with the AC load circuit and the converter control system of the voltage magnitude at the terminals of stator generator. The control algorithm and the structure of the control system are described. The simulation results of the control system are presented and discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Błażej Jakubowski
Krzysztof Pieńkowski
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Abstract

The paper presents an induction generator connected to the power grid using the AC/DC/AC converter and LCL coupling filter. In the converter, both from the generator and the power grid side, three-level inverters were used. The algorithm realizing pulse width modulation (PWM) in inverters has been simplified to the maximum. Control of the induction generator was based on the indirect field oriented control (IFOC) method. At the same time, voltage control has been used for this solution. The MPPT algorithm has been extended to the variable pitch range of the wind turbine blades. The active voltage balancing circuit has been used in the inverter DC voltage circuit. Synchronization of control from the power grid side is ensured by the use of a PLL loop with the system of preliminary suppression of undesired harmonics (CDSC).

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Kasprowicz
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Abstract

The paper presents a multi-phase doubly fed induction machine operating as a DC voltage generator. The machine consists of a six-phase stator circuit and a three-phase rotor circuit. Two three-phase six-pulse diode rectifiers are connected to each three-phase machine section on the stator side and in parallel to the common DC circuit feeding the isolated load. The same DC bus is also common for the rotor side power electronics converter responsible for machine control. Two methods – direct torque control DTC and field oriented control FOC – were implemented for machine control and compared by means of simulation tests. Field oriented control was implemented in the laboratory test bench.

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Bibliography

  1.  G.D. Marques, D. Sousa, and M. F. Iacchetti, “Sensorless torque control of a DFIG connected to a DC link”, IEEE Int. Symp. on Sensorless Control for Electrical Drives and Predictive Control of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics – SLED/PRECEDE’13, Munich, Germany, 2013, pp. 1‒7.
  2.  M.F. Iacchetti and G.D. Marques, “Enhanced torque control in a DFIG connected to a DC grid by a diode rectifier”, 16th Europ. Conf. Power Electron. and Appl. – EPE’14, Lappeenranta, Finland, 1‒9 (2014).
  3.  G.D. Marques and M.F. Iacchetti, “A self-sensing stator-current-based control system of a DFIG connected to a DC-link”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 62(10), 6140–6150 (2015).
  4.  Y. Li, et al, “The capacity optimization for the static excitation controller of the dual-stator-winding induction generator operating in a wide speed range”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 56(2), 530–541 (2009).
  5.  H. Misra, A. Gundavarapu, and A.K. Jain, “Control scheme for DC voltage regulation of stand-alone DFIG-DC system”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 64(4), 2700–2708 (2017).
  6.  N. Yu, H. Nian, and Y. Quan, “A novel DC grid connected DFIG system with active power filter based on predictive current control”, Int. Conf. Electr. Machines and Systems – ICEMS’11, Beijing, China, 2011, pp. 1–5.
  7.  M.F. Iacchetti, G.D. Marques, and R. Perini, “Torque ripple reduction in a DFIG-DC system by resonant current controllers”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 30(8), 4244–4254 (2015).
  8.  C. Wu and H. Nian, “Improved direct resonant control for suppressing torque ripple and reducing harmonic current losses of dfig-dc system”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 34(9), 8739–8748 (2019).
  9.  C. Wu, et al, “Adaptive repetitive control of DFIG-DC system considering stator frequency variation”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 34(4), 3302‒3312 (2018).
  10.  A. Gundavarapu, H. Misra, and A. K. Jain, “Direct torque control scheme for dc voltage regulation of the standalone DFIG-DC system”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 64(5), 3502–3512 (2017).
  11.  P. Maciejewski and G. Iwanski, “Direct torque control for autonomous doubly fed induction machine based DC generator”, 12th Int. Conf. Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies – EVER’17, Monte Carlo, Monaco, 2017, pp. 1–6.
  12.  P. Maciejewski and G. Iwanski, “Study on direct torque control methods of a doubly fed induction machine working as a stand-alone DC voltage generator”, IEEE Trans. Energy Conv. (to be published), doi: 10.1109/TEC.2020.3012589.
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  20.  P. Maciejewski and G. Iwanski, “Modeling of six-phase double fed induction machine for autonomous DC voltage generation”, 10th Int. Conf. Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies – EVER’15, Monte Carlo, Monaco, 2015, pp. 1–6.
  21.  G.D. Marques and M.F. Iacchetti, “DFIG topologies for DC networks: a review on control and design features”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 34(2), 1299‒1316 (2019).
  22.  N.K. Mishra, Z. Husain, and M. Rizwan Khan, “DQ reference frames for the simulation of multiphase (six phase) wound rotor induction generator driven by a wind turbine for disperse generation”, Electr. Power Appl. IET, 13(11), 1823‒1834, (2019).
  23.  R. Bojoi, et al, “Dual-three phase induction machine drives control; A survey”, IEEJ Trans. Ind. Appl. 126(4), 420–429 (2006).
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  25.  D. Forchetti, G. García, and M.I. Valla, “Vector control strategy for a doubly-fed stand-alone induction generator”, Ind. Electron. Conf. – IECON’12, Montreal, Canada, 2, 2002, pp. 991–995.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Maciejewski
1
Grzegorz Iwański
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, 75, Koszykowa St., 00-662 Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

In this paper, a rotor current fault monitoring method is proposed based on a sliding mode observer. Firstly, the state-space model of the Double-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is constructed by vector transformation. Meanwhile, the stator voltage orientation vector control method is applied to decouple a stator and rotor currents, so as to obtain the correlation between the stator and rotor current. Furthermore, the mathematical model of stator voltage orientation is obtained. Then a state sliding mode observer (SMO) is established for the output current of the rotor of the DFIG. The stability and reachability of the system in a limited time is proved. Finally, the system state is determined by the residuals of the measured and estimated rotor currents. The simulation results show that the method proposed in this paper can effectively monitor the status: a normal state, voltage drop faults, short-circuit faults between windings, and rotor current sensor faults which have the advantages of fast response, high stability.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wenxin Yu
Shao Dao Huang
Dan Jiang
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Abstract

For fault detection of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), in this paper, a method of sliding mode observer (SMO) based on a new reaching law (NRL) is proposed. The SMO based on the NRL (NRL- SMO) theoretically eliminates system chatter caused by the reaching law and can be switched in time with system interference in terms of robustness and smoothness. In addition, the sliding mode control law is used as the index of fault detection. Firstly, this paper gives the NRL with the theoretically analyzes. Secondly, according to the mathematical model of DFIG, NRL-SMO is designed, and its analysis of stability and robustness are carried out. Then this paper describes how to choose the optimal parameters of the NRL-SMO. Finally, three common wind turbine system faults are given, which are DFIG inter-turn stator fault, grid voltage drop fault, and rotor current sensor fault. The simulation models of the DFIG under different faults is established. The simulation results prove that the superiority of the method of NRL-SMO in state tracking and the feasibility of fault detection.
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Bibliography

  1.  Z. Hameed, Y.S. Hong, Y.M. Cho, S.H. Ahn, and C.K. Song. “Condition monitoring and fault detection of wind turbines and related algorithms: A review”, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 13(1), 1‒39 (2009).
  2.  A. Stefani, A. Yazidi, C. Rossi, F. Filippetti, D. Casadei, and G.A. Capolino, “Doubly fed induction machines diagnosis based on signature analysis of rotor modulating signals”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 44(6), 1711‒1721(2008).
  3.  D. Shah, S. Nandi, and P. Neti, “Stator-interturn-fault detection of doubly fed induction generators using rotor-current and search-coil- voltage signature analysis”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 45(5), 1831‒1842 (2009).
  4.  G. Stojčić, K. Pašanbegović, and T.M. Wolbank, “Detecting faults in doubly fed induction generator by rotor side transient current measurement”, IEEE Trans. Ind. App. 50(5), 3494‒3502 (2014).
  5.  R. Roshanfekr and A. Jalilian, “Wavelet-based index to discriminate between minor inter-turn short-circuit and resistive asymmetrical faults in stator windings of doubly fed induction generators, a simulation study”, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 10(2), 374‒381 (2016).
  6.  M.B. Abadi et al., “Detection of stator and rotor faults in a DFIG based on the stator reactive power analysis”, in IECON 2014‒40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society 2014 pp. 2037‒2043.
  7.  S. He, X. Shen, and Z. Jiang, “Detection and Location of Stator Winding Interturn Fault at Different Slots of DFIG”, IEEE Access 7, 89342‒89353 (2019).
  8.  I. Erlich, C. Feltes, and F. Shewarega, “Enhanced voltage drop control by VSC–HVDC systems for improving wind farm fault ridethrough capability”, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 29(1), 378‒385 (2013).
  9.  Ö. Göksu, R. Teodorescu, C.L. Bak, F. Iov, and P.C. Kjær, “Instability of wind turbine converters during current injection to low voltage grid faults and PLL frequency based stability solution”, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 29(4), 1683‒1691 (2014).
  10.  Z. Fan, G. Song, X. Kang, J. Tang, and X. Wang, “Three-phase fault direction identification method for outgoing transmission line of DFIG-based wind farms”, J. Mod. Power Syst. 7(5), 1155‒1164 (2019).
  11.  L.G. Meegahapola, T. Littler, and D. Flynn, “Decoupled-DFIG fault ride-through strategy for enhanced stability performance during grid faults”, IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 1(3), 152‒162 (2010).
  12.  F. Aguilera, P.M. De la Barrera, C.H. De Angelo, and D.E. Trejo, “Current-sensor fault detection and isolation for induction-motor drives using a geometric approach”, Control Eng. Pract. 53, 35‒46 (2016).
  13.  S. Abdelmalek, S. Rezazi, and A.T. Azar, “Sensor faults detection and estimation for a DFIG equipped wind turbine”, Energy Procedia 139, 3‒9 (2017).
  14.  M. Liu and P. Shi, “Sensor fault estimation and tolerant control for Itô stochastic systems with a descriptor sliding mode approach”, Automatica 49(5), 1242‒1250 (2013).
  15.  Y.J. Kim, N. Jeon, and H. Lee, “Model based fault detection and isolation for driving motors of a ground vehicle”, Sens. Transducers 199(4), 67 (2016).
  16.  K. Xiahou, Y. Liu, L. Wang, M.S. Li, and Q.H. Wu, “Switching fault-tolerant control for DFIG-based wind turbines with rotor and stator current sensor faults”, IEEE Access 7, 103390‒103403 (2019).
  17.  K.S. Xiahou, Y. Liu, M.S. Li, and Q.H. Wu, “Sensor fault-tolerant control of DFIG based wind energy conversion systems”, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 117, 105563 (2020).
  18.  Z.Y. Xue, K.S. Xiahou, M.S. Li, T.Y. Ji, and Q.H. Wu, “Diagnosis of multiple open-circuit switch faults based on long short-term memory network for DFIG-based wind turbine systems”, IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. 8(3), 2600‒2610 (2019).
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  24.  Y. Liu, Z. Wang, L. Xiong, J. Wang, X. Jiang, G. Bai, R. Li, S. Liu, “DFIG wind turbine sliding mode control with exponential reaching law under variable wind speed”, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 96, 253‒260 (2018).
  25.  Z. Lan, L. Li, C. Deng, Y. Zhang, W. Yu, and P. Wong, “A novel stator current observer for fault tolerant control of stator current sensor in DFIG”, in 2018 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2018, pp. 790‒797.
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Authors and Affiliations

RuiQi Li
1 2
Wenxin Yu
1 2
JunNian Wang
3 2
Yang Lu
1 2
Dan Jiang
1 2
GuoLiang Zhong
1 2
ZuanBo Zhou
1 2

  1. School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan Pro., Xiangtan,411201, China
  2. Key Laboratory of Knowledge Processing Networked Manufacturing, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan Pro., Xiangtan,411201, China
  3. School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan Pro., Xiangtan,411201, China
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Abstract

The paper proposes a newrobust fuzzy gain adaptation of the sliding mode (SMC) power control strategy for the wind energy conversion system (WECS), based on a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), to maximize the power extracted from the wind turbine (WT). The sliding mode controller can deal with any wind speed, ingrained nonlinearities in the system, external disturbances and model uncertainties, yet the chattering phenomenon that characterizes classical SMC can be destructive. This problem is suitably lessened by adopting adaptive fuzzy-SMC. For this proposed approach, the adaptive switching gains are adjusted by a supervisory fuzzy logic system, so the chattering impact is avoided. Moreover, the vector control of the DFIG as well as the presented one have been used to achieve the control of reactive and active power of the WECS to make the wind turbine adaptable to diverse constraints. Several numerical simulations are performed to assess the performance of the proposed control scheme. The results show robustness against parameter variations, excellent response characteristics with a reduced chattering phenomenon as compared with classical SMC.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed Horch
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdelkarim Chemidi
2
ORCID: ORCID
Lotfi Baghli
3
ORCID: ORCID
Sara Kadi
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Laboratoire d’Automatique de Tlemcen (LAT), National School of Electrical and Energetic Engineering of Oran, Oran 31000, Algeria
  2. Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory of Tlemcen, Hight School of Applied Sciences, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
  3. Laboratoire d’Automatique de Tlemcen (LAT) Université de Lorraine GREEN, EA 4366F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
  4. Laboratory of Power Equipment Characterization and Diagnosis, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers 16000, Algeria
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Abstract

Wind power integration through the voltage source converter-based high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) system will be a potential solution for delivering large-scale wind power to the “Three-North Regions” of China. However, the interaction between the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and VSC-HVDC system may cause the risk of subsynchronous oscillation (SSO). This paper establishes a small-signal model of the VSC based multi-terminal direct current (VSC-MTDC) system with new energy access for the problem, and the influencing factors causing SSO are analyzed based on the eigenvalue analysis method. The theoretical analysis results show that the SSO in the system is related to the wind farm operating conditions, the rotor-side controller (RSC) of the DFIG and the interaction of the controller in the VSC-MTDC system. Then, the phase lag characteristic is obtained based on the signal test method, and a multi-channel variable-parameter subsynchronous damping controller (SSDC) is designed via selecting reasonable parameters. Finally, the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the multi-channel variable-parameter SSDC are verified based on time-domain simulation.
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Bibliography

[1] Tang G.F., HVDC based on voltage source converter, China Electric Power Press (2010).
[2] Li C.S., Li Y.K., Guo J., He P., Research on emergency DC power support coordinated control for hybrid multi-infeed HVDC system, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 5–21(2020).
[3] Liu T.Q., Tao Y., Li B.H., Critical problems of wind farm integration via MMC-MTDC system, Power System Technology, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 3251–3260 (2017).
[4] Wu J.H., Ai Q., Research on multi-terminal VSC-HVDC system for wind-farms, Power System Technology, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 22–27 (2009).
[5] Chen C., Du W.J., Wang H.F., Review on mechanism of sub-synchronous oscillations caused by gridconnected wind farms in power systems, Southern Power System Technology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 84–93 (2018).
[6] Amin M., Molinas M., Understanding the origin of oscillatory phenomena observed between wind farms and HVDC systems, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 378–392 (2017).
[7] Wang W.S., Zhang C., He G.Q., Li G.H., Zhang J.Y., Wang H.J., Overview of research on subsynchronous oscillations in large-scale wind farm integrated system, Power System Technology, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 1050–1060 (2017).
[8] Jiang Q.R., Wang L., Xie X.R., Study on oscillations of power-electronized power system and their mitigation schemes, High Voltage Engineering, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 1057–1066 (2017).
[9] Xie X.R., Liu H.K., He J.B., Liu H., Liu W., On new oscillation issues of power system, Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 2821–2828+3133 (2018).
[10] Wang L., Yang Z.H., Lu X.Y., Prokhorow A.V., Stability analysis of a hybrid multi-infeed HVDC system connected between two offshore wind farms and two power grids, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 1824–1833 (2017).
[11] Kunjumuhammed L.P., Pal B.C., Oates C., Dyke K.J., Electrical oscillations in wind farm systems: analysis and insight based on detailed modeling, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 51–61 (2016).
[12] Sun K., Yao W., Wen J.Y., Mechanism and characteristics analysis of subsynchronous oscillation caused by DFIG-based wind farm integrated into grid through VSC-HVDC system, Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 38, no. 22, pp. 6520–6533 (2018).
[13] Song S.H., Zhao S.Q., Analysis of sub-synchronous oscillation of DFIG-based Wind Farm integrated to grid through VSC-HVDC system based on torque method, Power System Technology, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 630–636 (2020).
[14] Bian X.Y., Ding Y., Mai K., Zhou Q., Zhao Y., Tang L., Sub-Synchronous oscillation caused by grid-connection of offshore wind farm through VSC-HVDC and its mitigation, Automation of Electric Power Systems, vol. 42, no. 17, pp. 25–39 (2018).
[15] Lyu J., Dong P., Shi G., Cai X., Li X.L., Subsynchronous oscillation and its mitigation of MMC-based HVDC with large doubly-fed induction generator-based wind farm integration, Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 35, no. 19, pp. 4852–4860 (2015).
[16] Lyu J., Cai X., Amin M., Molinas M., Sub-synchronous oscillation mechanism and its suppression in MMC-based HVDC connected wind farms, IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1021–1029 (2018).
[17] Shao B.B., Zhao S.Q., Pei J.K., Li R., Subsynchronous oscillation characteristics analysis of gridconnected direct-drive wind farms via VSC-HVDC system, Power System Technology, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 3344–3355 (2019).
[18] Chen B.P., Study on characteristics and suppression of sub/super-synchronous oscillation caused by power system with D-PMSG and VSC-HVDC, Wuhan University (2018).
[19] Guo X.S., Li Y.F., Xie X.T., Hou Y.L., Zhang D., Sub-synchronous oscillation characteristics caused by PMSG-based wind plant farm integrated via flexible HVDC system, Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 1149–1160+1407 (2020).
[20] Sun K., Mechanism and characteristics analysis of subsynchronous oscillation caused by DFIG-based wind farm integrated into grid through VSC-HVDC system, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (2018).
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[24] Zhou G.L., Shi X.C., Fu Ch.,Wei X.G., Zhu X.R., VSC-HVDC discrete model and its control strategy under unbalanced input voltage, Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 137–143+159 (2008).
[25] Gao B.F., Zhao C.Y., Xiao X.N., Yin W.Y., Guo C.L., Li Y.N., Design and implementation of SSDC for HVDC, High Voltage Engineering, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 501–506 (2010).
[26] Jiang P., Hu T., Wu X., VSC-HVDC multi-channel additional damping control suppresses subsynchronous oscillation, Electric Power Automation Equipment, vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 27–31 (2011).
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Authors and Affiliations

Miaohong Su
1
ORCID: ORCID
Haiying Dong
1 2
Kaiqi Liu
1
Weiwei Zou
1

  1. School of Automatic and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
  2. School of New Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China

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