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Abstract

Voice production — emission, raised interest of humans from almost the beginning of the humanity. First written information dates back to the Egyptian times 2500–3000 BC. Practically from early Greek period until XIX century studies of the larynx and the speech apparatus brought new and new facts, both regarding the structures, physiology and clinics. Such ancient researchers as Galen, Morgagni, Eustachii, Casserius created milestones for modern laryngology. Authors hoped to present some facts on the anatomical researches in the field of organs responsible for voice production from historical perspective.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Żytkowski
1
Jerzy Walocha
2

  1. Faculty of Philology, Department of Polish Dialectology and Logopedics, University of Lodz, Poland
  2. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The present study investigated the chemical coding of neurons and nerve fibres in local laryngeal ganglia in pigs (n=5) using double-labelling immunohistochemistry. Virtually all the neurons were cholinergic in nature (ChAT- or VAChT-positive). Only very solitary, small nerve cells (presumably representing interneurons) stained intensely for adrenergic marker, DβH. Many neurons also contained immunoreactivity for NOS (91%), VIP (62.7%), NPY (24.7%), galanin (10%), SP (1.3%) and CGRP (5.3%). No neurons expressing somatostatin or Leu-enkephalin were observed. Nearly all the neuronal somata were densely supplied with varicose cholinergic nerve terminals, which presumably represented preganglionic axons, and some of them were also closely apposed with CGRP- and/or SP-positive varicose nerve endings, which were putative collaterals of extrinsic primary sensory fibres. In conclusion, this study has revealed that intrinsic neurons in the porcine larynx, like in many other mammalian species studied, should be classified as parasympathetic cholinergic neurons expressing biologically active substances, predominantly NOS and VIP. Furthermore, they are likely to receive inputs from not only preganglionic neurons but also primary sensory nerve cells. Finally, it appears that the information on the occurrence of the local laryngeal ganglia should be regularly included in textbooks dealing with the cranial portion of the parasympathetic nervous system in mammals.
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Authors and Affiliations

W. Sienkiewicz
1
M. Klimczuk
1
M. Gulbinowicz-Gowkielewicz
2
E. Lepiarczyk
3
J. Kaleczyc
1

  1. Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
  2. Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Voivodal Specialistic Hospital, Żołnierska 18, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
  3. Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082, Olsztyn, Poland

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