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Advantages of Using 3D Scanning in the Survey of Architectural Monuments on example of Archeological Sites in Egypt and Russia

Wojciech Terlikowski Martyna Gregoriou-Szczepaniak Ewa Sobczyńska Kacper Wasilewski
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 189-201 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.136468
Keywords laser scanning Archaeological Heritage Masonry Structures
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Abstract

Every conservation works related to an ancient masonry structures should be preceded by an appropriate diagnostic. This should be understood as geometrical survey and various tests, which results with a proper analysis of the structure, identification of materials, technologies and techniques used during construction. The effective tool which could be used in this field is 3-D laser scanning. The digital image obtained as a result of scanning could be a proper base for a preservation programme, as well as help for creation of a precise digital models for a structural analysis. The examples of 3-D laser scanning application presented in the article are diagnostic works carried by the Division of Fundamentals of Building, Warsaw University of Technology, with the cooperation of Warsaw University, at the archaeological sites in Alexandria, Egypt and in Tanais, Rostov, Russia. Based on this works some most important advantages of laser scanning in identification, diagnostics and preservation of ancient architectural monuments was stated.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Terlikowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Martyna Gregoriou-Szczepaniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Sobczyńska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kacper Wasilewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Amii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland

Numerical Analysis of Buildings Located on the Edge of the Post-Mining Basin

Leszek Szojda Łukasz Kapusta
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 125-140 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2023.144321
Keywords mining subsidence masonry structures numerical analysis post-mining areas
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Abstract

The rim of a post-exploitation basin is a particularly dangerous zone for buildings. This is due to the impact of mining on the nearby buildings, which persists even after exploitation activities are finished. The rim of the basin remains constantly deformed. This paper presents numerical analyses of buildings located in Marklowice (Silesian Voivodeship, Poland). They are located in an area that was exploited for mining, above the initial exploitation edge on the rim of the basin. The area of the analysed buildings was geodetically monitored during mining works. The results of the measurements allowed the observation of changes in terrain deformation indicators, together with the determination of the settlement’s final values after the operation was completed. Knowledge of the results enabled the preparation of numerical analyses of buildings with the use of the finite element method (FEM), the purpose of which was to determine the residual stresses in the structures after the end of the exploitation. The results are presented in the form of stress maps, which show changes in the internal forces in buildings left by mining operations. Specific examples are used. Two residential two-storey buildings were analysed; they were built using traditional brick methods, with a single-storey outbuilding. All of the analysed buildings are located in the mining commencement zone, in which the deformation of the surface has not faded away.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Szojda
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kapusta
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Structural Engineering, Akademicka 5,44-100, Gliwice, Poland
  2. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Geomatics and Renewable Energy, 7 Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego Av., 25-314 Kielce, Poland

Evaluation of the Elastic Model of a Building on a Curved Mining Ground Based on the Results of Geodetic Monitoring

Leszek Szojda Łukasz Kapusta
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2020 | vol. 65 | No 2 | 213-224 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2020.133188
Keywords Mining subsidence ground curvature numerical analysis masonry structures
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Abstract

This article presents a comparison of the real amount of structural bending of a traditional residential building on curved mining ground with the bending results from an elastic model of the system: building + ground. Thanks to surveying measurements conducted during the exploitation front, the relationship between the curvature of the building and the curvature of the area in its direct vicinity was determined. The measurement work lasted one and a half years. Observation results collected in nature verify the deformation results of the modelled structure in the approach proposed by the guidelines for designing buildings in mining areas in Poland. Building Research Institute Instructions, Guidelines, Guidance 416 (2006) allows the adoption of an elastic model for the structure, and for the ground, it allows the adoption of linear elastic features characteristic of Winkler elastic ground. The main purpose of the work was to determine the overestimation of stress in the modelled building resulting from the use of a simplified, computational engineering approach.

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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Szojda
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kapusta
ORCID: ORCID

Adaptation of the total stiffness method to the load distribution of stiffening masonry walls according to Eurocode 6

Radosław Jasiński Krzysztof Grzyb
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 255-274 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2022.140167
Keywords masonry structures stiffening walls load distribution rotation centre
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Abstract

The internal forces in stiffeningwalls are usually determining by numerical methods. Extreme values of forces and displacements can be achieved without significant problems. The numerical model is always labour-intensive; therefore, it is not used for single-family or multi-family buildings with a simple wall layout. To calculate efficiently internal forces in such walls uses an analytical model. Eurocode 6 (prEN 1996-1-1: 2019) does not provide specific guidelines for determining geometrical characteristics and procedures for calculating the values of internal forces in the stiffening walls. The use of numerical methods and other reliable methods was allowed. The paper presents the adaptation of the total stiffness method to determine internal forces in a building with a simple wall system. The method was based on dividing the masonry wall with openings into pillars, lintels, bottom sprandels and flanged walls. The analytical results were compared with linear-elastic FEM calculations. It has been demonstrated that flexural stiffness, shear stiffness and localization of rotation centre (RC) had a crucial impact on masonry structure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Radosław Jasiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Grzyb
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice,Poland

Multi-stage analysis of reliability of an example masonry construction

Joanna Zięba Lidia Buda-Ożóg Izabela Skrzypczak
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 275-292 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.137168
Keywords masonry structures experimental research safety reliability Monte Carlo simulations
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Abstract

The safety of the masonry structure is determined by the value of the partial factor used, which is influenced by many factors. The variability of these factors determines obtaining significant differences in the load levels of various masonry structures. Hence, the analysis of masonry structures should be carried out taking into account a sufficient range of variability of factors affecting its safety. The article presents a multi-stage safety analysis of an exemplary brick masonry column. For the construction, the relationship between partial factors used for interactions in different configurations and factors for the masonry compressive strength was examined. The analyses consisted in determining the reliability index beta with the Monte Carlo method. The article presents the results of experimental tests carried out on a real construction, as well as the results of FEM numerical simulations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Zięba
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lidia Buda-Ożóg
2
ORCID: ORCID
Izabela Skrzypczak
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. MSc., Eng., Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Building Structures, Poznańska 2, Rzeszów 35-084, Poland
  2. DSc., PhD., Eng., Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Building Structures, Poznańska 2, Rzeszów 35-084, Poland
  3. DSc., PhD., Eng., Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Geodesy and Geotechnics, Poznańska 2, Rzeszów, 35-084, Poland

Effectiveness of Shear Strengthening of Walls Made Using AAC Blocks — Laboratory Test Results

Marta Kałuża
Archives of Civil Engineering | Vol. 66 | No 2 | 33-44 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2020.131794
Keywords masonry structures strengthening FRP/FRCM system in-plane shearing effectiveness AAC blocks
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Abstract

The selection of the most proper strengthening method/system with an assessment of its effectiveness is quite complicated in the case of masonry structures, mainly due to their huge diversity in materials. The most popular strengthening materials based on the composite fibres and are laid on the masonry wall using epoxy adhesives (FRP system) or mineral mortars (FRCM system). This article presents a comparison of external strengthening made using different glass-fibre-based materials on the behaviour of specific masonry walls. The walls are made of AAC blocks (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete), commonly used in rather low urban buildings or skeleton construction. As a strengthening material the GFRP sheets and two types of glass meshes are used. The walls are subjected to diagonal compression, which reflects the shearing of the walls. The scope of research describes cracking stage, shear capacity and analysis of the mode of failure of tested walls.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Kałuża
ORCID: ORCID

Numerical analysis of the influence of mining ground deformation on the structure of a masonry residential building

Leszek Szojda Łukasz Kapusta
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 3 | 243-257 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.138054
Keywords masonry structures numerical analysis mining subsidence ground curvature ground horizontal strain
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Abstract

The article presents numerical analysis of a typical residential building in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, which was erected in the early twentieth century and was not protected against mining ground deformations. The greatest impact of ground deformation on buildings are ground horizontal strain ε and ground curvature K. Numerical calculations included the building and the ground to take into account the effect of soilstructure interaction. The structure of the analysed building was made of masonry with wooden ceiling and roof elements. The ground was implemented as a layer 3.0m below the foundations and 3.0 m outside the building's projection. Construction loads are divided into two stages – permanent and functional loads as well as ground mining deformation. The maximum convex curvature K+ and the horizontal strain of the substrate ε+ were achieved in the 8th load step. The results of the analyses were presented in the form of stress and deformation maps. The most important results are the magnitude of the main tensile stresses σmax, which could to create cracks in the structure may occur after exceeding the tensile strength ft of the material. The presented method can be used to the analysis of endangered building objects by mining ground deformations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Szojda
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kapusta
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Structural Engineering, ul. Akademicka 5,44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Kielce University of Technology, Department of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland

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