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Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess the profile of EC (elemental carbon) and OC (organic carbon) temperature fractions in PM1 and PM2.5 samples and in wet deposition samples (material collected on a filter). The research was conducted at the urban background station in Zabrze (southern Poland) in the period of Oct 2020–Oct 2021. PM samples were collected with high-volume samplers; the automatic precipitation collector NSA 181 by Eigenbrodt was used to collect the deposition samples. Concentrations of EC and OC were determined using thermal-optical method (carbon analyzer from Sunset Laboratory Inc., “eusaar_2” protocol). Regardless of the type of research material, organic carbon constituted the dominant part of the carbonaceous matter, and this dominance was more visible in the non-heating season. The profile of temperature fractions of OC and EC was clearly different for dust washed out by precipitation. Noteworthy is a much lower content of pyrolytic carbon (PC) in OC, which can be explained by the fact that PC is most often combined with the water soluble organic carbon. In addition, a high proportion of the OC3 fraction was observed, followed by OC4, which may indicate that these fractions are of a more regional origin. With regard to the EC fractions, the differences are less visible and concern, in particular, the higher share of EC4 and the lower EC2. The obtained results may be a valuable source of information about the actual status of the carbonaceous matter and its transformation in the atmosphere.
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Bibliography

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  25. Zioła, N., Błaszczak, B. & Klejnowski, K. (2021). Temporal Variability of Equivalent Black Carbon Components in Atmospheric Air in Southern Poland. Atmosphere 12, 119. DOI:10.3390/atmos12010119.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Błaszczak
1
Barbara Mathews
1
Krzysztof Słaby
1
Krzysztof Klejnowski
1

  1. Institute of Environmental Engineering Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
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Abstract

Is dark matter real or just a convenient hypothesis? Although it was first proposed almost a century ago, physicists have yet to uncover its true nature. Scientists from the Nicolaus Copernicus University are investigating the phenomenon using atomic clocks.

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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Zjawin
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Abstract

Studies were carried out from December 1978 till February 1979. Quantities of suspended matter in the waters of Admiralty Bay ranged from 2.8 to 182.6 mg/1. The maximum quantities of suspended matter were recorded in the inshore zone, in particular at the mouths of the streams running off from the pielting glaciers. In the open regions of Admiralty Bay the average quantities of suspended matter were: 12.4 mg/1 in the upper water-layers, from 14.9 to 16.7 at the depth of 10-50 m and less than 10 mg/1 in deeper water-layers. The quantity of suspended matter drifting from the land into Admiralty Bay during austrial summer was estimated as averaging about 2000 tons per day.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kazimierz Pęcherzewski
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Abstract

In the paper the results on self-purification of mine waters contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been presented. Samples of waters from the .Zicrnowit" coal mine have been used. Concentrations of PAHs in the deposits and supernatant waters after selected specific periods of time were evaluated. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of 16 selected PAHs (as recommended by the USEPA) were carried out, as well as investigations on the PAH concentration changes versus time in deposits and supernatant waters. Extension of the sedimentation time resulted in increased concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs in deposits. The observed PAHs concentrations in deposits were high and comparable with these found usually in sewage sludge. Outing the whole sedimentation process sorption of compounds which are easily bounded on suspension (with log kow > 7) took place, which led do the decrease of PAH concentration in supernatant waters. 'The accumulation of PAHs in deposits and their desorption lo supernatant waters during the sedimentation process were not signi fi cant.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Caban-Pabian
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of experiments on the influence of the organic matter’s characteristics on the formation potential of water chlorination by-products – representatives of the following groups:

trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, chloral hydrate and chloropicrin. The products of water fractionation (the hydrophobic and hydrophilic acids, hydrophobic and hydrophilic bases, and hydrophobic and

hydrophilic neutral fractions) were chlorinated with sodium hypochlorite. Its dose was adjusted to obtain a

residual free chlorine concentration between 3 and 5 mg/dm3

after 24 h. After this time, the water chlorination

by-products were analyzed with gas chromatography. The results’ analysis has defined the fractions, which have

the highest potential to form particular groups of volatile organic water chlorination by-products.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Włodyka-Bergier
T. Bergier
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Abstract

The paper presents new data on the Miocene development within the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. The Miocene succession of the study area is characterized by high thickness and highly variable lithology. In the Miocene sediments of the studied area, the presence of organic matter in the form of a coal layer, coal crumbs, and dispersed organic matter has been found. The research focused mainly on the analysis of organic matter in terms of its origin, degree of coalification, and depositional environment. The degree of coalification of organic matter was determined by the huminite/vitrinite reflectance. The hard brown coal layer with a thickness of about eight meters was identified within the Kłodnica Formation. Based on the textural properties and degree of coalification, brown coal was classified as dull brown coal and bright brown coal. Organic matter in the form of coal crumbs and dispersed organic matter were found within a package clastic sedimentary. On the basis of petrographic analysis, two types of allochthonous organic matter with different degrees of coalification were identified. The coal clasts are mainly of Carboniferous origin, while the Miocene redeposited brown coal grains dominate within the dispersed organic matter. Coal fragments and dispersed organic matter derived from the Miocene brown coal were also found within the black claystones. The study of organic matter of the Miocene sediments in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin showed both its autochthonous and allochthonous origins.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Krzeszowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Gonera
2

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
  2. Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Experts from Poland are involved in designing and building the world’s strongest pulsed neutron source for investigating the properties of condensed matter.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Bocian
Wojciech Zając
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of the research on particle size distribution of dust emitted from drybottom boilers burning pulverized coal. A cascade impactor separated fly-ash particles into seven size fractions with the following equivalent aerodynamic diameters: 0.38; 0.88; 1.9; 2.9; 6.3; 10.0 μm. Cumulative size-specific emission factors were determined. In order to obtain some information on the trace elements distribution in the fly-ash size-fraction concentration of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Zr, Sr, Pb, Br was determined in the samples collected. The elemental analysis was performed by Proton Induced X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy. Small mass loadings obtained from the cascade impactor, which are often insufficient for other analytical methods, are well within the sensitivity range of the PIXE/RBS analysis. The results of the research concerning one of the domestic power stations arc presented as an example.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Staisz
Bogusław Rajchel
Jan Konieczyński
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Abstract

The paper addresses the effect of a compost prepared from tobacco wastes with an admixture of bark and straw on the enzymatic activity and certain chemical properties of a grey-brown podzolic soil amended with that compost.

The study was conducted under the conditions of a pot experiment in which the soil material was collected from the surface horizon of the grey-brown podzolic soil. The effect of the application of the compost was compared with soil without such amendment. The test plant was maize cv. Kosmo 230. Fertilisation of the light soil with the compost studied caused changes in the enzymatic activity of the soil that were related both to the dose of the compost and to the kind of enzyme studied. With increase in the dose of the compost there was an increase in dehydrogenase activity (highest dose) and a significant decrease in the activity of acid phosphatase. Moreover, it was observed that tobacco compost was a significant source that enriched the light soil in organic matter, total nitrogen, and available forms of phosphorus, magnesium and potassium, which was evident in increased yields of maize grown as the test plant.

Significant correlations were also demonstrated between a majority of the biochemical and chemical parameters, which indicates that those parameters characterise well the biological properties of a grey-brown podzolic soil amended with tobacco compost.

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Authors and Affiliations

Alicja Szwed
Justyna Bohacz
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Abstract

Controlling low-temperature drying facilities which utilise nonprepared air is quite difficult, due to very large variability of ventilation air parameters - both in daily and seasonal cycles. The paper defines the concept of cumulative drying potential of ventilation air and presents experimental evidence that there is a relation between this parameter and condition of the dried matter (sewage sludge). Knowledge on current dry mass content in the dried matter (sewage sludge) provides new possibilities for controlling such systems. Experimental data analysed in the paper was collected in early 2012 during operation of a test solar drying facility in a sewage treatment plant in Błonie near Warsaw, Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Krawczyk
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Abstract

The article presents research results of the introduction of powdery activated carbon to the existing technological system of the groundwater treatment stations in a laboratory, pilot plant and technical scale. The aim of the research was to reduce the content of organic compounds found in the treated water, which create toxic organic chlorine compounds (THM) after disinfection with chlorine. Nine types of powdery active carbons were tested in laboratory scale. The top two were selected for further study. Pilot plant scale research was carried out for the filter model using CWZ-30 and Norit Sa Super carbon. Reduction of the organic matter in relation to the existing content in the treated water reached about 30%. Research in technical scale using CWZ-30 carbon showed a lesser efficiency with respect to laboratory and pilot-plant scale studies. The organic matter decreased by 15%. Since filtration is the last process before the individual disinfection, an alternative solution is proposed, i.e. the second stage of filtration with a granular activated carbon bed, operating in combined sorption and biodegradation processes. The results of tests carried out in pilot scale were fully satisfactory with the effectiveness of 70–100%.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jadwiga Kaleta
Małgorzata Kida
Piotr Koszelnik
Dorota Papciak
Alicja Puszkarewicz
Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak
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Abstract

The article concerns fly ashes generated from the combustion of hard coal and deposited on landfills. Investigation results describing fly ash taken from a combustion waste landfill are presented in the article. The investigation results indicate a possibility for combusting the coal reclaimed by separation from the fly ash and utilizing the remaining fly ash fractions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Sambor
Arkadiusz Szymanek
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Abstract

Biology is a science on life. This definition, concise and most commonly used, is satisfactory for almost everybody. It is otherwise when one asks: What is life? Then it appears that no one feature can be indicated which distinguishes “the living” from “the non-living.” The author presents the sources of these difficulties and then gives his own attempt to solve the problem of definition of live—which is based on the idea of levels of the biological organization. In author’s view, to characterise the objects of research in biology we should apply not one concept of life (or of living organism) but three concepts: of organized biological matter (for the molecular and sub-cellular levels), of living organism (for the level of the specimen), and of life (for the sphere of phenomena which occur on the population-species-biocenotic level).

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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Kuźnicki
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Abstract

The article discusses examples of concrete houses made in Poland after 2000. The aim of the article is to present the thesis on the increasing importance of concrete for the creation of architecture of single-family houses. After decades of rejecting concrete as a material to live and live in, concrete has once again become an intermediary material in the search for new elementary residential structures in the Polish landscape. An important element in this mental transformation is the belief in the essence of the importance of forms and technologies of concrete architectural details. A detail is a tool that shows the originality of the idea and the meaning of concrete formations.
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Bibliography

Charciarek, M. (2015), Detale architektury betonowej, Kraków: Stowarzyszenie Producentów Cementu.
Forty, A. (2012), Concrete and Culture: A Material History, Reaktion Books: London.
van Doesburg, T. (1971), ‘Towards a Plastic Architecture’ [in:] Jaffé, H.L.C., De Stijl, New York: H.N. Abrams.
Zabalbeascoa, A., Marcos J.R. (2000), Minimalism, Editorial Gustavo Gili: Barcelona.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Charciarek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture
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Abstract

Studied was a small (4.6 ha) meromictic lake situated in a deep land hollow surrounded by a highinclination slope. The lake was made shallower two times (from 20 to 18 m) by collapsed shores. It is fed by underground waters and has relatively constant outflow. Limited water dynamics reduced the epilimnion thickness (from 4 to 2 m) and influenced the monimolimnion setting below 13 m depth with a characteristic small (0.2°C) temperature increase in the vertical profile and a permanent deoxygenation of the water below 7-11 m depth. The relationship between the organic matter parameters BOD; and COD-Mn before the shore collapse revealed the dominance of matter produced in the reservoir. In the final period the situation was opposite. In the monimolimnion allochthonous matter accumulated which due to anaerobic decomposition generated large amounts of ammonium. Observed in the same water layer was also a decrease of the conductivity.
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Authors and Affiliations

Renata Tandyrak
Mariusz Teodorowicz
Joanna Gorchowska
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Abstract

The results of investigations into suspended matter sedimentation from mine waters in the settling tank at the Ziemowit coal mine as well as in the relevant model of the settling tank were presented. It was shown that variations in the performance of the tank are caused by improperly accumulated sediment, which generates privileged water flow in superficial layers. Additionally, impetuous periodical water discharges seem to be important. The investigations performed on the settling tank model were focused on estimating the influence of temperature, flow rate and the aeration of mine water on the suspended matter sedimentation. Reasons for inefficiency of the settling tank were determined, and technological changes enhancing the process of suspensions removal were suggested.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Jabłońska
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Biodegradation of organic matter by sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) isolated from soil from military testing ground and petroleum plants were investigated. The isolated microorganisms utilized low molecular weight compounds and participation of SRB in biodegradation of these compounds was similar in marine sediments and in soil (40-55%).
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Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Wolicka
Andrzej Borkowski
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Abstract

Humic substances are ubiquitous materials found in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Humic acids, a diagenetic product can interact with various components present in aquatic sediments. The present research is on the evaluation of sedimentary humic acids from the Krossfjorden glacial fjord situated within the Svalbard archipelago. The results of this study are needed to understand the structural characteristics of humic acids isolated from the fjord. Surface sediment samples were collected from four stations throughout the fjord during a summer period in 2018. Various spectroscopic techniques such as UV-visible, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were applied for studying the humic acids. The elemental composition as well as the presence of tannin and lignin were also analyzed. The results of this study revealed the variation in the structure of humic acids from aliphatic to aromatic from the outer to the inner region of the fjord. This change in humic acids was well supported by the FTIR and NMR results with differences in the spectrums.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aswathy Shaji
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anu Gopinath
2
ORCID: ORCID
Anoop Krishnan
3
ORCID: ORCID
Sabu Prabhakaran
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, 682506, India
  2. Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, 682506, India
  3. Biogeochemistry Group, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Trivandrum, 695011, India
  4. Ocean Science Group, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Goa, 403804, India
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Abstract

Developed a method of a complex estimation of efficiency of the diesel particulate filter according to three criteria: the counting, the surface and the mass concentration of particulate matter considering their dispersion composition. The results of efficiency evaluation of a diesel particulate filter of freight car are presented using the proposed technique.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Polivyanchuk
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Abstract

Size distribution of particulate matter (PM) emitted from coal combustion in residential furnaces as well as emission of Hg, Zn, Pb and Cu were investigated. The metals emission was characterised by partition factors K. The factor expresses the distribution of metal streams between the feed coal and its combustion products emitted to the atmosphere. The values of factors K for Zn, Pb and Cu were 0.59, 0.33 and 0.34 respectively; the relevant variance coefficients were 37, 46 and 44%. Much better variance coefficient of factor K (17%) appeared in the case of mercury. It was found that 52% of Hg in feed coal was emitted to the air in gaseous form. Particulate matter emission from 7 coal combustion sources was investigated and fine particles were found as the main fraction. About 76% of PM were emitted as the size fractions up to 12 μm. The share of size fractions between 12-29 μm was 9%. It means that the impact of PM emission from residential furnaces is not of local scale but the particles containing heavy metals can be transported on long distances in the atmosphere.
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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Hławiczka
Krystyna Kubica
Urszula Zielonka
Krzysztof Wilkosz
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Abstract

Abstract: Introduction and development of membrane techniques in the production of drinking water and purifi cation of wastewaters, in the last 40 years, was important stage in the field of water treatment effectiveness. Desalination of sea and brackish water by RO is an established way for drinking water production. Signifi cant improvements in design of RO, the application of alternative energy sources, modern pretreatment and new materials have caused the success of the process. NF is the method of water softening, because NF membranes can retain di- and multivalent ions, but to a limited extend monovalent. Drinking water containing viruses, bacteria and protozoa, as well as other microorganisms can be disinfected by means of UF. Viruses are retained by UF membranes, whereas bacteria and protozoa using both UF and MF membranes. For the removal of NOM it is possible to use direct NF or integrated systems combining UF or MF with coagulation, adsorption and oxidation. The use of NF, RO and ED, in the treatment of water containing micropollutants for drinking and industrial purposes, can provide more or less selective removal of the pollutants. The very important are disinfection byproducts, residue

of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds. For endocrine disrupting compounds, special attention is paid onto polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and surface-active substances, chlorinated pesticides, phthalates, alkylphenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, hormones, synthetic pharmaceuticals and other substances disposed to the environment. The application of MF and UF in the removal of inorganic and organic micropollutants is possible in integrated systems with: coagulation, adsorption, complexion with polymers or surfactants and biological reactions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Bodzek
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Abstract

The paper presents a method of identifying distant emission sources of fine particulate matter PM2.5 affecting significantly PM2.5 concentrations at a given location. The method involves spatial analysis of aggregate information about PM2.5 concentrations measured at the location and air masses backward trajectories calculated by HYSPLIT model. The method was examined for three locations of PM2.5 measurement stations (Diabla Góra, Gdańsk, and Katowice) which represented different environmental conditions. The backward trajectories were calculated starting from different heights (30, 50, 100 and 150 m a. g. l.). All points of a single backward trajectory were assigned to the PM2.5 concentration corresponding to the date and the site of the beginning of trajectory calculation. Daily average concentrations of PM2.5 were used, and in the case of Gdańsk also hourly ones. It enabled to assess the effectiveness of the presented method using daily averages if hourly ones were not available. Locations of distant sources of fine particulate matter emission were determined by assigning to each grid node a mean value of PM2.5 concentrations associated with the trajectories points located within the so-called search ellipse. Nearby sources of fine particulate matter emission were eliminated by filtering the trajectories points located close to each other (so-called duplicates). The analyses covered the period of January-March 2010. The results indicated the different origin of air masses in the northern and southern Poland. In Diabla Góra and Gdańsk the distant sources of fine particulate matter emission are identified in Belarus and Russia. In Katowice the impact of the Belarusian PM2.5 emission sources was also noted but as the most important fine particulate matter emission sources were considered those located in the area of Romania, Hungary, Slovakia and Ukraine.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jolanta Godłowska
Monika J. Hajto
A. Monika Tomaszewska
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine the impact of selected factors on the reduction of organic pollutants, expressed in BOD5 and CODCr, in wastewater treated in a laboratory scale model of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). The factors included in the experiment: the degree of filling the fluidized bed with biomass carriers, hydraulic load, and aeration intensity. The tested model of the bioreactor consisted of five independent chambers with diameter D = 0.14 m and height H = 2.0 m, which were filled with biomass carriers at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 70% of their active volume. During the test period, hydraulic loads at the level of Qh1 = 0.073 m3·m-2·h-1 and Qh2 = 0.036 m3·m-2·h-1 were applied, which ensured one-day and two-day sewage retention, respectively.The said reactors were subjected to constant aeration at P1 = 3.0 dm3·min-1 and P2 = 5.0 dm3·min-1. The highest efficiency of the reduction of the analysed indicators was demonstrated by reactors filled with carriers in the degree of 40–60%. Based on the statistical analyses (the analyses of the ANOVA variations and the Kruskal-Wallis test) carried out, it was found that the studied factors significantly modified the mutual interaction in the process of reducing BOD5 in treated wastewater of the reactors tested. The significance of the impact of the discussed factors on the values of the studied indicators in treated wastewater depends on mutual interactions between the investigated factors.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paulina Śliz
Piotr Bugajski
Karolina Kurek

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