Search results

Filters

  • Journals
  • Authors
  • Keywords
  • Date
  • Type

Search results

Number of results: 167
items per page: 25 50 75
Sort by:
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The results presented in this article are part of the research on fatigue life of various foundry alloys carried out in recent years in the Lukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Precision Mechanics and AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering. The article discusses the test results obtained for the EN-GJS-600-3 cast iron in an original modified low-cycle fatigue test (MLCF), which seems to be a beneficial research tool allowing its users to evaluate the mechanical properties of materials with microstructural heterogeneities under both static and dynamic loads. For a comprehensive analysis of the mechanical behaviour with a focus on fatigue life of alloys, an original modified low cycle fatigue method (MLCF) adapted to the actually available test machine was used. The results of metallographic examinations carried out by light microscopy were also presented. From the analysis of the results of the conducted mechanical tests and structural examinations it follows that the MLCF method is fully applicable in a quick and economically justified assessment of the quality of ductile iron after normalizing treatment.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M. Maj
K. Pietrzak
A. Klasik
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Investigation of the tensile and fatigue properties of cast magnesium alloys, created by the heated mold continuous casting process (HMC),

was conducted. The mechanical properties of the Mg-HMC alloys were overall higher than those for the Mg alloys, made by the

conventional gravity casting process (GC), and especially excellent mechanical properties were obtained for the Mg97Y2Zn1

-HMC alloy.

This was because of the fine-grained structure composed of the -Mg phases with the interdendritic LPSO phase. Such mechanical

properties were similar levels to those for conventional cast aluminum alloy (Al84.7Si10.5Cu2.5Fe1.3Zn1 alloys: ADC12), made by the GC

process. Moreover, the tensile properties (UTS and f

) and fatigue properties of the Mg97Y2Zn1

-HMC alloy were about 1.5 times higher

than that for the commercial Mg90Al9Zn1

-GC alloy (AZ91). The high correlation rate between tensile properties and fatigue strength

(endurance limit: l

) was obtained. With newly proposed etching technique, the residual stress in the Mg97Y2Zn1 alloy could be revealed,

and it appeared that the high internal stress was severely accumulated in and around the long-period stacking-order phases (LPSO). This

was made during the solidification process due to the different shrinkage rate between α-Mg and LPSO. In this etching technique, microcracks

were observed on the sample surface, and amount of micro-cracks (density) could be a parameter to determine the severity of the

internal stress, i.e., a large amount to micro-cracks is caused by the high internal stress.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M. Okayasu
S. Wu
T. Tanimoto
S. Takeuchi
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This study was carried out to evaluate the aspect of microstructure and mechanical property development on additive manufactured pure Ti at elevated heat-input. For this work, pure Ti powder (commercial purity, grade 1) was selected, and selective laser melting was conducted from 0.5 to 1.4 J/mm. As a result, increase in heat-input led to the significant grain growth form 4 μm to 12 μm, accompanying with the change of grain shape, correctly widmanstätten structured grains. In addition, Vickers microhardness was notably increased from 228 Hv to 358 Hv in accordance with elevated heat-input, which was attributed to the increased concentration of oxygen and nitrogen mainly occurred during selected laser melting process.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Dong-Jin Kim
Hyung-Giun Kim
Ji-Sun Kim
Kuk-Hyun Song
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In this study, the extrusion characteristics of Al-2Zn-1Cu-0.5Mg-0.5RE alloys at 450, 500, and 550℃ were investigated for the high formability of aluminum alloys. The melt was maintained at 720℃ for 20 minutes, then poured into the mold at 200℃ and hot-extruded with a 12 mm thickness bar at a ratio of 38:1. The average grain size was 175.5, 650.1, and 325.9 μm as the extrusion temperature increased to 450, 500 and 550℃, although the change of the phase fraction was not significant as the extrusion temperature increased. Cube texture increased with the increase of extrusion temperature to 450, 500 and 550℃. As the extrusion temperature increased, the electrical conductivity increased by 47.546, 47.592 and 47.725%IACS, and the tensile strength decreased to 92.6, 87.5, 81.4 MPa. Therefore, the extrusion temperature of Al extrusion specimen was investigated to study microstructure and mechanical properties.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Yong-Ho Kim
ORCID: ORCID
Hyo-Sang Yoo
ORCID: ORCID
Kyu-Seok Lee
Sung-Ho Lee
Hyeon-Taek Son
ORCID: ORCID
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The effect of CaSiAl modification (43-49% Ca, 43-48% Si, 2% Al) on the non-metallic inclusions and mechanical properties of cast lowcarbon steel is discussed. Tests were carried out on the cast steel with 0.2% C and micro-additives of V and Nb, used mainly for heavy steel castings (e.g. slag ladles). The modifier in an amount of 1.5 and 3 kg / Mg was introduced to the liquid steel before tapping the metal into a ladle. Test ingots of Y type and a weight of 10 kg were cast and then subjected to a normalizing heat treatment. Using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the non-metallic inclusions present in as-cast samples was carried out. Additionally, tests of mechanical strength and impact strength were performed on cast steel with and without the different content of modifier. It was found that increasing the modifier addition affected impact strength but had no significant effect on tensile strength and yield strength. The material with high impact strength had the smallest area fraction of non-metallic inclusions in the microstructure (0.20%). The introduction of modifiers changed the morphology of non-metallic inclusions from dendritic to regular and nodular shapes.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

B. Kalandyk
R. Zapała
S. Sobula
G. Tęcza
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Thanks to their excellent strength and durability, composite materials are used to manufacture many important structural elements. In the face of their extensive use, it is crucial to seek suitable methods for monitoring damages and locating their origins. The purpose of the article was to verify the possibility of applying the acoustic emissions (AE) method in the detection of damages in the structures of composite materials. The experimental part comprised static tensile tests carried out on various sandwich composites, including simultaneous registration of elastic waves with increasing loads, carried out with the use of an acousticelectrical sensor connected. The signal obtained from the sensor was then further processed and used to draw up diagrams of the AE hits, amplitude, root mean square of the AE source signal (RMS) and duration in the function of time. These diagrams were then applied on their corresponding stretching curves, the obtained charts were analysed. The results obtained point to a conclusion that the acoustic emissions method can be successfully used to detect and locate composite material damages.
Go to article

Bibliography

1. Aggelis D., Barkoula N.-M., Matikas T., Paipetis A. (2012), Acoustic structural health monitoring of composite materials: Damage identification and evaluation in cross ply laminates using acoustic emission and ultrasonics, Composities Science and Technology, 72(10): 1127–1133, doi: 10.1016/ j.compscitech.2011.10.011.
2. Al-Jumaili S.K., Pearson M.R., Holford K.M., Eaton M.J., Pullin R. (2016), Acoustic emission source location in complex structures using full automatic delta T mapping technique, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 72–73: 513–524, doi: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2015.11.026.
3. Caesarendra W., Kosasih B., Tieu A.K., Zhu H., Moodie C.A.S., Zhu Q. (2016), Acoustic emissionbased condition monitoring methods: Review and application for low speed slew bearing, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 72–73: 134–159, doi: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2015.10.020.
4. De Rosa I., Santulli C., Sarasini F. (2009), Acoustic emission for monitoring the mechanical behaviour of natural fibre composites: A literature review, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 40(9): 1456–1469, doi: 10.1016/j.composite sa.2009.04.030.
5. Dudzik K., Labuda W. (2020), The possibility of applying acoustic emission and dynamometric methods for monitoring the turning process, Materials (Basel), 13(13): 2926, doi: 10.3390/ma13132926.
6. Gołaski L. (1994), Acoustic emission in composite materials [in Polish: Emisja akustyczna w materiałach kompozytowych], [in]: Małecki J., Ranachowski Z. [Eds], Acoustic emission. Sources. Methods. Usage [in Polish: Emisja akustyczna. Zródła. Metody. Zastosowania], Warszawa: PASCAL.
7. Gutkin R., Green C.J., Vangrattanachai S., Pinho S.T., Robinson P., Curtis P.T. (2011), On acoustic emission for failure investigation in CFRP: Pattern recognition and peak frequency analyses, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 25(4): 1393– 1407, doi: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2010.11.014.
8. Hoła J. (1999), Acoustic-emission investigation of failure of high strength concrete, Archives of Acoustics, 24(2): 233–244.
9. Juskowiak E., Małdachowska A., Panek M. (2013), Acoustic emission of composite sandwich panels during three-point bending [in Polish: Emisja akustyczna kompozytowych płyt przekładkowych podczas trójpunktowego zginania], Przetwórstwo Tworzyw, 19(4): 351– 354.
10. Kurzydłowski K., Boczkowska A.S.J., Konopka K., Spychalski W. (2005), Monitoring of failures in the composites by non-destructive methods [in Polish: Monitorowanie uszkodzen w kompozytach metodami nieniszczacymi], Polymers, 50(4): 255–261.
11. Kyzioł L., Panasiuk K., Barcikowski M., Hajdukiewicz G. (2020), The influence of manufacturing technology on the properties of layered composites with polyester–glass recyclate additive, Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, 36(1): 18–30, doi: 10.1177/1477760619895003.
12. Marec A., Thomas J., Guerjouma R.E. (2008), Damage characterization of polymer-based composite materials: Multivariable analysis and wavelet transform for clustering acoustic emission data, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 22(6): 1441–1448, doi: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2007.11.029.
13. McCrory J.P. et al. (2005), Damage classification in carbon fibre composites using acoustic emission: A comparison of three techniques, Composites: Part B, 68: 424–430, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.08.046.
14. Mohammadi R., Najafabadi M.A., Saeedifar M., Yousefi J., Minak G. (2017), Correlation of acoustic emission with finite element predicted damages in open-hole tensile laminated composites, Composites Part B: Engineering, 118: 427–435, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.101.
15. Monti A., El Mahi A., Jendli Z., Guillaumat L. (2016), Mechanical behaviour and damage mechanisms analysis of a flax-fibre reinforced composite by acoustic emission, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 90: 100–110, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.07.002.
16. Nikbakht M., Yousefi J., Hosseini-Toudeshky H., Minak G. (2017), Delamination evaluation of composite laminates with different interface fiber orientations using acoustic emission features and micro visualization, Composites Part B: Engineering, 113: 185–196, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.047.
17. Panasiuk K., Hajdukiewicz G. (2017), Production of composites with added waste polyester-glass with their initial mechanical properties, Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, 52(124): 30–36, doi: 10.17402/242.
18. Panasiuk K., Kyzioł L., Dudzik K. (2019), The use of acoustic emission signal (AE) in mechanical tests, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 95(11): 8–11, doi: 10.15199/48.2019.11.03.
19. PN-EN ISO 527-4:2000, Plastics – Determination of mechanical properties under static stretching – Test conditions for isotropic and orthotropic fiber-reinforced plastic composites.
20. PN-EN 1330-9:2017-09, Non-destructive testing – Terminology – Part 9: Terms used in acoustic emission testing.
21. PN-EN 13554: 2011E, Non-destructive testing – Acoustic emission – General rules. 22. PN-EN 15857: 2010E, Non-destructive testing – Acoustic emission – Testing of fiber-reinforced polymers – Specified methodology and general evaluation criteria.
23. Ranachowski Z., Józwiak-Niedzwiedzka D., Brandt A., Debowski T. (2012), Application of acoustic emission method to determine critical stress in fibre reinforced mortar beams, Archives of Acoustics, 37(3): 261–268, doi: 10.2478/v10168-012-0034-3.
24. Saeedifar M., Fotouhi M., Ahmadi Najafabadi M., Hosseini Toudeshky H., Minak G. (2016), Prediction of quasi-static delamination onset and growth in laminated composites by acoustic emission, Composites Part B: Engineering, 85: 113–122, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.09.037.
25. Shafiq B., Quispitupa A., Just F., Banos M. (2005), Sandwich Structures 7: Advancing with Sandwich Structures and Materials: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Sandwich Structures, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark, August 29– 31, 2005, Springer Science & Business Media, doi: 10.1007/1-4020-3848-8.
26. Xiao Y., Qiao W., Fukuda H., Hatta H. (2016), The effect of embedded devices on structural integrity of composite laminates, Composite Structures, 153: 21–29, doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.06.007.
27. Xingmin Z., Xiong Y.I. (2006), Investigation of damage mechanisms in self-reinforced polyethylene composites by acoustic emission, Composite Science and Technology, 66(3–4): 444–449, doi: 10.1016/j.compsci tech.2005.07.013.
28. Yu Y.-H., Cho J.-H., Kweon J.-H., Kim D.-H. (2006), A study on the failure detection of composite materials using an acoustic emission, Composite Structures, 75(1–4): 163–169, doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2006.04.070.
29. Zaki A., Chai H., Aggelis D., Alver N. (2015), Non-destructive evaluation for corrosion monitoring in concrete: a review and capability of acoustic emission technique, Sensors, 15(8): 19069–19101, doi: 10.3390/s150819069.
30. Zakłady Chemiczne „Organika Sarzyna” S.A., http://www.krisko.lublin.pl/chemia/zywice-poliestrowepolimal/konstrukcyjne-ogolnego-stosowania-polimal-1094-awtp-1/polimal-1094-awtp-1/polimal-1094-awtp-1-a-5-kg-1.html (access: 20.07.2020).
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Panasiuk
1
Krzysztof Dudzik
2
Grzegorz Hajdukiewicz
1

  1. Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Marine Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, Gdynia, Poland
  2. Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Marine Engineering, Marine Maintenance Department, Gdynia, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The effect of the compaction rate on the structure, microstructure and properties of Fe-Al sinters obtained during the SHS reaction is presented in this paper. It was found that increasing the uniaxial pressing pressure led to the increase of the contact area between iron and aluminium particles, which improved the conduction and lowered heat losses during the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reaction and thus result with a sintered material with an improved phase homogeneity. On the other hand, an increase in the pressing pressure causes air be trapped in the pores and later on reacts with iron and aluminium to form oxides. In this work, the shrinkage course was analysed at six different pressing pressures: 50, 100, 150, 200, 300 and 400 MPa. The green compacts were then subjected to the PAIS process (pressure-assisted induction sintering) at a temperature of 1000°C under a load of 100 kN for 5 min. Such prepared samples were subjected to density, porosity, and microhardness (HV0.1) measurements. X-ray diffraction phase analysis and SEM observations were performed together with EDS chemical composition measurements. For studied chemical composition of the samples and sample geometry, 200 MPa compacting pressure was found to be optimal in order to obtain the best sample homogeneity.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M. Berendt-Marchel
1
D. Siemiaszko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warszawa, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The possibilities of producing ductile cast iron with the addition of 1 ÷ 3% of tungsten are presented. Tungsten from waste chips from mechanical processing was introduced into the liquid cast iron in the form of specially prepared cartridges. Correct dissolution of tungsten in the metal bath was found, and there were no casting defects in the alloy. The form of carbide precipitates in the microstructure of cast iron was determined and the influence of increasing tungsten content on the reduction of the number of graphite precipitates in the structure was determined. Impact tests show that this property degrades with increasing tungsten content as opposed to hardness which increases. It was found that the addition of tungsten from machining waste is a potential source of enrichment of cast iron with this element.
Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Volkov, A.N. (1975). Abrasive wear resistance of manganese cast iron with tungsten. Metal Science and Heat Treatment. 17, 412-414.
[2] Duarte, L.I., Lourenço, N., Santos, H., Santos, J. & Sá, C. Tungsten carbide powder inserts in ductile iron. Materials Science Forum. 455-456, 267-270.
[3] Kopyciński, D. (2009). Analysis of the structure of castings made from chromium white cast iron resistant to abrasive wear. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 9(4), 109-112.
[4] Podrzucki, Cz. (1991). Cast Iron. The Structure, Property, Application. T.1 and T.2, Kraków: Ed. ZG STOP. (in Polish).
[5] Fraś, E. (2003). Crystallization of metals. Warsaw: WNT. (in Polish).
[6] Dean, N.F., Mortensen, A. & Flemings, M.C. (1994). Microsegregation in cellular solidification. Metallurgical And Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy And Materials Science. A 25A, 2295-2301. DOI: 10.1007/BF 02652329.
[7] Wołczyński, W., Guzik, E., Kania, B. & Wajda, W. (2010). Structures field in the solidifying cast iron roll. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 10(spec.1), 41-46.
[8] Studnicki, A. (2008). Effect of boron carbide on primary crystallization of chromium cast iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 8(1), 173-176.
[9] Myszka, D. (2021). Cast Iron–Based Alloys. In: Rana, R. (eds) High-Performance Ferrous Alloys. Springer, Cham., 153-210.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

D. Myszka
1
Justyna Kasińska
ORCID: ORCID
A. Penkul
1

  1. Department of Metal Forming and Foundry, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85, Warsaw, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The microalloying elements such as Nb, V are added to control the microstructure and mechanical properties of microalloyed (HSLA) steels. High chemical affinity of these elements for interstitials (N, C) results in precipitation of binary compound, nitrides and carbides and products of their mutual solubility – carbonitrides. The chemical composition of austenite, as well as the content and geometric parameters of undissolved precipitates inhibiting the growth of austenite grains is important for predicting the microstructure, and thus the mechanical properties of the material. Proper selection of the chemical composition of the steel makes it possible to achieve the required properties of the steel at the lowest possible manufacturing cost. The developed numerical model of carbonitrides precipitation process was used to simulate and predict the mechanical properties of HSLA steels. The effect of Nb and V content to change the yield strength of these steels was described. Some comparison with literature was done.
Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Adrian H. (2011). Numerical modeling of heat treatment processes. AGH Kraków. (in Polish).
[2] European Committee for Standardization (2019). Hot Rolled Products of Structural Steels: Technical Delivery Conditions for Flat Products of High Yield Strength Structural Steels in the Quenched and Tempered Condition
[3] Jan, F., Jaka, B. & Grega, K. (2021). Grain size evolution and mechanical properties of Nb, V–Nb, and Ti–Nb boron type S1100QL steels. Metals. 11(3), 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030492.
[4] Gladman, T. (1997). The physical metallurgy of microalloyed steels institute of materials. vol. 363. London, UK. Search in. [5] Blicharski, M. (2004). Materials engineering: steel. WNT: Warszawa. (in Polish).
[6] Marynowski, P., Adrian, H. & Głowacki, M. (2019) Modeling of the kinetics of carbonitride precipitation process in high-strength low-alloy steels using cellular automata method. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28(7), 4018-4025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04170-4.
[7] Marynowski, P., Adrian, H. & Głowacki, M. (2018). Cellular Automata model of carbonitrides precipitation process in steels. Computer Methods in Materials Science. 18(4), 120-128. ISSN 1641-8581.
[8] Marynowski, P., Adrian, H. & Głowacki, M. (2013). Cellular automata model of precipitation in microalloyed niobium steels. Computer Methods in Materials Science. 13(4), 452-459. ISSN 1641-8581.
[9] Adrian, H. (1992). Thermodynamic model for precipitation of carbonitrides in high strength low alloy steels containing up to three microalloying elements with or without additions of aluminum. Materials Science and Technology. 8, 406-420. https://doi.org/10.1179/mst.1992.8.5.406.
[10] Adrian, H. (1995). Thermodynamic model of carbonitride precipitation in low-alloy steels with increased strength with application to hardenability tests. Kraków: AGH. (in Polish).
[11] Adrian, H. (1995). Thermodynamic calculations of carbonitride precipitation as a guide for alloy design of microalloyed steels. In Proceedings of the International Conference Microalloying'95, 11-14 June 1995(285-307). Pittsburgh.
[12] Adrian, H. (1999). A mechanism for the effect of vanadium on the hardenability of medium carbon manganese steel. Materials Science and Technology. 15, 366-378. https://doi.org/10.1179/026708399101505987.
[13] Cuddy, L.J. & Raley, J.C. (1987). Austenite grain coarsening in microalloyed steels. Metallurgical Transactions A. 14, 1989-1995. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02662366.
[14] Cuddy, L.J. (1984). The effect of micro alloy concentration on the recrystallization of austenite during hot deformation. Processing of Microalloyed Austenite (Pittsburgh) TMS-AIME Warrendale PA.
[15] Goldschmidt, H.J. (1967). Interstitial Alloys. Butterworth-Heinermann.
[16] Lifschitz, I.M. & Slyozov, V.V. (1961). The kinetics of precipitation from supersaturated solid solution. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 19(1/2), 35-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(61)90054-3.
[17] Zając, S., Siwecki, T. & Hutchinson, W.B. (1998). Lagneborg R. The role of carbon in enhancing precipitation strengthening of V-microalloyed steels. Material Science Forum. 284, 295-302. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.284-286.295.
[18] Langberg, R., Hutchinson, W.B., Siwecki, T. & Zając, T. (2014). The role of vanadium in microalloyed steels. Sweden: Swerea KIMAB
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Marynowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Hojny
1
Tomasz Dębiński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Iron aluminides are iron-aluminum alloys that have excellent resistance to oxidation at high temperatures with low density, high resistance/weight ratio and a low manufacturing cost. Due to its characteristics, these alloys are presented as an option to replace stainless steels in certain applications. This works intends report the casting process and subsequent analyses involving microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of two Fe-Al-C alloys (Fe-11wt%Al and Fe-25wt%Al, containing 0.31-0.37%C), which were prepared in an induction furnace and poured in a permanent mold. Samples of these alloys were characterized and presented elevated hardness values of 37 HRC (alloy Fe-11wt%Al) and 49.6HRC (alloy Fe-25wt%Al) and microstructure with aluminides type Fe3Al and FeAl and also carbides type K. The Fe-11wt%Al alloy exhibited superior resistance to uniform corrosion, although both Fe-Al-C alloys exhibited significantly higher corrosion rates compared to a binary iron aluminide in 0.5M H2SO4 containing naturally dissolved oxygen.
Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Zamanzade, M., Barnoush, A. & Motz, C. (2016). A review on the properties of iron aluminide intermetallics. Crystals. 6(10), 1-29. DOI: 10.3390/cryst6010010.
[2] Stoloff, N.S. (1998). Iron aluminides: present status and future prospects. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 258(1-2), 1-14. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-5093(98)00909-5.
[3] Cinca, N., Lima, C.R.C. & Guilemany, J.M. (2013). An overview of intermetallics research and application: Status of thermal spray coatings. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2(1), 75-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.03.013.
[4] Palm, M., Stein, F. & Dehm, G. (2019). Iron Aluminides. Annual Review of Materials Research. 49, 297-326. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-070218-125911.
[5] Deevi, S.C. & Sikka, V.K. (1996). Nickel and iron aluminides: an overview on properties, processing, and applications. Intermetallics. 4(5) 357-375. DOI: 10.1016/0966-9795(95)00056-9.
[6] Shankar Rao, V., Baligidad, R. G. & Raja, V. S. (2002). Effect of carbon on corrosion behaviour of Fe3Al intermetallics in 0.5N sulphuric acid. Corrosion Science. 44, 521-533. DOI: 10.1016/S0010-938X(01)00084-1.
[7] Shankar Rao, V. (2005). Repassivation behaviour and surface analysis of Fe3Al based iron aluminide in 0.25M H2SO4. Corrosion Science. 47, 183-194. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2004.05.014.
[8] Nigam, A.K., Balasubramaniam, R., Bhargava, S. & Baligidad, R.G. (2006). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry study of carbon-alloyed iron aluminides in sulfuric acid. Corrosion Science. 48(7), 1666-1678. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.05.006.
[9] Schneider, A., Falat, L., Sauthoff, G. & Frommeyer, G. (2005). Microstructures and mechanical properties of Fe3Al-based Fe-Al-C alloys. Intermetallics. 13(12), 1322-1331. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2005.01.0.
[10] Brito, P., Pinto, H., Klaus, M., Genzel, C. & Kaysser-Pyzalla, A. (2010). Internal stresses and textures of nanostructured alumina scales growing on polycrystalline Fe3Al alloy. Powder Diffraction. 25(2), 114-118. DOI: 10.1154/1.3402764
[11] Brito, P., Schuller, E., Silva, J., Campos, T.R., Araújo, C.R. & Carneiro, J.R. (2017). Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of (100), (110) and (111) Fe3Al single crystals in sulphuric acid. Corrosion Science. 126, 366-373. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2017.05.029.
[12] Brito, P.P., Carvalho Filho, C.T. & Oliveira, G.A. (2020). Electrochemical corrosion behavior of iron aluminides in sulfuric acid. Materials Science Forum. 1012, 395-400. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1012.395.
[13] Hernández-Hernández, M., Liu, H. B., Alvarez-Ramirez, J. & Espinosa-Medina, M. A. (2017). Corrosion behavior of Fe-40at.%Al-Based intermetallic in 0.25M H2SO4 solution. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 26, 5983-5996. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-017-3036-5.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

A.P. Silva
1
ORCID: ORCID
P.P. Brito
1
N. Martins
1

  1. PUC Minas, Brazil
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

For quality grey cast iron production, the challenging issues are to avoid cementite structure and obtain the desired graphite morphology with proper matrix as well as hardness. The objective of the present research is to find out the right combination of preconditioner and inoculant that may help to overcome the challenges. In this work, sulphur content is kept low (0.01%). Two preconditioners namely metallurgical SiC and zirconium bearing FeSi with two types of inoculant are individually used to make four combinations of sample and for each case metal is poured into the green sand mould. Finally Brinell hardness and graphite morphology is observed in the thickest and thinnest portions of the castings. Metallurgical SiC with barium bearing inoculant gives better graphite morphology and hardness than strontium bearing inoculant, on the other hand zirconium bearing FeSi gives more satisfying result than SiC with every type of inoculant. Among all of the combinations Zr bearing preconditioner with Ba bearing inoculant gives good graphite morphology with best mechanical properties in both thickest and thinnest portions of the casting.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Md. Sojib S. Hossain
A.K.M. Bazlur B. Rashid
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In this research, AA7068/Si3N4 composites were fabricated through stir casting with the attachment of ultrasonic treatment. The quenching medium and aging duration significantly influenced the hardness of Al alloy samples. Peak hardness was achieved after 12 h of artificial aging at the temperature of 140°C. The addition of nano Si3N4 significantly refined the microstructure of unreinforced AA7068. The dispersion of intermetallic compounds (MgZn2) and grain boundary discontinuation were noticed after the T-6 heat treatment. Ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness were improved by 70.95%, 76.19%, and 44.33%, respectively, with the addition of 1.5 weight % Si3N4 compared to as-cast alloy due to the combined effect of heat treatment, hall-Petch, Orowan, thermal miss match, load-bearing strengthening mechanisms and uniform dispersion of reinforcement. A reduction in percentage elongation was noticed due to composites’ brittle nature by the effect of ceramic Si3N4 particles’ inclusion. The fracture surfaces reveal ductile failure for alloy and mixed-mode failure in the case of composites.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Ashish Kumar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ravindra Singh Rana
1
Rajesh Purohit
1
Anurag Namdev
1

  1. Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bhopa l, Madhya Pradesh, India
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Submitted work deals with the possibilities of reducing reoxidation by improved gating system design. The result of the reoxidation is the of furled oxide layers – bifilms. During experimental works, non-pressurized and naturally pressurized gating systems designs were introduced and evaluated. Mechanical properties, fracture area, hot tearing index, bifilm index and EDX analysis were used during evaluation. Paper aim is also to clarify the reoxidation phenomenon by visualization with the aid of ProCAST numerical simulation software. Achieved results clearly confirmed the positive effect of the naturally pressurized gating system, main emphasis needs to focus on finding the proper way to reduce the melt velocity. By using vortex element extension at the end of the runner was achieved positive results in term of reoxidation suppression.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M. Brůna
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Galčík
1
A. Sládek
1
D. Martinec
1

  1. University of Žilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Technological Engineering, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The results of microstructure examinations and UTS, YS, El, RA carried out on low-carbon cast steel containing 0.15% C. The tests were carried out on specimens cut out from samples cast on a large-size casting and from samples cast in separate foundry moulds. It has been shown that significant differences in grain size observed in the material of the separately cast samples and cast-on samples occur only in the as-cast. In the as-cast state, in materials from different tests, both pearlite percent content in the structure and mean true interlamellar spacing remain unchanged. On the other hand, these parameters undergo significant changes in the materials after heat treatment. The mechanical properties (after normalization) of the cast-on sample of the tested cast steel were slightly inferior to the values obtained for the sample cast in a separate foundry mould. The microscopic examinations of the fracture micro-relief carried out by SEM showed the presence of numerous, small non-metallic inclusions, composed mainly of oxide-sulphides containing Mn, S, Al, Ca and O, occurring individually and in clusters.
Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Kniaginin, G. (1977). Metallurgy and casting of steel. Katowice: Śląsk. (in Polish).
[2] Standard PN-ISO 3755-1994. Cast carbon steels for general engineering purposes.
[3] Głownia, J. (2017). Metallurgy and technology of steel castings. Sharjah: Bentham Books. ISBN: 978-1-68108-571-5.
[4] Kasińska, J. (2017). Effects of rare earth metal addition on wear resistance of chromium-molybdenum cast steel. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(3), 63-68. ISSN: 1897-3310.
[5] Lis, T. (2009). High purity steel metallurgy. Gliwice: Wyd. Politechniki Śląskiej. (in Polish).
[6] Torkamani, H., Raygan, S., Mateo, C. G., Rassizadehghani, J. & Palizdar, Y. et al. (2018). Contributions of rare earth element (La, Ce) addition to the impact toughness of low carbon cast niobium microalloyed steels. Metals and Materials International. 24(4), 773-788. DOI: 10.1007/ s12540-018-.0084-9.
[7] Bartocha, D., Suchoń, J., Baron, Cz. & Szajnar, J. (2015). Influence of low alloy cast steel modification on primary structure refinement type and shape of nonmetallic inclusions. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 60(1). 77-83. DOI: 10.1515/2015-0013.
[8] Żak, A., Zdonek, B., Adamczyk, M., Szypuła, I., Kutera, W. & Kostrzewa, K. (2015) Technology for manufacturing large – size steel castings for applications under extreme operating conditions. Prace IMŻ. 2: 21-28.
[9] Najafi, H., Rassizadehghani, J. & Halvaaee, A. (2007) Mechanical properties of as-cast microalloyed steels containing V, Nb and Ti. Materials Science and Technology. 23, 699-705. https ://doi.org/10.1179/17432 8407X17975 5.
[10] Miernik, K., Bogucki, R. & Pytel, S. (2010) Effect of quenching techniques on the mechanical properties of low carbon structural steel. Archives Foundry Engineering. 10 (SI 3), 91-96.
[11] Brooks, Ch. R. (1999). Principles of the heat treatment of plain carbon and low alloy steels. Materials Park: ASM International.
[12] Bolouri, A., Tae-Won, Kim & Chung, Gil Kang. (2013). Processing of low-carbon cast steels for offshore structural applications. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 28: 1260-1267. DOI: 10.1080/10426914.2013.792424.
[13] Standard PN-EN ISO 3755-1994. 6892-1:2009. Metallic materials. Tensile testing. Part 1: Method of test at room temperature.
[14] Ryś, J. (1983). Quantitative metallography. AGH. (in Polish).
[15] Vander Voort, G. F. (1984). Measurement of the interlamellar spacing of pearlite. Metallography. 17: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0800(84)90002-8.
[16] Wyrzykowski, J., W., Pleszakow, E., Sieniawski, J. (1999). M etal deformation and fracture. Warszawa: WNT. ISBN 83-204-2341-4. (in Polish).
[17] Maciejny, A. (1973). The fragility of metals. Katowice: Śląsk. (in Polish).
[18] Pacyna, J. (1986). Effects of nonmetallic inclusions on fracture toughness of tool steels. Steel Research. 57(11), 586-592. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.198600830.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

B.E. Kalandyk
1
Renata E. Zapała
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Cast Alloys and Composites Engineering, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, ul. Reymonta 23, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The new cast steel with a chemical composition of Fe-(0.85-0.95)C-(1.50-1.60)Si-(2.40-2.60)Mn-(1.0-1.2)Al-(0.30-0.40)­Mo-(0.10-0.15)V-(1.0-1.1)Ni (all in wt.%) was investigated in aspect of formation of the multiphase microstructure leading to high strength and ductility. Two types of heat treatment technologies were developed. The first one involves softening annealing at a temperature of 650°C for 4 hours, heating up to 950°C and holding for 2 hours, and then fast cooling down to 200°C and isothermally treated for 2 hours. The second one involves homogenizing annealing at 1100°C for 6 hours, then cooling with furnace down to 950°C and holding for 2 hours, then fast cooling down to 200°C and isothermally treated for 2 hours. A unique microstructure of cast steel consisting of martensite and retained austenite plates of various thicknesses and volume fractions was obtained. Additionally, nanometric transition carbides were noticed after the above-mentioned heat treatments. This microstructure ensures high hardness, strength and plasticity ( Rm = 1426 MPa and A = 9.5%), respectively, due to the fact that TWIP/TRIP processes occur during deformation related to the high volume fraction of retained austenite, which the stacking fault energy is above 15 mJ/m –2 resulting from the chemical composition of the investigated cast steel.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

P. Garbień
1 2
A. Kokosza
3
W. Maj
2
Ł. Rogal
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Chulist
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Janus
1
A. Wójcik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Żółkiewicz
2
Wojciech Maziarz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059, Kraków, Poland
  2. Specodlew Sp. z o.o. Rotmistrza Witolda Pileckiego 3 Str., 32-050 Skawina, Poland
  3. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper shows the degradation process of the modern austenitic Super 304H (X10CrNiCuNb18-9-3) steel which was subjected to long-term aging for up to 50,000 h at 650 and 700°C. The investigations include microstructure examination (SEM), identification and analysis of the precipitation process, and mechanical properties tests. The Super 304H steel has a structure characteristic of austenitic steels with visible annealing twins and single primary NbX precipitates. Long-term aging in the steel leads to numerous precipitation processes of M23C6, MX carbides, σ phase, Z phase, and -Cu phase. Precipitation processes lead to a decrease in plastic properties and impact energy as well as alloy over aging. Yield strength and tensile strength values after 50,000 h of aging were similar to those as delivered. The yield and tensile strength value strongly depend on the applied aging temperature.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Adam Zieliński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Sroka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hanna Purzyńska
1
Frantisek Novy
3

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Upper Silesian Institute of Technology, K. Miarki 12-14, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a, 44 100 Gliwice, Poland
  3. Department of Materials Engineering, University of Zilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents the results of microstructural and mechanical investigation of long-term aged TP347HFG austenitic stainless steel. Ageing was performed at a time of up to 30 000 hours and the temperature of 600 and 650◦C. Ageing was proved to lead to the precipitation of secondary phase particles not only inside grains but also on the boundaries of grains and twins. The MX precipitates were observed inside the grains. However, M23C6 carbides and sigma phase precipitates were observed on grain boundaries. The changes in the microstructure of the examined steel translated into the mechanical properties, i.e. initially observed growth and then the decrease of yield strength and a gradual decrease in impact energy. The overageing process – a decrease in strength properties – was associated with the growth of the size of M23C6 carbides and the precipitation of the sigma phase. The reduction of impact energy in TP347HFG austenitic stainless steel was found to be associated with the precipitation of M23C6 carbides in the case of the 600◦C temperature, and the M23C6 carbides and sigma phase in the case of the 650◦C temperature. The rate of changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties depended on the ageing temperature.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Golański
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hanna Purzyńska
2

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Materials Science, Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, K. Miarki 12-14, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Electrochemical Cr coatings doped with diamond nanoparticles were deposited on sintered steels with different carbon contents (0.2-0.8 wt.-%). The mechanical properties of surfaces as hardness and wear resistance increase as compared to the steel substrate. Microcutting and microgridding mechanisms were observed after tribological tests, but also adhesive wear in some areas was observed. X-ray examination indicated that the layer was textured, with the exception of the sample with the highest concentration of diamond nanoparticles in the electrolyte (42 g/l). The intensity ratio ICr110/ICr200 was calculated and compared with the indices for a standard sample. The greatest differences in the intensity ratio occurred for the samples with low carbon content (0.2%C). On the other hand, more the material is textured the greater the difference.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

V. Petkov
R. Valov
M. Witkowska
M. Madej
G. Cempura
M. Sułowski
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents low-cycle fatigue (LCF) characteristics of selected magnesium alloys used, among others, in the automotive and aviation industries. The material for the research were bars of magnesium alloys AZ31 and WE43 after hot plastic working. Due to their application(s), these alloys should have good/suitable fatigue properties, first of all fatigue durability in a small number of cycles.

Low-cycle fatigue tests were carried out on the MTS-810 machine at room temperature. Low-cycle fatigue trials were conducted for three total strain ranges Δεt of 0.8%, 1.0% and 1.2% with the cycle asymmetry factor R = –1. Based on the results obtained, fatigue life characteristics of materials, cyclic deformation characteristics σa = f(N) and cyclic deformation characteristics of the tested alloys were developed. The tests have shown different behaviors of the tested alloys in the range of low number of cycles. The AZ31 magnesium alloy was characterized by greater fatigue life Nf compared to the WE43 alloy.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

G. Junak
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In the present time, advanced high strength steel (AHSS) has secured a dominant place in the automobile sector due to its high strength and good toughness along with the reduced weight of car body which results in increased fuel efficiency, controlled emission of greenhouse gases and increased passengers’ safety. In the present study, four new advanced high strength steels (AHSS) have been developed using three different processing routes, i.e., thermomechanical controlled processing (TMCP), quenching treatment (QT), and quenching & tempering (Q&T) processes, respectively. The current steels have achieved a better combination of the high level of strength with reasonable ductility in case of TMCP as compared to the other processing conditions. The achievable ultrahigh strength is primarily attributed to mixed microstructure comprising lower bainite and lath martensite as well as grain refinement and precipitation hardening.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

G. Mandal
S.K. Ghosh
S. Chatterjee
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Using colloid water as a covering for explosives can improve the energy efficiency for explosive welding, while its effects on bonding properties remain unclear. Here, by employing titanium/steel as a model system, the effect of covering thickness on microstructures and mechanical properties of the bonding interface was systematically investigated. It was found that all the welds displayed wavy interfaces, and the wave size increased with increasing covering thickness. Vortices characterized by solidified melt zones surrounded by strongly deformed parent materials, were only formed for the welds performed with a covering. Moreover, with increasing covering thickness, both the tensile strength and the elongation of the titanium/steel plate decreased, and the failure mode changed from ductile to cleavage fracture, gradually. In the tensile-shear tests, all the fractures took place in titanium matrix without separation at interface, indicating that the titanium/steel interfaces had an excellent bonding strength. The micro-hardness decreased with increasing distance from the interface, and this trend was more remarkable for a thicker covering. The micro-hardness inside the solidified melt zones was far higher than that observed in strain-hardened layers of the parent metal, due to formation of hard intermetallic compounds.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Fei Wang
1
Ming Yang
2

  1. Anhui University of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines,Huainan, Anhui Province, China
  2. Nanjing University of Science and Technology, National Key Laboratory of Transient Physics, Nanjing, 210094, China
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The article is an attempt to compare the impact of the use of various types of limestone as the main constituent of cement on selected mortar properties. Four different limestones were added in amount of 15, 30, 40% to CEM I 42.5 R to obtain limestone cemens. Rheological properties (yield stress, plastic viscosity) of fresh mortar, tensile and compressive mortar strength, early shrinkage, and drying shrinkage were tested. Obtained results indicate that both tensile and compressive strength decreases with the increase of the limestone content in cement. Limestone can worsen or improve workability, depending on distribution of limestone grains. The addition of limestone increases the early shrinkage, but reduces the shrinkage after 28 days. Studies show that the granulation of limestone plays an important role in determining the influence of limestone on mortar properties.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

J. Gołaszewski
G. Cygan
M. Gołaszewska
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of manufacturing conditions on the mechanical properties and structure of ABS parts. Two sets of samples with the same geometric characteristics were produced by fused deposition modelling (FDM) and injection molding (IM). The molding pressure and cooling rate were found to have a significant effect on shaping the mechanical properties and structure of ABS products. The manufacturing method and adopted process parameters have a significant impact on the degree of packing of macromolecules in the volume of the product and thus determine its density. Selected mechanical properties were determined and compared with their specific gravity. The research was carried out using tools and machines, i.e. injection molds of unique design and standard measuring stations. Tensile and bending strengths and Young’s modulus were related to the density of products obtained under different process conditions and having gradient and solid structures. The results provide useful information for engineers designing products using FDM technology. Relating tensile and flexural strength and Young’s modulus to the specific gravity of the product. It was found that the value of product properties is closely related to various process conditions, which further provides a true description of the products.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Czyżewski
1
Dawid Marciniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dariusz Sykutera
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Manufacturing Techniques, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology,Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In order to explore the mining failure law of deep coal seam floor and clarify the mechanical behavior and energy change in the floor strata during mining, the mechanical properties and energy evolution law of sandstone under cyclic loading with different confining pressures (20, 30, 40 MPa) were studied using the Rock Top multi-field coupling tester. The results are as follows: (1) the hysteresis phenomenon of a rock stress-strain curve under cyclic loading is evident. Moreover, the hysteresis loop migrates to the direction of strain increase, and the fatigue damage caused by cyclic loading has a certain weakening effect on the peak strength of rock; (2) both the number of cycles and the axial strain show a nonlinear change characteristic that satisfies the quadratic function relationship. Among them, the stress level of the rock is the main factor affecting the fitting effect; (3) under the same confining pressure, with an increase in cycle level, the macroscopic deformation of the rock increases, the accumulation of fatigue damage in the sample increases, and the irreversible deformation of the rock increases, which leads to an increase in energy input and dissipation; (4) in terms of elastic energy and dissipation energy, elastic energy plays a dominant role. In the initial cycle, the rock is destroyed, and the rock energy loss is great. After the second cycle, the input energy is mainly stored in the rock in the form of elastic energy, and only a small part of the input energy is released in the form of dissipation energy; (5) the confining pressure can improve the efficiency of rock absorption and energy storage, enhance the energy storage limit of rock, and limit the dissipation and release of partial energy of rock. The greater the confining pressure, the more evident the limiting effect, and the more significant the dominant position of elastic energy; and (6) the change in the energy dissipation ratio can be divided into three stages: rapid decline stage, stable development stage and rapid rise stage. The greater the increase in dissipation energy, the greater the degree of rock damage. The evolution process of the energy dissipation ratio can reflect the internal damage accumulation process of rock well, which can be used as the criterion of rock instability.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Daqiang Xu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Peisen Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wei Yan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaole Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yuhang Dong
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hui Niu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Shandong University of Science and Technology, National Key Laboratory for Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China

This page uses 'cookies'. Learn more