In the 14th century, copper coins of Galician Ruthenia were minted at the Lviv mint, most of which can be easily attributed to dated issuers. However, among them there are coins of two types that arouse controversy. These are variants with a crown on both sides of the coin ( crown/crown type) and a coin with two initials ( K/crowned L type). Almost all researchers, with the exception of perhaps only Borys Paszkiewicz, date the coins of the crown/crown type to the period before 1370, when the Polish King Casimir III the Great ruled in Galician Ruthenia. The analysis of the dies and die-chains presented in the present article allow us to attribute the coins to Louis of Hungary and refer their issue to the years 1378–1382, as suggested by B. Paszkiewicz. So far, coins of the K/crowned L type were dated to the years of the reign of Louis of Hungary. However, the analysis of the material from hoards and the shape of the punch with letter L indicate that they were minted during the interregnum in Lviv, i.e. between the end of 1370 (the date of King Casimir’s death) and October 1372 (when Władysław Opolczyk, who was appointed the governor of the Hungarian king, Louis in Galician Ruthenia, arrived in Lviv).

Essential oils from four plants , i.e. geranium, rosa, lemon and mint were tested for their activity in vitro and in vivo against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, the cause of root rot and wilt of beans. In vitro, they were found to have an inhibitory effect against the mycelial growth of R. solani and F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli. Complete inhibition in fungal growth was observed at a concentration of 4% of each essential oil and Topsin M at 400 ppm as well. In greenhouse the four essential oils were tested as seed coating and/or foliar spray. Results of seed coating at a concentration of 1% clearly demonstrate a good protection of emerged bean seeds against invasion of R. solani and F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli compared with the fungicide treatment. A similar trend was observed in a lower extent when the essential oils were applied as bean seeds coating followed by seedlings foliar spray under field conditions. Obvious yield increase as bean green pods, in all treatments, was significantly higher than in the control.

Leaf-thin bracteate coins were minted for several hundred years during the Middle Ages. The existence of hundreds of small independent currency areas with their own mints in central, eastern and northern Europe and the strong link between bracteates and periodic recoinage explain the large number of bracteate types. A special minting technology linked to goldsmithing technology was required to produce the bracteates. A soft material was placed under a flan, and the motif was created by bending the flan rather than pressing the motif into the flan. This study analyzes how bracteate technology could save costs in the minting procedure compared to traditional coinage technology. The bending characteristic of the bracteates together with the flat hammering of old bracteates imply that the size of the flan remained almost unchanged after recurrent overstrikes. Thus, the bracteate technology saved one of the costliest steps in the minting procedure: the time-consuming production of the flan. In contrast, overstriking of biface coins using the traditional coin technology could only be performed a few times, since it caused a stepwise thinner and larger flan. The latter phenomenon explains the existence of biface half-bracteates.

Article concerns medal made by Johann Philip Holzhauesser and given in 1780 to Ignacy Krasicki by King Stanisław August. The circumstances of its realization and reception during the life of gifted and after 1801 were presented based on the written sources (i.a. archives, correspondence). Message that accompanied the medal was analyzed and related to Stanisław August’s medal-making policy.