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Abstract

The effective diffusivity of water in brown coal of Bełchatów mine was experimentally determined. The experiments were performed in superheated steam at 200°C and atmospheric pressure using slightly compressed pellets of cylindrical shape. The drying and temperature curves of the sample were used to identify diffusivity. An inverse problem was formulated and solved by the finite element method for 3D axially symmetric cylindrical geometry of the sample. A satisfactory fit of the simulated curves to experimental results was obtained. The obtained dependence of effective diffusivity on moisture content and temperature may be used in designing lignite dryers.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zdzisław Pakowski
Robert Adamski
Stanisław Kwapisz
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of laboratory tests into the effects of moisture and the content of two types of bentonite on dielectric properties of moulding sand. The use of electromagnetic waves in foundry industry is becoming more and more popular, which provides to some extent alternatives to conventional drying methods. Experimental studies published so far have shown the validity of using microwaves for drying classic moulding sands with bentonite. However, these studies lack data on the effect of moisture or bentonite content in moulding sand on the real component ε' or imaginary component ε'' of the relative complex electrical permittivity. The presented results may become in the future the basis for the evaluation of the composition of moulding sands, taking into account the phenomena occurring under the influence of electromagnetic field, which directly translates into the quality of the castings made and may constitute an attempt to develop a mathematical model of electric properties of moulding sands.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Nowak
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Abstract

The suitability of a new wireless smart farming system for controlling irrigation and fertilization of horticultural plants was assessed in the study. The system (name: AGREUS®) includes sensors (soil moisture, salinity, weather data), executive modules (valve modules), and an application available on the web portal (accessed through computers and mobile devices). The studies were performed under laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory tests included appraisal of the precision of soil moisture and salinity measurements carried out with the soil probe (comparison with the results obtained by laboratory methods). Operational tests were conducted in field trials. In these trials, assessment of the possibility of practical control of irrigation and monitoring soil salinity was performed in an apple orchard. The conducted analyses have shown the usefulness of the system, not only for automatic control of irrigation but also for making decisions about the necessity to fertilize plants. The system enables continuous monitoring of changes in soil moisture and salinity, including the migration of minerals across the soil profile (using a probe with several measuring elements) as a result of the applied irrigation or rainfall. The system allows for automatic application of irrigation or fertigation depending on the adopted soil moisture and salinity thresholds. However, the tests showed that a salinity index calculated by the system does not directly correspond to the salinity values determined by laboratory methods. For this reason individual interpretation and determination of optimal ranges for plants is required.
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Authors and Affiliations

Waldemar Treder
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Klamkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Tryngiel-Gać
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Wójcik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
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Abstract

A device with a frequency-modulated output signal has been developed to increase the sensitivity and accuracy of measuring moisture content in crude oil and petroleum products in the range of 0~20%. The main element of the device is a self-oscillator transducer based on a transistor structure with negative differential resistance. A capacitive sensor in the form of a capacitive cylindrical structure with cylindrical electrodes was used to determine moisture content in crude oil and petroleum products. Electric permittivity of a two-component mixture of oil and water was estimated and the capacitance of the humidity-sensitive capacitive cylindrical structure with cylindrical electrodes was calculated. An electrical diagram of the device for measuring and controlling the humidity of crude oil and petroleum products has been developed. The relative error of converting the humidity of oil and petroleum products into capacitance which was caused by the change in oil temperature, was determined to be 0.225%. Values of relative errors of the device for measuring the humidity of oil and petroleum products are as follows: 1.355 · 10 -5% is caused by instability of the oscillator frequency, 0.01% is caused by fluctuations in the supply voltage of the self-oscillator transducer, 0.05% is caused by a change in ambient temperature by 1°C. For the developed device, which used errors of the first and second type, the reliability of humidity control of oil and petroleum products has been determined to be 0.9591.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andriy Semenov
1
Oleksander Zviahin
1
Natalia Kryvinska
2
Olena Semenova
1
Andrii Rudyk
3

  1. Vinnytsia National Technical University, Faculty of Information Electronic Systems, Khmelnytske shose 95, 21-021 Vinnytsia, Ukraine
  2. Comenius University in Bratislava, Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Management, Šafárikovo námestie 6, 814 99 Bratislava, Slovakia
  3. National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Department of Automation, Electrical Engineering and Computer-Integrated Technologies, Soborna St. 11, 33-028 Rivne, Ukraine
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Abstract

The technology of recycling with foamed bitumen is a new technology of road rehabilitation. Due to the climatic conditions in the Central European countries, road pavement structure should be moisture and frost resistant. Because of its specific production conditions, this is especially important for pavements rehabilitation with the cold recycling technology. Determining the physical and mechanical properties, as well as moisture and frost resistance, depends on binder and filler contents. They are the key elements before its use for road building. The tests presented here have been performed on mineral recycled base mixes with foamed bitumen. The material from the existing layers was used. The content of bitumen binder amounted to 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0% and 3.5%, while that of cement to 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%. The results were subject to the optimization process. This allowed to state that with the use of 2.5% foamed bitumen and 2.0% of cement, the base had the required properties, as well as the moisture and frost resistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Iwański
A. Chomicz-Kowalska
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of works related to the analysis of microclimate hazards in the Crystal Caves of the Wieliczka Salt Mine. The paper focused on the development of a device for monitoring, testing and preliminary measurements of the gravimetric water content of rock in the Crystal Caves. The multisensory measurement system equipped with capacitive soil moisture sensors has been developed, calibrated and optimised. The system was used for monitoring moisture content in the sidewall and thill of the Crystal Caves.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Jamróz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Socha
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Strata Mechanics Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, 27 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The present study aimed at a determination of the formula allowing water content to be calculated for model degraded soil enriched with Biona-312 ion exchange substrate. To this end a mixture of sand and Biona- 312 was prepared which was monitored for water content changes. Moisture was determined both gravimetrically and reflectometrically (TOR method). To improve the reliability of the TOR method individual calibration was made. The specific calibration formula as polynomial of the third degree was found for water content determination in sand supplemented with Biona-312. The results confirmed the high potential of the TOR method in moisture monitoring, especially when individual calibration is done.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariola Chomczyńska
Zbigniew Suchorab
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Abstract

In the initial stage of the growing season, the accumulation of autumn and winter precipitation moisture in poorly draining soil in arid conditions in the Northern region of Kazakhstan was a serious production problem. Research methods included measurements of autumn and winter moisture reserves in poorly draining soil and snow on the backgrounds of ordinary stubble, stubble coulisses and tall stubble left after stripper header (continuous combing) with and without autumn chiselling. The study revealed that the use of the continuous combing and stubble coulisses on poor draining soil: (a) sup-ports reserves of moisture in autumn soil; (b) the lack of chiselling leads to increased water runoff and the formation of li-mans in the fields. The use of stubble coulisses during snowy winters allowed moisture reserves in the snow to be increased in comparison with the stubble background. The use of chiselling on the background of stubble coulisses allowed: (a) to reduce runoff moisture loss in poorly draining soil by 35–50% after snowy winters, by 25–35% after little snowy winters, and prevent the formation of limans in the fields; (b) in comparison with the stubble background to increase the total re-serves of autumn-winter moisture in poorly draining soil by 61–105 mm in favourable years, and by 57 mm in years with the low autumn-winter precipitation. The use of chiselling on a stubble background did not significantly affect the total re-serves of autumn-winter moisture in poorly draining soil.
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Bibliography

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ASTAFYEV V., IVANCHENKO P., KIRKILEVSKIY V. 2017. Effectiveness assessment of methods for moisture accumulation during winter precipitation in the arid steppe of Northern Kazakhstan. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Vol. 12 (S4) p. 6821–6828. DOI 10.36478/jeasci.2017.6821.6828.
BAISHOLANOV S.S., PAVLOVA V.N., ZHAKIEVA A.R., CHERNOV D.A., GABBASOVA M.S. 2018. Agroklimaticheskiye resursy Severnogo Kazakhstana [Agroclimatic resources of the Northern Kazakhstan]. Gidrometeorologicheskiye issledovaniya i prognozy. Vol. 1(367) p. 168–184.
BAKIROV F.G., PETROVA G.V. 2014. Effektivnost' tekhnologii no-till na chernozemakh yuzhnykh Orenburgskogo Predural'ya [Efficiency of no-till technology on southern chernozyoms of Orenburg Preduralye]. Izvestia Orenburg State Agrarian University. Vol. 1(45). P. 1 p. 23–26.
BARAYEV A.I. 2008. Novoe zemledelye vostochnykh rayonov strany [New agriculture in the eastern regions of the country]. Selected works in 3 volumes. Almaty. P. 1 p. 58–65.
CHEBOCHAKOV E.Y. 2020. Efficiency of the erosion protection methods involving biologizing agriculture in the steppe and forest-steppe areas of cultivated land in Siberia. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences. Vol. 9 (1) p. 6–9.
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GUTER R.S., OVCHINSKIY V.V. 1970. Elementy chislennogo analiza i matematicheskoy obrabotki rezul'tatov opyta [Elements of numerical analysis and mathematical processing of the experience results]. Moscow. Science LLC pp. 436.
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YORGEY G., BORRELLI K., PAINTER K.M., DAVIS H. 2017. Stripper header and direct seeding: Ron and Andy Juris: Farmer-to-Farmer Case Study Series: Increasing Resilience Among Cereal-Based Farmers in the Inland Pacific Northwest. PNW Publication 694 pp. 15.

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Authors and Affiliations

Vladimir L. Astafyev
1
ORCID: ORCID
Pavel G. Ivanchenko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kostanay Branch of LLC Scientific Production Center of Agricultural Engineering, 110011, Kostanay, Abai Avenue, 34, Kazakhstan
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Abstract

In many regions of the world, including Egypt, water shortages threaten food production. An irrigation deficient strategy in dry areas has been widely investigated as a valuable and sustainable approach to production. In this study, the dry matter and grain yield of wheat was decreased by reducing the amount of irrigation water as well as the volume of the root system. As a result of this, there was an increase the soil moisture stress. This negatively affected the absorption of water and nutrients in the root zone of wheat plants, which ultimately had an effect on the dry matter and grain yield of wheat. The values of dry matter and grain yield of wheat increased with the ʻSakha 94ʼ variety compared to the ʻSakha 93ʼ class. It is possible that this was due to the increase in the genetic characteristic of the root size with the ʻSakha 94ʼ variety compared to the ʻSakha 93ʼ class, as this increase led to the absorption of water and nutrients from a larger volume of root spread. Despite being able to increase the water productivity of wheat by decreasing the amount of added irrigation water, the two highest grain yield values were achieved when adding 100% and 80% of irrigation requirements ( IR) needed to irrigate the wheat and no signif-icant differences between the yield values at 100% and 80% of IR were found. Therefore, in accordance with this study, the recommended irrigation for wheat is at 80% IR which will provide 20% IR. When comparing the water productivity of two wheat varieties in study, it becomes clear that ʻSakha 94ʼ was superior to ʻSakha 93ʼ when adding the same amount of irrigation water, and this resulted in increased wheat productivity for ʻSakha 94ʼ. The SALTMED results confirmed good accuracy (R2: 0.92 to 0.98) in simulating soil moisture, roots volume, water application efficiency, dry matter, and grain yield for two varieties of wheat under deficit irrigation conditions. Whilst using sprinkler irrigation system under sandy soils in Egypt.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ramadan E. Abdelraouf
1
Mohamed A. El-Shawadfy
1
Osama M. Dewedar
1
Mahmoud Hozayn
2

  1. National Research Center, Department of Field Irrigation and Water Relations, 33 EL Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
  2. National Research Center, Field Crops Research Department, Giza, Egypt
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Abstract

Atmospheric precipitation is the major input to the soil water balance. Its amount, intensity, and temporal distribution have an indubitable influence on soil moisture. The aim of the study (conducted in the years 2010–2013) was to evaluate soil water balance in an apple orchard as determined by daily rainfall. The amount and intensity of rainfall and daily evapotranspiration were measured using an automatic weather station. Changes in soil water content was carried out using capacitance probes placed at a depth of 20, 40 and 60 cm. The most common were single events of rainfall of up to 0.2 mm, while 1.3–3.6 mm rains delivered the greatest amount of water. A significant correlation was found between the amount of daily rainfall and changes in water content of individual soil layers. The 15–45 cm and 15–65 cm layers accumulated the greatest amount of high rainfall. The study showed a significant influence of the initial soil moisture on changes in the water content of the analysed layers of the soil profile. The lower its initial moisture content was, the more rainwater it was able to accumulate.
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Authors and Affiliations

Waldemar Treder
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Klamkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Tryngiel-Gać
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Wójcik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The National Institute of Horticultural Research, ul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
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Abstract

At present, Pakistan has been facing acute shortage of irrigation water and farmers have been using conventional irrigation methods for orchards, such as flood and basin irrigation, thus wasting huge amount of fresh water. Therefore, it is necessary to find efficient irrigation methods to cope with this major burning issue. The micro drip irrigation method is considered efficient but in the case of mango orchards there is a problem of irrigation frequency, number of emitters, and duration of flow from emitters to meet water demand. Considering the above, an experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, by installing the drip system with two circular peripheries of lateral lines in clay loam soil covering the entire canopy of a mature mango tree. The radius of the first and second periphery around the tree trunk was 100 cm and 150 cm, respectively. Four emitters with 4 dm3∙h –1 discharge of individual dipper were fixed in each periphery. Emitters were tested for six different irrigation times, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h, to observe the moisture distribution pattern. Hydraulic characteristics, such as density, field capacity, porosity, infiltration rate, available water and permanent wilting point (PWP), were determined using standard methods (1.4 g∙cm –3, 33%, 49%, 8 mm∙h –1, 12.41% and 20% respectively). The texture class of the soil profile was determined as clay loam at the soil depth 0–120 cm. Fifty soil samples were collected at 0–10, 10– 30, 30–60, 60–90, and 90–120 cm depths and at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80 and 80–100 cm distances on two opposite sides of emitters. The emitters provided sufficient moisture up to field capacity in clay loam soil with flow duration of 4 h. The maximum moisture distribution efficiency was 77.89% with flow duration of 4 h at vertical depth of 0–120 cm and 0–100 cm distance horizontally among four emitters as compared to 1, 2, 3 h flow duration which under irrigated the canopy area and 5, 6 h flow duration which excessively irrigated the canopy area of the mango tree. The water demand of the mango tree was met by 4 h flow duration which provided adequate moisture to the entire canopy up to 120 cm depth in the root zone and water saving was calculated as 15.91% under the installed drip irrigation system as compared with the conventional (basin) irrigation method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Shoukat Ali Soomro
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Saffar Mirjat
1
Munir Ahmed Mangrio
1
Mashooque Ali Talpur
1

  1. Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, 70060, Hyderabad, Pakistan
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Abstract

Today, the uncontrolled abstraction of surface water and groundwater resources has created adverse consequences, which include: extinction of living organisms, land subsidence, salinity of coastal aquifers, increased pumping energy. Therefore, the need to manage available water resources is felt more than ever. Among the various water uses (agriculture, drinking, and industry), agriculture accounts for the bulk of water consumption. Due to the climate change and the growing population, determining the appropriate strategy and technology for irrigation is necessary. In the current study, a simulation model is used to numerically simulate the dynamics of daily soil moisture during the potato crop growing season and to estimate crop production and economic benefits. For climatic data, daily observations of a meteorological station have been used. Results and analyses have been presented for all cases of micro and traditional irrigation methods and agricultural management strategies of non-stress irrigation, low irrigation, and rainfed cultivation. The results showed that in the non-stress irrigation method, crop production and net profit are almost equal in both traditional and micro methods. In the low irrigation method, microtechnology has made crop production and net profit 1.75 times more than traditional technology, which indicates the impact of irrigation technology on crop production.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mahmood Salih Salih
2
ORCID: ORCID
Maria Jade Catalan Opulencia
3
ORCID: ORCID
Larisa Morozova
4
Elena S. Sergushina
5
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Noor Asnan
6
ORCID: ORCID
Mustafa Mohammed Kadhim
7 8
ORCID: ORCID
Manoharan Kavitha
9
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Udayana University, Faculty of Engineering, Kampus Bukit, Jl. Raya Kampus Unud Jimbaran, Kec. Kuta Sel., Kabupaten Badung, Bali 80361, Indonesia
  2. University of Anbar, Upper Euphrates Basin Developing Center, Ramadi, Iraq
  3. College of Business Administration, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  4. Kurgan State Agricultural Academy by T.S. Maltsev, Faculty of Biotechnology, Lesnikovo village, Russia
  5. National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, Russia
  6. Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Samarinda, Indonesia
  7. Al-Kut University College, Kut, Iraq
  8. The Islamic University, College of Technical Engineering, Najaf, Iraq
  9. Saveetha University, Saveetha School of Engineering, Department of ECE, Chennai, India
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research aimed at developing assumptions for the preparation of a charge in the form of fine scrap copper alloys (chips/shells) guaranteeing effective removal of impurities and obtaining a metal bath of the required metallurgical quality. The tests were conducted for tin-zinc-lead bronze of the CC499K grade. As part of the work, the characteristics of this type of waste available on the market were made in terms of quality and the possibility of their use for the production of both alloys and finished products, taking into account the elimination of harmful impurities that may ultimately affect the production process adversely.
The subject of the work was the selection of appropriate waste cleaning methods in the form of an oily shell in the CC499K (CuZn5Sn5Pb2) grade and its drying in terms of increasing the use of impure waste from machining as scrap for direct melting. The waste was assessed in relation to individual parametres. The research was carried out on 3 groups of waste, with varying degrees of moisture.
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Authors and Affiliations

W. Malec
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Cwolek
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Brudny
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Kulasa
1
ORCID: ORCID
W. Marek
2
K. Stolorz
2
D. Wróbel
2
A. Filipowicz
2

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Poland
  2. COGNOR S.A. Oddział OM Szopienice w Katowicach, Poland
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Abstract

The sodium silicate sands hardened by microwave have the advantages of high strength, fast hardening speed and low residual strength with the lower addition of sodium silicate. However, the sodium ion in the sands will absorb moisture from the atmosphere, which would lead to lower storing strength, so the protection of a bonding bridge of sodium silicate between the sands is crucial. Methyl silicone oil is a cheap hydrophobic industrial raw material. The influence of the addition amount of methyl silicone oil modifier on compressive strength and moisture absorption of sodium silicate sands was studied in this work. The microscopic analysis of modified before and after sodium silicate sands has been carried on employing scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy spectrum analysis(EDS). The results showed that the strength of modified sodium silicate sands was significantly higher than that of unmodified sodium silicate sands, and the best addition of methyl silicone oil in the quantity of sodium silicate was 15%. It was also found that the bonding bridge of modified sodium silicate sands was the density and the adhesive film was smooth, and the methyl silicone oil was completely covered on the surface of the sodium silicate bonding bridge to protect it.
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Bibliography

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[7] Stachowicz, M., Granat, K., & Payga. (2017). Influence of sand base preparation on properties of chromite moulding sands with sodium silicate hardened with selected methods. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(1), 379-383.
[8] Zhu, C. (2007). Recent advances in waterglass sand technologies. China Foundry. 4(1), 13-17.
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[10] Masuda, Y., Tsubota, K., Ishii, K., Imakoma, H. & Ohmura, N. (2009). Drying rate and surface temperature in solidification of glass particle layer with inorganic binder by microwave drying. KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU. 35(2), 229-231.
[11] Kosuge, K., Sunaga, M., Goda, R., Onodera, H. & Okane, T. (2018). Cure and collapse mechanism of inorganic mold using spherical artificial sand and water glass binder. Materials transactions. 59(11), 1784-1790.
[12] Zhang, Y.H., Liu, Z.Y., Liu, Z.C. & Yao, L.P. (2020). Mechanical properties of high-ductility cementitious composites with methyl silicone oil. Magazine of Concrete Research. 72(14), 747-756.
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Authors and Affiliations

Huafang Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xiang Gao
1
Lei Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wei He
1
Jijun Lu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan Textile University, China
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Abstract

Trueness and precision of a method for determining the water content (%) of food and chemical products based on infrared radiation with a wavelength in the range (2.70÷7.21 μm) was evaluated. The most accurate measurements for food products were obtained when the heat source was a radiant heater with a radiation wavelength of 7.21 μm, a trueness deviation of 0.01%. When heated with radiation with wavelengths (from 3.32 μm to 7.21 μm), the trueness of the measurement ranged (0.03% ÷0.13%) for chemical products. The shortest analysis time for food products was found when the analysis was carried out using an IR source with a wavelength of 7.21 μm, while for chemical products, a heat source with a wavelength of 2.70÷7.21 μm was optimal. According to the results of the analysis, the use of IR radiation with a wavelength range of 3.32÷7.21 μm is an alternative for accurate measurements.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir Janas
1
Małgorzata Kowalska
2

  1. Centre for Metrology Research and Certification, Radwag Wagi Elektroniczne, Poland
  2. Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Commodity Science, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Poland
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Abstract

Stone mastic asphalt is a gap-graded mix and is usually related to its high bitumen content and its skeleton-like constitution. Although famous for its durability, high resistance to fatigue and rutting, issues such as bleeding and premature aging do occur in the mix since it has a high bitumen content and voids due to its gap-graded structure. In order to encounter these problems from affecting the mix, some instances such as adding additives, rejuvenators and stabilizers into the mixture has been implemented. Nowadays, nano materials are being used in the asphalt mixtures and nano titanium is being introduced as a modifier to the asphalt binder in order to improve the mechanical properties of the stone mastic asphalt mix. The related tests done in order to access the improvement are resilient modulus, dynamic creep, moisture susceptibility and binder drain down. The content of nano titanium used in this research are 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%. This study is done to assess the mechanical performance of stone mastic asphalt with nano titanium modified binder.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nur Syafiqah Shamimi Mohd Zali
1
ORCID: ORCID
Khairil Azman Masri
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
Muzamir Hasan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Rosli Mohd Hasan
3
ORCID: ORCID
Bartłomiej Jeż
4
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabiałek
4
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Sroka
5
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Pietrusiewicz
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
  2. Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
  4. Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
  5. Division of Materials Processing Technology and Computer Techniques in Materials Science, Silesian 21 University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of laboratory tests concerning the cutting process of basket willow by means of disc cutting unit. A disc for cutting wood with diameter of 600mm was used in the tests. The influence of plant’s moisture and the rotary speed of the disc of cutting unit on the unitary energy were determined. The most favorable values of the operating parameters of the cutting unit were selected according to the minimum energy requirement in the cutting process of the tested plant.
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Authors and Affiliations

Henryk Rode
Marcin Chęciński
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Abstract

Postharvest processing of grain is an important step in the overall grain production process. It makes possible not only quantitative and qualitative preservation of the harvest, but also ensures maximum profit from its sale at the most favorable market conditions. Convective heat treatment (drying, cooling) guarantees commercial harvest conservation, prevents its loss, and in some cases improves the quality of the finished product. The necessity of intensification and automation of technological processes of postharvest grain processing requires the development of methods of mathematical modeling of energy-intensive processes of convective heat treatment. The determination and substantiation of optimum modes and parameters of equipment operation to ensure the preservation of grain quality is possible only when applying mathematical modeling techniques. In this work, a mathematical model of particulate material drying is presented through a system of differential equations in partial derivatives of which the variable in time and space relationship between heat and mass transfer processes in the material and a drying agent is reflected. The aim of the research was to determine the dynamics of the interrelated fields of unsteady temperature and moisture content of the material and the drying agent on the basis of mathematical models of heat and mass transfer in the layer of particulate material in convective heat approach or heat retraction. The implementation of the mathematical model proposed in the standard mathematical set allows analyzing efficiency of machines and equipment for the convective heat treatment of particulate agricultural materials in a dense layer, according the determinant technological parameters and operating modes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Boris Kotov
Roman Kalinichenko
Anatoliy Spirin
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Abstract

Sapropel deposits are widely distributed around the globe. In the Americas area they are adjacent to the Great Lakes region, in Europe sapropel deposits can be spotted in the territory of Scandinavia, France, Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Belarus, Russia and in the northern regions of Ukraine. Use of sapropel as a fertilizer can enhance high and stable yields of crops. However, despite the proven effectiveness of long-term practical researches in this area, nowadays sapropel is almost not used. One of the reasons - lack of developed processing methods of extraction and processing, including dehydration. Material properties as an object of interaction with the working bodies, change of their settings in the processing are crucial in the choice of technologies, development, bringing up to the necessary parameters and subsequent use. Sapropel high humidity (95-98%) is one of the main factor that determines the quality of its properties after the interaction with working bodies. However, in the process of decreasing, in interaction with oxygen, there are significant changes in physical and mechanical properties of sapropel. Decisive in the direction selection process of lake sapropels’ use in the economic sector is their moisture exchange and thermodynamic parameters. The complexity of setting the water apart, if freshly extracted sapropels possess only 15-20% of it, shows their strong water-retaining capacity. The above mentioned phenomenon proves the need for their use as an organic fertilizer during the crops growing, as superficial loss of moisture in the soil creates a new global problem. On the basis of deep analysis of the sapropels’ properties, the authors suggest three areas of freshly extracted lake sapropel application in mixtures with leafy part of the crops: in biogas production with its further use as an organic fertilizer; making a compost mixture of organic origin which physical and mechanical properties are approximate as that of the soil; alternative solid fuels in the form of briquettes.
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Authors and Affiliations

V. Didukh
V. Tomyuk
Onyukh Yu.
Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska
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Abstract

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences (Bull.Pol. Ac.: Tech.) is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred: Artificial and Computational Intelligence, Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, Civil Engineering, Control, Informatics and Robotics, Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics, Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics, Material Science and Nanotechnology, Power Systems and Power Electronics.

Journal Metrics: JCR Impact Factor 2018: 1.361, 5 Year Impact Factor: 1.323, SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2017: 0.319, Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2017: 1.005, CiteScore 2017: 1.27, The Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education 2017: 25 points.

Abbreviations/Acronym: Journal citation: Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech., ISO: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci.-Tech. Sci., JCR Abbrev: B POL ACAD SCI-TECH Acronym in the Editorial System: BPASTS.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mikhail Bezrodny
Natalia Prytula
Maria Tsvietkova
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Abstract

The results of researches of sorption processes of surface layers of components of sand moulds covered by protective coatings are

presented in the hereby paper. Investigations comprised various types of sand grains of moulding sands with furan resin: silica sand,

reclaimed sand and calcined in temperature of 700oC silica sand. Two kinds of alcoholic protective coatings were used – zirconium and

zirconium – graphite. Tests were performed under condition of a constant temperature within the range 30 – 35oC and high relative air

humidity 75 - 80%. To analyze the role of sand grains in sorption processes quantitavie moisture sorption with use of gravimetric method

and ultrasonic method were used in measurements. The tendency to moisture sorption of surface layers of sand moulds according to the

different kinds of sand grains was specified. The effectiveness of protective action of coatings from moisture sorption was analyzed as

well.

Knowledge of the role of sand grains from the viewpoint of capacity for moisture sorption is important due to the surface casting defects

occurrence. In particular, that are defects of a gaseous origin caused by too high moisture content of moulds, especially in surface layers.

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Authors and Affiliations

N. Kaźnica
J. Zych
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Abstract

The subflorescence and efflorescence phenomena are widely acknowledged as the major causes of permanent damage to fresco wall paintings. They are related to the occurrence of cycles of dry/wet conditions inside the walls. Therefore, it is essential to identify the presence of water on the decorated surfaces and inside the walls.

Nondestructive testing in industrial applications have confirmed that active infrared thermography with continuous timed images acquisition can improve the outcomes of thermal analysis aimed to moisture identification. In spite of that, in cultural heritage investigations these techniques have not been yet used extensively on a regular basis. This paper illustrates an application of these principles in order to evaluate the decay of fresco mural paintings in a medieval chapel located in North−West of Italy. One important feature of this study is the use of a robotic system called aIRview that can be utilized to automatically acquire and process thermal images. Multiple accurate thermal views of the inside walls of the building have been produced in a survey that lasted several days. Signal processing algorithms based on Fast Fourier Transform analysis have been applied to the acquired data in order to formulate trustworthy hypotheses about the deterioration mechanisms.

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Authors and Affiliations

G. Cadelano
P. Bison
A. Bortolin
G. Ferrarini
F. Peron
M. Girotto
M. Volinia
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Abstract

The accumulation of moisture from autumn and winter precipitation in poorly draining soil for plants in arid conditions during the initial stage of the vegetation period in the northern region of Kazakhstan was a severe production problem. Research methods included theoretical and experimental studies. In theoretical studies, the area of the treated surface by a chain harrow is determined. Then, the design of an improved harrow is proposed, including how the tooth chain tillage tools are positioned. Either as a “single action disc harrow” type with mounting four teeth on each chain link, or as a serial harrow with the tooth chain tillage tools located in a “diamond-shaped” double-action scheme with two teeth on each chain link. Experimental studies show that an improved harrow steadily performs the early spring harrowing process with a quality that meets normative requirements. In doing, so the working capacity is 4–5% higher than a serial harrow with a 4–5% lower fuel consumption. Furthermore, it is revealed that the early spring soil harrowing performed by tooth chain harrows allows the loss of productive moisture in the spring pre-sowing period by 1.8–1.9 times to be reduced compared to the untreated background.
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Authors and Affiliations

Vladimir L. Astafyev
1
ORCID: ORCID
Alexandr A. Kurach
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maxat A. Amantayev
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kostanay Branch of “Scientific Production Center of Agricultural Engineering” LLC, 110011, Abai Avenue, 34, Kostanay, 110011, Kazakhstan
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Abstract

Estimation and application of water retention curves in heavy soils have own specifics. The reason for these specific properties is the composition of the high clay texture. This is manifested by volume changes of soil depending on moisture. Up to 40% change in the volume compared to the saturated state was recorded in the conditions of the East Slovakian Lowland. The results described in this work are based on research work carried out in the East Slovakian Lowland and represent an analysis of selected 42 samples out of a total of 250 samples in which laboratory measurements of soil water retention curves and volume changes were performed. Selected samples represent the localities Senné and Poľany. Volumetric changes were measured in a laboratory by measuring the dimensions of soil samples. Appropriate changes in the volume of soil samples should be measured when determining moisture retention curves. Neglecting this physical effect leads to a distorted determination of the water retention curves in heavy soils. In the laboratory measurement of water retention curves points, changes in the volume of the sample were measured in the range of 0.24–43.67% depending on the soil moisture potential during drainage. In the case of neglecting the effect of shrinkage during the drainage of samples, a certain error is occurring in the calculation of the volumetric moisture. The range of this error was 1–13% of volumetric moisture.

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Authors and Affiliations

Branislav Kandra
Milan Gomboš

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