Wheat grain discoloration, a worldwide disease that lowers grain quality and decreases grain yield, does not have a single etiology. It has been proposed that it is a consequence of an abiotic mechanism, a response to environmental conditions or enzymatic activity. It has also been suggest that it is a biotic mechanism, a fungal infection principally by Alternaria spp. and Bipolaris sorokiniana. The present work was carried out to analyze the possible etiology of this disease in nine durum wheat genotypes from two localities of southern Buenos Aires province (Argentina) on two sowing dates. Incidence (percentage of grain discoloration) was recorded and mycobiota associated with this pathology was registered following ISTA rules. Peroxidase activity in an extract obtained from grains belonging to genotypes of the locality that showed the highest incidence was measured.

The incidence among genotypes, localities and sowing dates varied, although the genotypes with the higher and lower values of incidence were the same for all the variables tested. The fungus Alternaria spp. was isolated the most frequently followed by Fusarium spp., while Bipolaris sorokiniana was found the least frequently. Peroxidase activity showed that all the treatments had similar levels of enzymatic activity, but there was no clear differentiation between controls either between genotypes with the lowest or the highest incidence values. This suggests that peroxidase activity did not have a clear relationship with grain discoloration. In this research, it is presumed that fungal infection is the main cause of this disease.

Seed endophytes are potential bioagents for plant protection and growth promoters. The question of the specifics of their isolation in cultural environments is not clear. The purpose of this study was to establish the nature of the interaction of endophytic fungi of wheat seeds with different levels of aggressiveness and presence in the mycobiota. Dual cultivation was carried out at potato-glucose agar (PGA), comparing with single fungal cultivation. The mutual influence of fungi during joint cultivation was established. Alternaria arborescens, which dominated in the mycobiota of wheat seeds from northeastern Ukraine, suppressed the development of only P enicillium. Nigrospora oryzae, Bipolaris sorokiniana, and Phoma developed faster than A. arborescens. Fusarium poae, and F. sporotrichioides competed for agar medium with N. oryzae. Known bioagents from wheat seeds showed unexpectedly low results. Trichothecium roseum formed a rejection zone during co-cultivation with F. graminearum. Trichoderma sp. Max18 (resistant to fludioxonil) on the 7th day inhibited the development of Penicillium, F. graminearum, and A. arborescens by 55, 48 and 26%, respectively. N. oryzae developed faster than the mycoparasitic fungus, but the latter began to parasitize it only from the 13th day.