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Abstract

In this paper a prototype framework for simulation of wireless sensor network and its protocols are presented. The framework simulates operation of a sensor network with data transmission, which enables simultaneous development of the sensor network software, its hardware and the protocols for wireless data transmission. An advantage of using the framework is converging simulation with the real software. Instead of creating a model of the sensor network node, the same software is used in real sensor network nodes and in the simulation framework. Operation of the framework is illustrated with examples of simulations of selected transactions in the sensor network.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Wójcikowski
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Abstract

The adjustment problem of the so-called combined (hybrid, integrated) network created with GNSS vectors and terrestrial observations has been the subject of many theoretical and applied works. The network adjustment in various mathematical spaces was considered: in the Cartesian geocentric system on a reference ellipsoid and on a mapping plane. For practical reasons, it often takes a geodetic coordinate system associated with the reference ellipsoid. In this case, the Cartesian GNSS vectors are converted, for example, into geodesic parameters (azimuth and length) on the ellipsoid, but the simple form of converted pseudo-observations are the direct differences of the geodetic coordinates. Unfortunately, such an approach may be essentially distorted by a systematic error resulting from the position error of the GNSS vector, before its projection on the ellipsoid surface. In this paper, an analysis of the impact of this error on the determined measures of geometric ellipsoid elements, including the differences of geodetic coordinates or geodesic parameters is presented. Assuming that the adjustment of a combined network on the ellipsoid shows that the optimal functional approach in relation to the satellite observation, is to create the observational equations directly for the original GNSS Cartesian vector components, writing them directly as a function of the geodetic coordinates (in numerical applications, we use the linearized forms of observational equations with explicitly specified coefficients). While retaining the original character of the Cartesian vector, one avoids any systematic errors that may occur in the conversion of the original GNSS vectors to ellipsoid elements, for example the vector of the geodesic parameters. The problem is theoretically developed and numerically tested. An example of the adjustment of a subnet loaded from the database of reference stations of the ASG-EUPOS system was considered for the preferred functional model of the GNSS observations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Kadaj
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Abstract

The main idea of all Active Queue Management algorithms, is to notify the TCP sender about incoming congestion by dropping packets, to prevent from the buffer overflow, and its negative consequences. However, most AQM algorithms proposed so far, neglect the impact of the high speed and long delay links. As a result, the algorithms’ efficiency, in terms of throughput and/or queue stability, is usually significantly decreased. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First of all, the performance of the well known AQM algorithms in high speed and long delay scenarios is evaluated and compared. Secondly, a new AQM algorithm is proposed, to improve the throughput in the large delay scenarios and to exclude the usage of random number generator.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Brachman
Łukasz Chrost
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Abstract

Leak detection in transmission pipelines is important for safe operation of pipelines. The probability of leaks may be occurred at any time and location, therefore pipeline leak detection systems play a key role in minimization of the occurrence of leaks probability and their impacts. During the operation of the network there are various accidents or intentional actions that lead to leaks of gas pipelines. For each network failure, a quick reaction is needed before it causes more damage. Methods that are used to detect such network failures are three-staged-: early identification of leakage, an accurate indication of its location and determine the amount of lost fluid. Methods for leak detection can be divided into two main groups: external methods (hardware) and internal methods (software). External leak detection methods require additional, often expensive equipment mounted on the network, or use systems that could display only local damage on the pipeline. The alternative are the internal methods which use available network measurements and signalling gas leakage signal based on the mathematical models of the gas flow. In this paper, a new method of leak detection based on a mathematical model of gas flow in a transient state has been proposed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Amanda Kwestarz
Andrzej Janusz Osiadacz
Łukasz Kotyński
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Abstract

The paper attempts to determine an optimum structure of a directional measurement and control network intended for investigating horizontal displacements. For this purpose it uses the notion of entropy as a logarithmical measure of probability of the state of a particular observation system. An optimum number of observations results from the difference of the entropy of the vector of parameters X X ˆ H ' corresponding to one extra observation. An increment of entropy interpreted as an increment of the amount of information about the state of the system determines the adoption or rejection of another extra observation to be carried out.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Mrówczyńska
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Abstract

The paper presents the operation of two neuro-fuzzy systems of an adaptive type, intended for solving problems of the approximation of multi-variable functions in the domain of real numbers. Neuro-fuzzy systems being a combination of the methodology of artificial neural networks and fuzzy sets operate on the basis of a set of fuzzy rules “if-then”, generated by means of the self-organization of data grouping and the estimation of relations between fuzzy experiment results. The article includes a description of neuro-fuzzy systems by Takaga-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) and Wang-Mendel (WM), and in order to complement the problem in question, a hierarchical structural self-organizing method of teaching a fuzzy network. A multi-layer structure of the systems is a structure analogous to the structure of “classic” neural networks. In its final part the article presents selected areas of application of neuro-fuzzy systems in the field of geodesy and surveying engineering. Numerical examples showing how the systems work concerned: the approximation of functions of several variables to be used as algorithms in the Geographic Information Systems (the approximation of a terrain model), the transformation of coordinates, and the prediction of a time series. The accuracy characteristics of the results obtained have been taken into consideration.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Mrówczyńska
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Abstract

Disorders of the heart and blood vessels are the leading cause of health problems and death. Early detection of them is extremely valuable as it can prevent serious incidents (e.g. heart attack, stroke) and associated complications. This requires extending the typical mobile monitoring methods (e.g. Holter ECG, tele-ECG) by introduction of integrated, multiparametric solutions for continuous monitoring of the cardiovascular system.

In this paper we propose the wearable system that integrates measurements of cardiac data with actual estimation of the cardiovascular risk level. It consists of two wirelessly connected devices, one designed in the form of a necklace, the another one in the form of a bracelet (wrist watch). These devices enable continuous measurement of electrocardiographic, plethysmographic (impedance-based and optical-based) and accelerometric signals. Collected signals and calculated parameters indicate the electrical and mechanical state of the heart and are processed to estimate a risk level. Depending on the risk level an appropriate alert is triggered and transmitted to predefined users (e.g. emergency departments, the family doctor, etc.).

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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Wtorek
Adam Bujnowski
Jacek Rumiński
Artur Poliński
Mariusz Kaczmarek
Antoni Nowakowski
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Abstract

The In this paper stabilisation problem of LC ladder network is established. We studied the following cases: stabilisation by inner

resistance, by velocity feedback and stabilisation by dynamic linear feedback, in particularly stabilisation by first range dynamic feedback. The global asymptotic stability of the respectively system is proved by LaSalle’s theorem. In the proof the observability of the dynamic system plays an essential role. Numerical calculations were made using the Matlab/Simulink program.

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Authors and Affiliations

W. Mitkowski
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Abstract

This paper deals with two control algorithms which utilize learning of their models’ parameters. An adaptive and artificial neural network control techniques are described and compared. Both control algorithms are implemented in MATLAB and Simulink environment, and they are used in the simulation of a postion control of the LWR 4+ manipulator subjected to unknown disturbances. The results, showing the better performance of the artificial neural network controller, are shown. Advantages and disadvantages of both controllers are discussed. The usefulness of the learning algorithms for the control of LWR 4+ robots is discussed. Preliminary experiments dealing with dynamic properties of the two LWR 4+ robots are reported.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Woliński
1

  1. Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland.
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Abstract

Land surveyors, photogrammetrists, remote sensing engineers and professionals in the Earth sciences are often faced with the task of transferring coordinates from one geodetic datum into another to serve their desired purpose. The essence is to create compatibility between data related to different geodetic reference frames for geospatial applications. Strictly speaking, conventional techniques of conformal, affine and projective transformation models are mostly used to accomplish such task. With developing countries like Ghana where there is no immediate plans to establish geocentric datum and still rely on the astro-geodetic datums as it national mapping reference surface, there is the urgent need to explore the suitability of other transformation methods. In this study, an effort has been made to explore the proficiency of the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) as a novel alternative coordinate transformation method. The proposed ELM approach was applied to data found in the Ghana geodetic reference network. The ELM transformation result has been analysed and compared with benchmark methods of backpropagation neural network (BPNN), radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), two-dimensional (2D) affine and 2D conformal. The overall study results indicate that the ELM can produce comparable transformation results to the widely used BPNN and RBFNN, but better than the 2D affine and 2D conformal. The results produced by ELM has demonstrated it as a promising tool for coordinate transformation in Ghana.

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Authors and Affiliations

Yao Yevenyo Ziggah
Yakubu Issaka
Prosper Basommi Laari
Zhenyang Hui
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Abstract

The active distribution network (ADN) represents the future development of distribution networks, whether the islanding phenomenon occurs or not determines the control strategy adopted by the ADN. The best wavelet packet has a better time-frequency characteristic than traditional wavelet analysis in the different signal processing, because it can extract better and more information from the signal effectively. Based on wavelet packet energy and the neural network, the islanding phenomenon of the ADN can be detected. Firstly, the wavelet packet is used to decompose current and voltage signals of the public coupling point between the distributed photovoltaic (PV) system and power grid, and calculate the energy value of each decomposed frequency band. Secondly, the network is trained using the constructed energy characteristic matrix as a neural network learning sample. At last, in order to achieve the function of identification for islanding detection, lots of samples are trained in the neural network. Based on the actual circumstance of PV operation in the ADN, the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation model of the ADN is established. After the simulation, there are good output results, which show that the method has the characteristics of high identification accuracy and strong generalization ability.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zhongmei Xi
Faqi Zhao
Xiangyang Zhao
Hong Peng
Chuanxin Xi
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Abstract

The three-dimensional (3D) coordinate measurement of radio frequency identification (RFID) multi-tag

networks is one of the important issues in the field of RFID, which affects the reading performance of

RFID multi-tag networks. In this paper, a novel method for 3D coordinate measurement of RFID multitag

networks is proposed. A dual-CCD system (vertical and horizontal cameras) is used to obtain images of

RFID multi-tag networks from different angles. The iterative threshold segmentation and the morphological

filtering method are used to process the images. The template matching method is respectively used to

determine the two-dimensional (2D) coordinate and the vertical coordinate of each tag. After that, the

3D coordinate of each tag is obtained. Finally, a back-propagation (BP) neural network is used to model

the nonlinear relationship between the RFID multi-tag network and the corresponding reading distance.

The BP neural network can predict the reading distances of unknown tag groups and find out the optimal

distribution structure of the tag groups corresponding to the maximum reading distance. In the future work,

the corresponding in-depth research on the neural network to adjust the distribution of tags will be done.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zhuang Xiao
Xiaolei Yu
Zhimin Zhao
Wenjie Zhang
Zhenlu Liu
Dongsheng Lu
Dingbang Dong
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Abstract

Recent research has shown that the increase in a number of participants of construction project elevated the cost and duration of construction. The use of integrated project delivery and the formation of a network organization structure can significantly reduce the costs, as the activities of the participants become more coherent and coordinated. The optimization of decisions is essential for the efficiency of a negotiation process, which in turn depends on the organizational structure. The article specifies three basic types of network organizational structure that can be applied in a construction project: focal (F1), dynamic (F2), multifocal (F3). In this study, a direct assessment of possible effectiveness of each of the three types of network organizational structures was carried out using a vector decision model. For each of the above-mentioned types of organizational structures, the potential effectiveness of negotiating act f0 and the total potential effectiveness F0 was calculated. The results of the study show that the most effective type of network organizational structure is the multifocal collective decisions in which a project manager has several “assistants”.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Trach
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mieczysław Połoński
2
ORCID: ORCID
Petro Hrytsiuk
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. PhD., Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Institute of Civil Engineering, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Prof. PhD. Eng., Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Institute of Civil Engineering, Nowoursynowska 159,02-776 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Prof. PhD., National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Soborna 11, 33028 Rivne, Ukraine
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Abstract

The results of analysis of geometrical structure of modular networks are discussd in the paper. The criteria of technical correctness of such construction were determined. The algebraic relationship between the network components, e.g. station number, tie points, number of measurements, was analysed. The determination conditions for a single module and for a surface network have been introduced considering the existence of elementary modules that are not internally determined. A comparative test for modular and classical models of network was performed using a computer program. The results illustrate positioning accuracy achievable with use of modular networks. The conclusions presented might be helpful when designing surveying networks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Gargula
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The paper presents the possibilities of neural network application in recognition of rotor blade faults. Computer calculated data of rotor response due to faults were used for neural network training. The rotor was modeled by elastic axes with distribution of Jumped masses. The rotor defects were simulated by changing aerodynamic, inertial or stiffness properties of one of the blades. Time results were subjected to spectral analysis for the purpose of neural networks training.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Stanisławski
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Abstract

The aim of presented work was to evaluate the current tourist-leisure management and on this basis to designate the concept of management the Natura 2000 „Puszcza Notecka” area at Drawsko commune area. The natural-landscape valorisation revealed a very high level of environmental values. However, this potential is currently not fully utilized. For enrichment of current tourist infrastructure and full using potential of analyzed area the followed activities were here proposed: designation of new tourist routes, location a resort and small architecture objects.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Lisiak
Klaudia Borowiak
Weronika Boruszak
Jolanta Kanclerz
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Abstract

We propose the time slot routing, a novel routing scheme that allows for a simple design of interconnection networks. The simulative results show that the proposed scheme demonstrates optimal performance at the maximal uniform network load, and for uniform loads the network throughput is greater than for deflection routing.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ireneusz Szcześniak
Roman Wyrzykowski
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Abstract

Mining activity influence on the environment belongs to the most negative industrial influences. Land subsidence can be a consequence of many geotectonic processes as well as due to anthropogenic interference with rock massif in part or whole landscape. Mine subsidence on the surface can be a result of many deep underground mining activities. The presented study offers the theory to the specific case of the deformation vectors solution in a case of disruption of the data homogeneity of the geodetic network structure in the monitoring station during periodical measurements in mine subsidence. The theory of the specific solution of the deformation vector was developed for the mine subsidence at the Košice-Bankov abandoned magnesite mine near the city of Košice in east Slovakia. The outputs from the deformation survey were implemented into Geographic Information System (GIS) applications to a process of gradual reclamation of whole mining landscape around the magnesite mine. After completion of the mining operations and liquidation of the mine company it was necessary to determine the exact edges of the Košice-Bankov mine subsidence with the zones of residual ground motion in order to implement a comprehensive reclamation of the devastated mining landscape. Requirement of knowledge about stability of the former mine subsidence was necessary for starting the reclamation works. Outputs from the presented specific solutions of the deformation vectors confirmed the multi-year stability of the mine subsidence in the area of interest. Some numerical and graphical results from the deformation vectors survey in the Košice-Bankov abandoned magnesite mine are presented. The obtained results were transformed into GIS for the needs of the self-government of the city of Košice to the implementation of the reclamation works in the Košice-Bankov mining area.
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Authors and Affiliations

Vladimir Sedlák
Jaroslav Hofierka
Michal Gallay
Jan Kaňuk
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of real time measurements of test geodetic control network points using the RTK GPS and RTX Extended technologies. The Trimble RTX technology uses the xFill function, which enables real measurements without the need for constant connection with the ASG EUPOS system reference stations network. Comparative analyses of the results of measurements using the methods were performed and they were compared with the test control network data assumed to be error-free. Although the Trimble RTX technology is an innovative measurement method which is rarely used now, the possibilities it provides in surveying works, including building geodetic control networks, are satisfactory and it will certainly contribute to improving the organisation of surveying works.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Krzyżek
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Abstract

Generally, gross errors exist in observations, and they affect the accuracy of results. We review methods to detect the gross errors by Robust estimation method based on L1-estimation theory and their validity in adjustment of geodetic networks with different condition. In order to detect the gross errors, we transform the weight of accidental model into equivalent one using not standardized residual but residual of observation, and apply this method to adjustment computation of triangulation network, traverse network, satellite geodetic network and so on. In triangulation network, we use a method of transforming into equivalent weight by residual and detect gross error in parameter adjustment without and with condition. The result from proposed method is compared with the one from using standardized residual as equivalent weight. In traverse network, we decide the weight by Helmert variance component estimation, and then detect gross errors and compare by the same way with triangulation network In satellite geodetic network in which observations are correlated, we detect gross errors transforming into equivalent correlation matrix by residual and variance inflation factor and the result is also compared with the result from using standardized residual. The results of detection are shown that it is more convenient and effective to detect gross errors by residual in geodetic network adjustment of various forms than detection by standardized residual.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jung-Hyang Kim
Chol-Jin Kim
Ryong-Jin Li
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Abstract

The cognitive aim of this study is to point to the optimum number of local government units and the optimum boundaries of spatial units in Poland with the assumption of minimizing the cumulated theoretical travel time to all settlement units in the country. The methodological aim, in turn, is to present the use of the ArcGIS location-allocation tool for the purposes of delimitation processes as exemplified by administrative boundaries in Poland. The rationale for the implementation of this study is that number and the boundaries of units of all levels of Poland’s current territorial division are far from optimum in the light of minimization of accumulated theoretical travel time to all settlement units in the country. It may be concluded that it would be justifiable to increase the number of voivodships from the current number of 16 to 18. Besides it would be necessary to introduce modifications in relation to units with regional functions. In contrast, the number of districts and communes should be reduced. A continuation of this research may go in the direction of including analysis of public transport network in the research, creating in this way a multimodal set of network data. This would illustrate, apart from the potential itself resulting from the infrastructure, also the actually existing connections.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Borowska-Stefańska
Szymon Wiśniewski
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Abstract

Prior any satellite technology developments, the geodetic networks of a country were realized from a topocentric datum, and hence the respective cartography was performed. With availability of Global Navigation Satellite Systems-GNSS, cartography needs to be updated and referenced to a geocentric datum to be compatible with this technology. Cartography in Ecuador has been performed using the PSAD56 (Provisional South American Datum 1956) systems, nevertheless it’s necessary to have inside the system SIRGAS (SIstema de Referencia Geocéntrico para las AmericaS). This transformation between PSAD56 to SIRGAS use seven transformation parameters calculated with the method Helmert. These parameters, in case of Ecuador are compatible for scales of 1:25 000 or less, that does not satisfy the requirements on applications for major scales. In this study, the technique of neural networks is demonstrated as an alternative for improving the processing of UTM planes coordinates E, N (East, North) from PSAD56 to SIRGAS. Therefore, from the coordinates E, N, of the two systems, four transformation parameters were calculated (two of translation, one of rotation, and one scale difference) using the technique bidimensional transformation. Additionally, the same coordinates were used to training Multilayer Artificial Neural Network -MANN, in which the inputs are the coordinates E, N in PSAD56 and output are the coordinates E, N in SIRGAS. Both the two-dimensional transformation and ANN were used as control points to determine the differences between the mentioned methods. The results imply that, the coordinates transformation obtained with the artificial neural network multilayer trained have been improving the results that the bidimensional transformation, and compatible to scales 1:5000.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alfonso Tierra
Ricardo Romero
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Abstract

Trust and willingness to cooperate depend on the structure of one’s social network and the resources one can access through it. In this study, based on a survey dataset of a representative sample of the Polish population (n = 1000) we create an empirical ‘map’ of four distinct dimensions of social capital: degree (number of social ties), centrality in the social network, bridging social capital (ties with dissimilar others), and bonding social capital (ties with similar others, primarily with kin). We investigate the links between social capital and its key correlates: generalized and particularized trust and willingness to cooperate. We find that centrality (or occupying the position of a network bridge) is positively related to trust, whereas for bonding social capital this relation is negative. We find also a puzzling effect of cooperation without trust in the case of individuals with high bridging social capital resources (ties with dissimilar others).
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Growiec
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jakub Growiec
2
ORCID: ORCID
Bogumił Kamiński
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny
  2. Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
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Abstract

The number of publications inspired by Bruno Latour’s social thought has significantly grown in Poland over the last decade. Among them there are theoretical analyses, research programms as well as projects of social engineering. This situation makes it urgent to examine the credibility of Latour’s vision of science and society. The present article claims that the premises as well as arguments of the French thinker are not only fallacious but also dangerous. A number of absurdities following from the actor-network theory become evident in the works of the Polish followers of Latour. Thus the article focuses on selected examples of them. In the conclusion the author indicates certain advantages for Latour’s readers and formulates several hypotheses about the possible reasons for Latour’s growing popularity.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Kaczmarczyk

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