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Number of results: 20
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Abstract

This article deals with the testing of surface layers produced on technical titanium Ti99.2 under glow discharge conditions. In order to determine the effect of process temperature on the produced surface layers, nitriding processes were carried out at 700°C and 800°C and for 3 and 5 hours. The research results on evaluating the properties of the obtained surface layers and the characterization of their morphology were presented. The impact of the adopted nitriding process variant on the quality of the obtained layers was evaluated. It was demonstrated that the use of the supplementary potential during the ion nitriding process reduces the unwanted edge effect, which results in a significant increase in the homogeneity of the nitrided layers and improves the functional properties of the technical titanium Ti99.2.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Pilarska
T. Frączek
K. Maźniak
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Abstract

The subject of the study concerns the enhancement of corrosion and wear resistance of nitrided 42CrMo4 steel by the formation of zinc phosphate top layer. The present work is aimed at the assessment of the effect of increasing thickness of nitrided layer from approximately 2 µm to 16 µm on the morphology and properties of zinc phosphate coating. XRD analysis showed that along with the increase in the thickness of the nitrides layer, a change in the phase composition was observed. SEM/EDS examination revealed that top layer consists of crystalline zinc phosphate coating. The shape and size of crystals does not significantly depend on a thickness of nitrides layer but corrosion resistance determined by potentiodynamic method in 0.5M NaCl increased with an increase of thickness of a “white layer”. Similarily the wear resistance determined by the 3-cone-roll test was also the highest for 16 µm nitride layer.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Kapuściński
L. Kwiatkowski
P. Wach
A. Mazurek
R. Diduszko
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Abstract

Biocompatible coatings produced on the basis of the chemically extracted natural hydroxyapatite (HAp) from the animal bones were deposited using multiplex method comprising glow discharge nitriding (GDN) of the titanium alloy substrate and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of HAp on the formerly fabricated titanium nitride layer (TiN). The TiN interlayer plays an important role improving adhesion of HAp to substrate and preserves the direct contact of the tissue with metallic substrate in the case of possible cracking of HAp coating. Surface morphology of deposited layers, crystallographic texture and residual stress were studied in relation to the type of laser applied to ablation (Nd:YAG or ArF excimer), laser repetition, temperature of substrate and atmosphere in the reactive chamber.

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Authors and Affiliations

B. Major
T. Wierzchoń
W. Mróz
K. Haberko
R. Ebner
J. Bonarski
R. Major
A. Prokopiuk
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Abstract

Group of steel balls with different chemical composition, diameters and nitriding treatment parameters were investigated with using magnetic resonance and magnetization methods. Emerging nitrided regions consists of diffusion and surface layer of iron nitrides. The thickness of the individual layers depends on the type of steel and process parameters. Resonance signal shape and position were successfully described in the ferromagnetic resonance regime expected for dense iron magnetic system. Influence of the sample size, thermal treatment and carbon content on the absorption signal has been analyzed. Significant magnetic anisotropy has been revealed, as well as non-usual increasing of the magnetization as a function of temperature. It suggests, that overall antiferromagnetic ordering, destroyed by thermal movement, lead to increasing of the ferromagnetic region.

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Authors and Affiliations

H. Fuks
S.M. Kaczmarek
G. Leniec
J. Michalski
B. Kucharska
P. Wach
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Abstract

The effect of titanium nitride (TiN) thickness as the support layer for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) growth was investigated by depositing three different thicknesses: 20 nm, 50 nm and 100 nm. This TiN support layer was deposited on SiO2 pads before depositing nickel (Ni) as the catalyst material. The Ni distribution on different TiN thicknesses was studied under hydrogen environment at 600°C. Then, the samples were further annealed at 600°C in acetylene and hydrogen environment for CNTs growth. The results show that, the optimum TiN thickness was obtained for 50 nm attributed by the lowest D to G ratio (0.8).
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Authors and Affiliations

Muhammad M. Ramli
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
N.H. Osman
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
D. Darminto
4
ORCID: ORCID
M.M.A.B. Abdullah
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Science, Department of Physic, Applied Electromagnetic Laboratory, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
  4. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Faculty of Science and Analytical Data, Department of Physic, Campus ITS Sukolilo-Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
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Abstract

Thermo-chemical treatments are known to increase the fatigue life of industrial parts. Due to the imprecise consideration of residual stresses in predicting the durability of components subjected to cyclic loading and their effect on the fatigue life, the authors developed a numerical model combining the influence of residual stresses with stresses caused by bending. The authors performed the numerical simulation with the use of Finite Element Method to analyse material behaviour during cyclic loading. The residual stress state developed during nitriding was introduced onto cross-section of the numerical specimen. The goal of this work was better understanding of the real conditions of the nitride steel fatigue processes and improving the knowledge about numerical predicting of the fatigue life for parts with residual stresses. The results of simulation were compared with plane bending fatigue tests. The presented method indicates the possibility of increasing the accuracy of the fatigue analysis of elements after surface treatment, increasing its certainty and the ability to perform better optimization of service life.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Sawicki
P. Siedlaczek
A. Staszczyk
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Abstract

The general area of understanding is inclusions in steel both metallic and nonmetallic in nature. This work has also used the concepts of inclusions in steel in general other than Ti however mainly the research works done on precipitation, solute segregation, grain developments and equilibrium aspects of important inclusions like Ti in steel have been probed. Interaction of inclusions with slag oxides has also been incorporated. Interdependence of elements common in-between many inclusions has been marked. TiN, TixOy and MnS inclusions have been very outstanding in the confines of present research. Ratios and effective concentration have been highlighted in certain cases around the topic. Type of steels, compositions of the constituent elements and temperature correlation has been spotted in certain environments. A suggestive relation with the steel properties has also been inferred. Hardness, corrosion behaviour and strength stand out to be the parameters of vital importance when considering Ti inclusions in the form of either TiN or TixOy. Certain inclusions like MnS seem to nucleate on TiN inclusions and there is a correlation evident certainly in case of complex alloys.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ali R. Sheikh
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
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Abstract

The present research investigates the nitriding kinetics of the near-beta-titanium alloy of Ti-Al-Nb-Fe-Zr-Mo-V system at 750, 800, and 850°C in gaseous nitrogen at 10 5 Pa for 2, 4, and 8 h. The parabolic coefficient kp of the layer’s growth rate and the nitriding activation energy E are set as the kinetic parameters of the nitrided layer’s growth. The activation energy for the formation of a nitride layer is ~108 kJ/mol. The authors discuss the morphology of the nitride layers as well as their roughness and surface hardness. The study determines the effective diffusion coefficient for the growth of diffusion layers in the temperature range of 750...850°C: Def = D0 × exp (– E/RT), where D0 = 0.0177 m 2/s; E = 215.7 kJ/mol. The friction coefficient of the disk from near-beta-titanium alloy with a bronze block is lowered by significantly more than 10 times after gas nitriding, and the temperature in the friction zone is reduced by 2.5 times.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.G. Luk’yanenko
1
ORCID: ORCID
I.M. Pohrelyuk
1
ORCID: ORCID
V.M. Fedirko
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.G. Molyar
2
V.S. Trush
1
ORCID: ORCID
T.M. Kravchyshyn
1

  1. G.V. Karpenko Physico-Mechanics Institute of the NAS of Ukraine, Department of Material Science Bases of Surface Engineering, 5, Naukova Str., 79060 Lviv, Ukraine
  2. G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics of the NAS of Ukraine, Department of Physics of Strength and Ductility of Inhomogeneous Alloys,36 Academician Vernadsky Boulevard, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
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Abstract

This paper investigates the preparation of silicon nitride composites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Samples containing 1–10 wt% MWCNTs were ultrasonically processed in non-aqueous suspensions, dried, pressed, and then subjected to non-pressure sintering at 1600 °C for 2 h. The preliminary results showed that the mixture of activated silicon nitride and covered MWCNTs could be sintered. The porosity of the obtained samples ranged from 0.27 to 36.94 vol.%. The microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the mechanical properties (hardness and fracture toughness) were also determined. Good hardness values were obtained for samples prepared by sintering the mechanically activated precursor under a flowing nitrogen atmosphere using the lowest fraction of CNTs. Residual activator reduced the densification of the composites.
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Bibliography

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  6.  J. Wang, X. Deng, and S. Du, “Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Ceramic Composites: A Review”, Int. Ceram. Rev., vol. 63, pp.  286–289, 2014, doi: 10.1007/BF03401072.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Mikuśkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Materials Engineering, Department of Advanced Materials and Technologies, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krasinskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
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Abstract

Gaseous nitriding of binary Ni-Cr solid-solution alloys was studied at 1125ºC over the range 1 to 6000 bar of N2-pressure. At the specified temperature the nitriding response of the Ni-Cr alloys depends on the Cr-content in the initial alloy and activity (fugacity) of nitrogen at the gas/metal interface. Transition from cubic δ-CrN to hexagonal β-Cr2N precipitation occurs within the reaction zone after nitrogenization at 1125ºC under nitrogen pressure 100-6000 bar when chromium content in the initial alloy is 28 at. % or higher. It was found that a ternary phase, π (Cr12.8Ni7.2N4.0) is formed inside the Ni32Cr alloy upon cooling in nitrogen after nitriding at 1125ºC and 1 bar of N2. Experimental evidence is presented that π-phase is involved in peritectoid relations with β-Cr2N and γ-(Ni-Cr) solid solution. It was also demonstrated that nitriding behaviour of the Ni-Cr alloy can be rationalized using pertinent phase diagram information, but, in some cases, effect of mechanical stresses induced upon the internal precipitation can vitiate this prediction.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Kodentsov
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Cserháti
2

  1. Mat-Tech BV, Development & Testing, Son, The Netherlands
  2. University of Debrecen Hungary Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Solid State Physics, Hungary
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Abstract

Nitrogen-doped DLC (diamond-like carbon) coatings were produced on 316L nitrided austenitic steel in direct current and pulsed glow discharge conditions. The chemical composition, surface topography, hardness and corrosion resistance of the obtained carbon coatings were examined. The coatings varied in surface morphology, roughness and hardness. Direct current glow discharge made it possible to produce a coating characterized by lower hardness, greater thickness and higher nitrogen content. The coating featured improved corrosion resistance and adhesion compared to coatings produced in the pulsed process.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Borowski
ORCID: ORCID
M. Spychalski
ORCID: ORCID
K. Rożniatowski
ORCID: ORCID
K. Kulikowski
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Rising technical standards of customers, legal requirements and the trend to minimize maintenance effort raise the thermal, mechanical and tribological loads on components of combustion engines. In this regard, emphasis is laid on improving the piston ring - cylinder liner tribosystem, one with the highest energy losses. An efficient performance has to be guaranteed during its lifetime. Tribological investigations could be carried out on engine test benches, but they are highly cost-intensive and time-consuming. Therefore, a damage-equivalent test methodology was developed with the analogous tribological model, "ring-on-liner". The research was carried out under two characteristic operating conditions. One with a "standard" operating system, modelled in line with ideal lubrication conditions, and the other "extreme abrasive" operating system, typical to a system running on a lubricant contaminated by abrasive particles. To optimize the tribological loading capacity of the cylinder liner, with focus on these two operating conditions, numerous nitride coatings have been investigated. The key aspects being seizure resistance, running-in characteristics and long term wear behaviour.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jürgen Schiffer
István Gódor
Florian Grün
Wilfried Eichlseder
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Abstract

Thermochemical treatment processes are used to produce a surface layer of the workpiece with improved mechanical properties. One of the important parameters during the gas nitriding processes is the temperature of the surface. In thermochemical treatment processes, there is a problem in precisely determining the surface temperature of heat-treated massive components with complex geometries. This paper presents a simulation of the heating process of a die used to extrude aluminium profiles. The maximum temperature differences calculated in the die volume, on the surface and at the most mechanically stressed edge during the extrusion of the aluminum profiles were analysed. The heating of the die was simulated using commercial transient thermal analysis software. The numerical calculations of the die assumed a boundary condition in the form of the heat transfer coefficient obtained from experimental studies in a thermochemical treatment furnace and the solution of the nonstationary and non-linear inverse problem for the heat conduction equation in the cylinder. The die heating analysis was performed for various heating rates and fan settings. Major differences in the surface temperature and in the volume of the heated die were obtained. Possible ways to improve the productivity and control of thermochemical treatment processes were identified. The paper investigates the heating of a die, which is a massive component with complex geometry. This paper indicates a new way to develop methods for the control of thermochemical processing of massive components with complex geometries.
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Authors and Affiliations

Damian Joachimiak
1
Wojciech Judt
1
Magda Joachmiak
1

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Thermal Engineering, Piotrowo 3a, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
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Abstract

For the sake of exploring the thermodynamic characteristics of hybrid ceramic bearings with metal inner rings in the application process, we established the mathematical model of bearings with metal inner rings based on the thermodynamics of bearings. The heat of the bearings, inner and outer raceway, and the deformation of bearings were calculated by the thermodynamic model. We used the bearing life testing machine to test the bearing load and speed. The consequences indicate that the temperature stability time of a hybrid ceramic bearing with the metal inner ring is about 6 hours after loading, and its temperature is about 1–2°C higher than that of a metal bearing. Under the condition of a certain speed, the stable temperature of bearing operation improves with the enlargement of the load. Under the condition of a certain load, the bearing temperature also improves with the enlargement of bearing speed. The overall temperature trend of the bearing outer ring is unanimous with the overall temperature value calculated by the model. The maximum error is between 2.2 and 2.4°C. The thermodynamic analysis of hybrid bearings with metal inner rings is conducive to a better study of the effect of bearing material characteristics on bearing performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jian Sun
1
Guangxiang Zhang
1
Junxing Tian
1
Yusheng Zhu
2

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Liaoning, 100084, China
  2. Nanjing Metro Operation Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China
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Abstract

The structural, morphological and photoluminescent properties of thermally evaporated neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) thin films deposited onto nanostructured silicon (Si-ns) are reported. Si-ns embedded in silicon nitride (SiN) thin films are prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD). SiN and Nd2O3 thin films uniformity and Si-ns formation are confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of neodymium (Nd), silicon (Si), oxygen (O), and phosphorus (P) is investigated by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Post-annealing SIMS profile indicates an improvement of the homogeneity of activated P distribution in Si bulk. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) combined with Raman spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have been employed to determine amorphous silicon (a-Si), crystalline silicon (c-Si), Nd2O3 and SiN phases present in the Nd2O3-SiN bilayers with their corresponding chemical bonds. After annealing, a Raman shift toward lower wavenumbers is recorded for the Si peak. XPS data reveal the formation of Nd2O3 thin films with Nd-O bonding incorporating trivalent Nd ions (Nd3+). Strong room-temperature photoluminescence is recorded in the visible light range from the Si-ns. Nd-related photoluminescent emission in the near infrared (NIR) range is observed at wavelengths of 1025–1031 nm and 1083 nm, and hence is expected to improve light harvesting of Si-based photovoltaic devices.
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Authors and Affiliations

Amine Mefoued
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Bedra Mahmoudi
1
Nasser Benrekaa
2
Faiza Tiour
1
Hamid Menari
1
Abdelyamine Naitbouda
3
Amar Manseri
1
Afaf Brik
1
Salah Mezghiche
1
Moustafa Debbab
4

  1. Centre de Recherche en Technologie des Semi-conducteurs pour l’Énergétique (CRTSE), 02 Bd Frantz Fanon BP140, Alger–7 merveilles, 16027 Algiers, Algeria
  2. Faculté de Physique, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 Bab-Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
  3. Centre de Développement des Technologies Avancées (CDTA), Cité 20 août 1956, 16081 Algiers, Algeria
  4. Université Abou Bekr Belkaid BP 230, 13000 Chetouane, Tlemcen, Algeria
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Abstract

The oral cavity due to its temperature fluctuations, changing pH, high humidity, action of mechanical forces and the presence of microorganisms is a favorable environment for degradation of dental materials. The paper presents comparative results on orthodontic arch-wires AISI304 steel before and after low temperature plasma nitriding carried out at cathodic potential (conventional) and at plasma potential, i.e. in a process incorporating an active screen. Corrosion resistance test on nitrided layers produced on stainless steel were carried out via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the potentiodynamic method in non-deaerated artificial saliva solution at 37°C. The results were complemented with analysis of the structure, surface topography and microhardness. The results showed an increase in corrosion resistance of AISI304 steel after conventional glow-discharge nitriding.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Kamiński
K. Małkiewicz
J. Rębiś
T. Wierzchoń
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The application of titanium alloys is limited due to their low surface hardness and wear resistance, especially for parts operating under friction and contact loads. One of the most widely used technologies for the thermochemical treatment of titanium alloys is gas nitriding. A new method in this direction is surface plasma gas nitriding using indirect arc plasmatrons operating in a chamber with a controlled nitrogen atmosphere. In the present work, the changes in the phase transformations, microstructure, and surface hardness of titanium alloy Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V after plasma gas nitriding at the power of 18 kW, and 25 kW for a time between 5 and 30 minutes are studied. The plasma gas nitriding with the indirect plasmatron of the titanium alloy produced continuous surface layers. Analysis of the surface showed the presence of TiN and TiO2. The thickness of the plasma gas nitrided layers ranges between 100 μm and 350 μm, depending on the technological parameters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Radostina Yankova
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ludmil Drenchev
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Metal Science, Equipment and Technologies with Hydro- and Aerodynamics Centre “Acad. A. Balevski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Abstract

Boron nitride (BN) reinforced Al6061 aluminum-based composites are synthesized by conventional stir casting method followed by exposure to hot extrusion. The optical images confirmed the distribution of BN nanoparticles in the aluminum alloy matrix. The concentration of BN is varied from (0.5, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, and 9 wt%) in the composites and its effect on the tensile strength was investigated. The results revealed that both extruded and heat-treated composites specimens showed enhanced toughness and tensile strength by increasing BN nanoparticle concentration. The heat-treated composite samples showed lower flexibility of up to 40%, and further, it exhibited 37% greater hardness and 32% enhancement in tensile strength over the extruded sample. The tensile properties of Al6061-BN composites were evaluated by temperature-dependent internal friction (TDIF) analysis and the results showed that the as-prepared composite's strength increased with temperature.
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Authors and Affiliations

Y.B. Mukesh
1
Prem Kumar Naik
2
Raghavendra Rao R
3
N.R. Vishwanatha
4
N.S. Prema
5
H.N. Girish
6
Naik L. Laxmana
3
Puttaswamy Madhusudan
7 8
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India
  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMC Engineering College, Bengaluru, India
  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, India
  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Navkis College of Engineering, Hassan, India
  5. Department of Information Science and Engineering, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysore, India
  6. Department of Studies in Earth Science, University of Mysore, 570006, India
  7. Environmental Engineering and Management Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam
  8. Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam
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Abstract

Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) is gaining popularity as a treatment used to modify structures obtained during heat or thermo-chemical treatment. The article presents the influence of DCT, carried out during heat treatment before and after gas nitriding processes, on the formation of gas nitrided layers on X153CrMoV12 steel. It was found that the use of DCT between quenching and tempering performed prior to gas nitriding processes, increases the hardness, thickness and wear resistance of the nitrided layers. At the same time, if we apply cryogenic treatment during post-heat treatment of nitrided layers, we also get very high wear resistance and increased thickness of nitrided layers, in comparison with conventional gas nitriding of X153CrMoV12 steel. In this case, DCT significantly increases also the hardness of the core by the transformation of retained austenite and the precipitation of fine carbides of alloying elements.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Wach
A. Ciski
T. Babul
A. Kapuścińska
D. Oleszak

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