Vaccination is a common routine for prevention and control of human and animal diseases by inducing antibody responses and cell-mediated immunity in the body. Through vaccinations, smallpox and some other diseases have been eradicated in the past few years. The use of a patho- gen itself or a subunit domain of a protein antigen as immunogens lays the basis for traditional vaccine development. But there are more and more newly emerged pathogens which have expe- rienced antigenic drift or shift under antibody selective pressures, rendering vaccine-induced im- munity ineffective. In addition, vaccine development has been hampered due to problems includ- ing difficulties in isolation and culture of certain pathogens and the antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection (ADE). How to induce strong antibody responses, especially neu- tralizing antibody responses, and robust cell-mediated immune responses is tricky. Here we re- view the progress in vaccine development from traditional vaccine design to reverse vaccinology and structural vaccinology and present with some helpful perspectives on developing novel vac- cines.

Micro-(h)istorical narratives by Claude Duneton and Jean Echenoz – The purpose of this article is a comparative study of two recent French novels, Le Monument. Roman vrai by Claude Duneton (2004) and 1914 by Jean Echenoz (2012), which, in spite of formal and ideological differences, approach the theme of the Great War in a way similar to micro-historical frameworks. Like historians representing this field of historiography, both writers depict the four years of the First World War by focusing on a small community and a geographical space limited to a small location on the home-front. Referring to the distinction between roman de l’historien (the historian’s novel) and roman du témoin (the witness’s novel) proposed by Emmanuel Bouju, the author of the article analyses the strategies used by the novelists to create an indirect witness’s point-of-view, juxtaposed with the perspective of the contemporary recipient of the events that happened a hundred years ago.

Natural gas is a mixture of 21 components and it is widely used in industries and homes. Knowledge of its thermodynamic properties is essential for designing appropriate processes and equipment. This paper presents simple but precise correlations of how to compute important thermodynamic properties of natural gas. As measuring natural gas composition is costly and may not be effective for real time process, the correlations are developed based on measurable real time properties. The real time properties are temperature, pressure and specific gravity of the natural gas. Calculations with these correlations are compared with measured values. The validations show that the average absolute percent deviation (AAPD) for compressibility factor calculations is 0.674%, for density is 2.55%, for Joule-Thomson coefficient is 4.16%. Furthermore, in this work, new correlations are presented for computing thermal properties of natural gas such as enthalpy, internal energy and entropy. Due to the lack of experimental data for these properties, the validation is done for pure methane. The validation shows that AAPD is 1.31%, 1.56% and 0.4% for enthalpy, internal energy and entropy respectively. The comparisons show that the correlations could predict natural gas properties with an error that is acceptable for most engineering applications.

In 2014 Yasmina Khadra published the novel Qu’attendent les singes. It depicts a negative image of Algeria in the first decade of the 21st century – a country ruled by corrupted elites capable of all crimes. In the same year the writer announced his decision to participate in the presidential election in Algeria. The aim of this article is to analyze Khadra’s latest crime novel and to ask question about the links between the political campaign and the promotion of the book.

The aim of the article is to analyze literary images of women who had an impact on the history of Poland in the historical novel Gambit hetmański (2014), written by Robert Foryś. This type of fiction is a popular variety of the genre, its main theme is the conflict between political factions fighting for power. The leaders of the factions are women. The article focus on the answer to the question: whether Foryś creating scandalous portraits of women who reach for power is a threat or a chance for them to recall and preserve their presence in history.

The aim of the following paper is to compare the female protagonists of Honoré de Balzac’s novel that dates back to 1842. The comparison is drawn in the context of two philosophical notions which are in opposition: volonté, understood as intent and desire to achieve goals or realize passions, and liberum arbitrium representing the free will to make conscious personal decisions. Mrs de l’Estorade, alias Renée de Maucombe, is the most conspicuous example of a character, who seems to be driven by social determinism. However, this assumption is paradoxically far from truth because the actions she takes reflect the principles of liberum arbitrium. The epistolary form of the novel complements the analysis of the aforementioned concepts. It allows the women to give vent to their feelings and explain the reasons behind their choices.

In 1927 Orio Vergani wrote the introduction to the first authorized Italian translation of Ramón Gómez de la Serna’s Senos (1917) and in 1942 he republished Soste del capogiro, a book of short stories from 1921–1926. The author of this article demonstrates how some of them retrace the short fiction of Gómez de la Serna in style, themes and language. Some were expanded and published by Vergani in 1942 in the fascist magazine “Legioni e Falangi”, however, their anonymous translation for the Spanish twin edition departs from the ramonian model of the origins.

The unpublished novel Jacopo Foscari. Storia Veneta del Secolo XV (1838) by the Pisan writer, lawyer and politician Tommaso Paoli is presented for the first time. The novel is based on the story of the trial and conviction of the son of the sixty-fifth doge of Venice. It is an episode already dealt with by Byron in the tragedy The two Foscari but which Paoli proposes in a new guise starting from the choice of the narrative form.

The article attempts to consider issues related to the presence of various language varieties in Croatian literature – general/standard (native and foreign), regional (dialects, regiolects), social (sociolects). Focusing primarily on artistic narrative prose, the author tries to show how the heritage of centuries‑old multilingualism in the culture of Croatia translated into various stylistic phenomena, how it evolves and what consequences it may have not only for the language itself, but also for cultural phenomena. Thanks to this approach, an attempt is made to highlight the circumstances related to the choice of the Shtokavian dialect as the literary language in the 19th century.

Joris-Karl Huysmans, one of the most prominent French writers of the turn of the twentieth century, began his literary career as a naturalist, a promising disciple of Emile Zola. He departed from these ideals in his best-known novel A rebours (1884), considered the “bible of decadence”. Its protagonist, the eccentric misanthrope des Esseintes, withdraws from society to indulge in contemplation in solitude, studying rare prints and seeking beauty in the singular. He appreciates the scandalising works of writers such as Barbey d,Aurevilly and Baudelaire. These authors have been accused of promoting satanism. Durtal, the protagonist of the novel Lă-bas, goes even further, in which we find contemporary echoes of satanism, attempts to revive the ritual of the black mass or a fascination with cruelty. Ultimately, however – and this is best evidenced in subsequent works ( En route, La Cathédrale, L,Oblat) satanism brings disillusionment. A return to the Christian religion, which Huysmans nevertheless interprets in an original way, becomes inevitable.

An intensive insertion of nature into urbanized structures provides a common denominator for modern design. The role of alien species in greenery is on the increase, and is the significance of their integration. It is emphasized that the responsibility for the sustainable cultivation of planetary garden rests with the man. This responsibility indicates symbiotic attitude through an active participation in the process of creation and then care/cultivation in order to maintain a new/novel balance.

In contemporary cultural discourse, Chernobyl is associated with nuclear apocalypse. The author of the article examines two authors’ visions of Chernobyl in Ukrainian literature, which represent different textual strategies of the copreciprocalization of the trauma experienced. One of them, revealed in Markiyan Kamysh’s novel Oformlandia (2015), is an attempt to reconstruct a post‐apocalyptic world. The writer’s narrator, who is the same age as the Chernobyl disaster of 1986, travels to the Zone and talks about it as an exotic space that is freed from human presence. In Teodosia Zarivna’s novel The Silence of Caesium (2022) the narrator is a peasant woman who oppositely has spent her entire life near Chernobyl, but after the accident returns and becomes the last resident in her native village. The first work presents an imaginary model of the future: Chernobyl becomes a place of exotic excursions and extreme tourists. In the second, the Zone appears as an organic factor in a picture of the past – a historical era of the twentieth century, which is fading into oblivion along with its last witnesses.

This article will focus on different forms of hybridization in the contemporary Belgian fantasy novel. It demonstrates aesthetic communion by referring to four authors: Alain Dartevelle, Christopher Gérard, Thomas Gunzig and Bernard Quiriny. By analyzing the syncretism at once generic, poetic and stylistic of their novels, it traces the contours of their mixed writing. It also reflects on the place that these novelists reserve for the supernatural, an ingredient inherent in fantastic alchemy, as well as on the national, even Belgian, character of their writing.

The article discusses two books: a fairy tale novel The Stolen City. 1941 (2017) by Yuliya Yakovleva and a graphic novel Survilo (2019) by Olga Lavrent’yeva. These are projects different in terms of genre and form, resulting from the sense of insufficiency of the methods used so far to talk about the blockade of Leningrad, going beyond the official discourse of historical politics. The works were created by the female representatives of the generation, for whom the reference point in writing about the siege is not the reality of their own biographical experience, but historical sources and the accounts of others. This connected the reflection on the content of the books with the issues of the functioning of individual memory, postmemory and collective memory. The basic task is to check how the authors “tell the siege”, what presentation strategy they choose, what goals it helps to achieve.

This article explores the darkened and rarely visited zones of Maria Dąbrowska’s Noce i dnie [ Nights and Days] (1932–1934), a tetralogy of novels usually read as a realist family saga. In its broad panorama children and childhood have a very important place, yet what seems to have largely been ignored is the enigmatic nature of childhood and child's role as a locus of mystery. With the help of tropes of the folk imaginarium (primarily the iconic Grimms’ Fairy Tales), and conceptual tools borrowed from Sigmund Freud, Bruno Bettelheim, Jacques Lacan and Julia Kristeva, the article analyzes Dąbrowska’s multi‑layered and elusive characters, caught up in an endless strife trying in vain to tame the chaos within themselves and to get to grips with the threatening uncanniness of the world outside.

The novels of Jean Echenoz are particularly known for their playfulness with which they deconstruct the codes of the paraliterary genres, as well as for a casualness with which they approach the topos of the modernist novel. The production of this author of the last two decades nevertheless testifies of a new direction that slips in the biographical. Like many writers of his generation, Jean Echenoz deals in Jérôme Lindon (2001), Ravel (2006), Courir (2008) and Des éclairs (2010) with the lives of illustrious personalities of our era. We can wonder what the objective of this approach of a writer, who shows his admiration with regard to his characters, is. Is it a simple tribute or need to fill out gaps in history that we will never complete for lack of evidence to support? This paper also tries to deal with the problem of the genre of these texts that lie at the edge between fiction and factual literature.

This work describes a new study to achieve a combination of modified function projective synchronization between three different chaotic systems through adaptive control. Using the Lyapunov function theory, the asymptotic stability of the error dynamics is obtained and discussed. Further, we set some appropriate initial conditions for the state variables and assigning specific values to the parameters and obtain the graphical results, which shows the efficiencies of the new method. Finally, we summarized our work with conclusion and references.

Flame retardants (FRs) that have an adverse effect on human and the environment have been subject to regulation since 1972. However, FRs emerging as a replacement, are not proving to be fully environmentally safe. Water and sediment contamination by FRs, including organophosphorus (OPFRs) and novel brominated (NBFRs) ones, is a matter of major concern. Due to their common usage, many release sources, and relatively high mobility, they pose a threat to aquatic organisms and ecosystems. This review summarises studies on the OPFRs’, and NBFRs’ simultaneous occurrence in water and corresponding sediment. The main sources of occurrence and routes of entry of FRs into the environment are presented. The newest reports on the ecotoxicity of selected FRs had been summarised in order to bring the matter to attention. The research revealed that although great efforts had been made to study the occurrence of OPFRs and NBFRs in water and sediment separately, there is a lack of research on their occurrence in both media in the same area. Although major efforts have been made to study the ecotoxicity of OPFRs, there are some deficiencies for the NBFRs. Considering their relatively high ecotoxicity, further studies should be conducted on joint ecotoxicity, which may cause synergistic or antagonistic effects.

The paper examines the most important Italian historical novel and focuses on its principal migration routes, especially concerning main characters. It also examines a variety of representations of border and frontier (also in a metaphorical sense) in the novel.

The article attempts to reconstruct the literary "traces" of the "great lady" of German literature – Ricarda Huch – in the area of the ideas of Mediterranean thoughts as in the example of Italy. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Huch became interested, as a historian and novelist, in the history of the struggles for national liberation in Italy and erected a specific literary monument to the heroes of the Italian risorgimento. Also her personal experiences connected with Italy were found in the social novel Aus der Triumphgasse [From the Avenue of Freedom].

At the end of the Golden Age, how did a prose writer from Madrid use comedy to achieve the didactic, moralizing and religious project of his fiction works? When the Spanish novel was in crisis, Francisco Santos pleased a devout readership by using some of the clichés of popular and literary satire.

The aim of this paper is to analyse and interprete the prose text "Vor der Zunahme der Zeichen" by the young, German-speaking writer who as a child fled from the civil war in Sri Lanka. The paper provides an analysis of the contingency of language signs (like homeland, descent, native language, identity) which is a function of the experience of flight, exile, and live in the globalized and electronic media-dominated world. The central role in the novel is played by the relation between death and literary language and its communicative and perception function.

The private correspondence between Françoise de Graffigny and Antoine-François Devaux allows us to trace the genesis of the epistolary novel Lettres d'une Péruvienne and the five-act play Cénie, two works considered best-sellers of the 18th century. These letters help us understand her working methods (self- censorship, her conception of the female author, her relationship with her main characters, her surrounding environment, etc.) as well as the motivations behind her writing (primarily the need for money), to the extent that they can be considered drafts of both works. The interplay between Françoise de Graffigny’s biography and her fictional female characters is evident from the start, and the reconstruction of the genesis of these works demonstrates how literary creation becomes a means of self- reflection and the creation of a feminine self. This contribution will seek to demonstrate how, in her two most well-known works, Graffigny uses the figure of the stranger, in all its senses, to highlight the difficulties women faced in 18th-century society, showing through the cases of Zilia and Cénie that women were considered ‘like’ foreigners in their own country, in their own homes.

In her reflections on cultural memory, which “is based on communication through media,” Astrid Erll uses the term “remediation” in order to “refer to the fact that memorable events are usually represented again and again, over decades and centuries, in different media: in newspaper articles, photography, diaries, historiography, novels, films, etc.” Some of these events may even become sites of memory. In my article, in relation to cultural memory studies, I contemplate the genocide of the Yezidis in the Sinǧār district, which was committed by ISIS militants in August 2014 and in the following months, as reflected in four Iraqi novels written in the Arabic language. They are: Raqṣat al-ǧadīla wa-an-nahr (“The Dance of the Braid and the River”, 2015) by Wafā’ ‘Abd ar-Razzāq, ‘Aḏrā’ Sinǧār (“Sinǧār’s Virgin”, 2016) by Wārid Badr as-Sālim, Šamdīn (“Šamdīn”, 2016) by Rāsim Qāsim, and Šaẓāyā Fayrūz (“The Shattered Fragments of Fayrūz”, 2017) by Nawzat Šamdīn. By analysing the ways in which these writers depict ISIS persecution of the Yezidis, I aim to answer, among others, the following questions: What are their reasons for a literary documentation of these events? Is the iconic image of the genocide which emerges in the four novels similar to that outlined in the West media coverage? Therefore, the first part of the article concentrates on attitudes of the above-mentioned Iraqi writers to the Sinǧār tragedy. In the second part, the plots of their novels are briefly described with the focus on how the reality intermingles with fiction. In the third and in the fourth parts, literary modes of expression, which serve to create a symbolic resistance of Yezidi victims against their oppressors, by giving them voice and showing alternative realities and fantastic events, are examined.