The paper considers the technique of modeling and formation educational components of the planned training of CDIO Syllabus, realized in the form of the educational adaptive environment of engineering education. The following key concepts of the methodology have been accepted: competence models of the stages of the CDIO initiative, the method of project training, syntax for describing the concepts of the domain, models for mapping support concepts in the form of expressions of knowledge and ontological engineering.

Recently, the topic of ontologies has growing attention from the IT community. Various processes of ontology creation, integration, and deployment have been proposed. As a consequence there appeared an urgent need for evaluating the resulting ontologies in a quantitative way. A number of metrics has been defined along with different approaches to measuring the properties of ontologies. In the first part of this paper we review the state of the art in this domain. Special attention is devoted to discussing differences between syntactic measures (referring to various properties of graphs that represent ontologies) and semantic measures (reflecting the properties of the space of ontology models). In the second part we propose an alternative approach to quantification of semantics of an ontology. The original proposal presented here exploits specific methods of representing the space of semantic models used for optimization of reasoning. We argue that this approach enables us to capture different kinds of relations among ontology terms and offers possibilities of devising new useful measures.

Recently, the topic of ontologies has growing attention from the IT community. Various processes of ontology creation, integration, and deployment have been proposed. As a consequence there appeared an urgent need for evaluating the resulting ontologies in a quantitative way. A number of metrics has been defined along with different approaches to measuring the properties of ontologies. In the first part of this paper we review the state of the art in this domain. Special attention is devoted to discussing differences between syntactic measures (referring to various properties of graphs that represent ontologies) and semantic measures (reflecting the properties of the space of ontology models). In the second part we propose an alternative approach to quantification of semantics of an ontology. The original proposal presented here exploits specific methods of representing the space of semantic models used for optimization of reasoning. We argue that this approach enables us to capture different kinds of relations among ontology terms and offers possibilities of devising new useful measures.

The early philosophical standpoint of Professor Bogusław Wolniewicz alluded mainly to the so-called first philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, as expressed in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Professor Wolniewicz’s views have found their expressions, first, in the book (in Polish) Things and Facts. An introduction to the first philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein (1968), and finally in his monograph (in Polish) Ontology of Situations. Foundations and Applications (1985). In both cases, Wolniewicz’ standpoint has been expressed by giving a substantive interpretation to semiotical and logical concepts (i.e. by producing hypostases). This practice looks rather dubious to me, in both cases, although I hope that ontology of situations can be usefully treated as a general formal theory of semantical correlates characteristic for sentential statements.

A significant part of the knowledge used in the production processes is represented with natural language. Yet, the use of that knowledge

in computer-assisted decision-making requires the application of appropriate formal and development tools. An interesting possibility is

created by the use of an ontology that is understandable both for humans and for the computer. This paper presents a proposal for

structuring the information about the foundry processes, based on the definition of ontology adapted to the physical structure of the

ongoing technological operations that make up the process of producing castings.

In the opinion of Bogusław Wolniewicz (1927–2017), Wittgenstein in his Tractatus presented a new metaphysics – a modern ‘metaphysics of facts’, in opposition to the traditional ‘metaphysics of substance’ (Aristotle) or to the ‘metaphysics of things’ (Tadeusz Kotarbiński’s ‘reism’). The new metaphysics describes, just like the old ones did, the structure of the world. First, it refers to the world as a whole, seeing in it an actualization of one of numerous possible worlds. It also refers to the elementary unit of world-structure, which is an ‘atomic fact’ (an independent unit, though at the same time not the simplest one, since it involves further ‘simple objects’). Those concepts of ‘world’, ‘atom’ and ‘possible beings’ make the system of Tractatus ‘metaphysics’, comparable to the Aristotle’s metaphysics of ‘form’ and ‘matter’. In Tractatus, the Aristotelian ‘matter’ turns into ‘simple objects’, while ‘form’ becomes a form of ‘fact’. In this view, the world is conceived as a set of facts and equals a particular choice made from the universe of possible situations. But one element is missing in Wittgenstein’s system, namely, the ‘efficient cause’ responsible for the choice of facts (actualization of possibilities). Leibniz believed there was a ‘sufficient reason’ why a particular choice was made among possible situations and one possible world has become real. This ‘sufficient reason’ finally turned out to be God’s rational will. In Wolniewicz’s late philosophy however, the ‘efficient cause’ is only ‘fate’ or ‘chance’ (τύχη). Fate is therefore the mysterious deus absconditus of Wittgenstein’s metaphysics.

In this article I try to think about the terms “stories” and “ontologies” in Ewa Domańska’s works: Mikrohistorie. Spotkania w międzyświatach (1999; 2005), Historie niekonwencjonalne (2006), Historia egzystencjonalna (2012), Historia ratownicza (2014) and I try to compare my conclusions with her latest publication. I am interested in the turning point in her thoughts, giving up the theory and methodology of history and switching to the ontology of the dead body. In order to do this I look through these publications and indicate which threads could help work out the excellent, innovative, and fresh conception of Nekros. The main part of the article is a detailed discussion of this. In the other part, I consider how to interpret more traditionally a past description like “cultural memory” and whether Domańska’s works accidentally invalidate them. I suggest a short statement of Marcin Napiórkowski’s and Stephen Marks’ works to show closer (Marks) and further (Napiórkowski) parallels or completely different presentations of similar problems.

The aim of this study is to design and implement a computer system, which will allow the semantic cataloging and data retrieval in the

field of cast iron processing. The intention is to let the system architecture allow for consideration of data on various processing techniques

based on the information available or searched by a potential user. This is achieved by separating the system code from the knowledge of

the processing operations or from the chemical composition of the material being processed. This is made possible by the creation and

subsequent use of formal knowledge representation in the form of ontology. So, any use of the system is associated with the use of

ontologies, either as an aid for the cataloging of new data, or as an indication of restrictions imposed on the data which draw user attention.

The use of formal knowledge representation also allows consideration of semantic meaning, a consequence of which may be, for example,

returning all elements in subclasses of the searched process class or material grade.

Once flourishing in the early medieval India, the materialist Carvaka/Lokayata tradition of philosophy vanished centuries ago leaving mere bits from their foundational sutra, and from a few commentaries thereon. These are scattered in the works of their opponents, hence the winding path to reconstructing the Carvaka/Lokayata thought necessarily begins with evaluating the reliability of the source material. This paper deals with the problem of the brief account of two interpretations of the Carvaka/Lokayata aphorism: 'from these, consciousness', recorded by the 8th-century Buddhist authors Śantarak�ita and Kamalaśfla in the Lokâyata-parfk$a Chapter XXII of the Tattva-sańgraha(-pañjika), critically edited by the author of the present paper.

Agility is a concept and practice with significant importance in managing and leading added

value in products, services, projects, and organizations, although it’s usage can also be very

risky due to its degree of fuzziness, if not properly understood and defined. This research

re-defines agility, emphasizes the need for ontologies for its management and leadership

applications and uses a new type of fuzzy logic-based software to measure the degree of

agility inside a technology company. In our agility research, various definitions of agility

were first gathered and presented for the creation of an agility ontology through a mind

map, revealing the main characteristics of agility. Then as part of the Co-Evolute theory and

methodology, the first agility ontology was developed as well as the first software application

that evaluates the degree of agility in an organization. The application includes statements

on which the respondents give opinions in their situation concerning the current and future

desired states of agility and its importance in an evaluative way. Today the application has

been fully tested in the real world and we have obtained the first test results. The positive

verification and validation of the method are shown in this article.

The paper concerns the validation of the selected issues related to the new ontology-based approach to the elaboration and management of evidences prepared by developers for the IT security evaluation process according to the Common Criteria standard. The evidences are implied by the claimed EAL (Evaluation Assurance Level) for a developed IT product or system, called TOE (Target of Evaluation). The evidences envisage the TOE features and its development environment. The validation and use of the author’s elaborated ontology are discussed, including: composing evidences for the given TOE and EAL, expressing details of evidences documents, issuing queries to get given information about model, etc. The paper also shows how the evidences are organized, developed and used. This work is aimed at the development of a prototype of a knowledge base, designed mainly for developers to allow them to compose and manage different kinds of evidences elaborated on the patterns basis. This knowledge base can be used by a software tool aiding developers who produce evaluation evidences.