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Abstract

The paper presents the first vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) designed, grown, processed and evaluated entirely in Poland. The lasers emit at »850 nm, which is the most commonly used wavelength for short-reach (<2 km) optical data communication across multiple-mode optical fiber. Our devices present state-of-the-art electrical and optical parameters, e.g. high room-temperature maximum optical powers of over 5 mW, laser emission at heat-sink temperatures up to at least 95°C, low threshold current densities (<10 kA/cm2) and wall-plug efficiencies exceeding 30% VCSELs can also be easily adjusted to reach emission wavelengths of around 780 to 1090 nm.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Gębski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Patrycja Śpiewak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Walery Kołkowski
2
Iwona Pasternak
2
Weronika Głowadzka
1
Włodzimierz Nakwaski
1
Robert P. Sarzała
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Wasiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Czyszanowski
1
Włodzimierz Strupiński
2

  1. Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wólczańska 219, 90-924 Łódź
  2. Vigo System S.A., ul. Poznańska 129/133, 05-850 Ożarów Mazowiecki
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Abstract

Local weather conditions have an impact on the availability of free-space optical (FSO) communication. The variation in meteorological parameters, such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed, leads to variations of the refractive index along the transmission path. These refractive index inhomogeneities produced by atmospheric turbulence induce optical turbulence which is responsible for random fluctuations in the intensity of the laser beam that carries the signal (irradiance) called scintillations that can significantly degrade the performance of FSO systems. This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of deploying FSO communication technology under scintillation effects in any urban region and atmospheric environment. To achieve that, firstly by utilizing the Hufnagel-Vally day with the Sadot and Kopeika models together, the scintillation strength for a specified region, Sulaimani City in north-eastern Iraq as an example, has been estimated through the calculation of the refractive index structure parameter (Cn2) over a period of 10 years and it was found to be at the strong turbulence level. Secondly, from the same estimated parameter, the scintillation attenuation of the signal carrying the laser beam intensity can be calculated to investigate the feasibility of FSO communication using Optysistem-7 software. The optimal link distance for north-eastern Iraq (Sulaimani City) has been found to be within the limit of about 5.5 km. Analysing the max. Q-factor, bit-error rate and signal to noise ratio for an average of 120 months between 2013–2022 assessed the best and worst seasons for FSO.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aras S. Mahmood
1

  1. Physics Department, College of Education, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region / Iraq
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Abstract

An indoor localization system is proposed based on visible light communications, received signal strength, and machine learning algorithms. To acquire an accurate localization system, first, a dataset is collected. The dataset is then used with various machine learning algorithms for training purpose. Several evaluation metrics are used to estimate the robustness of the proposed system. Specifically, authors’ evaluation parameters are based on training time, testing time, classification accuracy, area under curve, F1-score, precision, recall, logloss, and specificity. It turned out that the proposed system is featured with high accuracy. The authors are able to achieve 99.5% for area under curve, 99.4% for classification accuracy, precision, F1, and recall. The logloss and precision are 4% and 99.7%, respectively. Moreover, root mean square error is used as an additional performance evaluation averaged to 0.136 cm.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alzahraa M. Ghonim
1
Wessam M. Salama
2
Ashraf A. M. Khalaf
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hossam M. H. Shalaby
3 4

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia 61111, Egypt
  2. Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Engineering, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt
  3. Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt
  4. Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Alexandria 21934, Egypt
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Abstract

The performance of free-space optical (FSO) communications that using an optical amplifier (OA) in the scheme of an amplify-received (AR)-relaying has a major drawback in the detection of input signal quality under the effects of turbulence. As an OA is based on a fiber-detection (FD) method to receive and delivers a signal at the amplification process stage, there is an opportunity to implement an optical spatial filter (OSF) to improve the quality of an input signal. In this paper, as the continuation of previous work on the direct-detection, the OSF is applied on the AR-relaying. The novelty proposed in this work is the improvement of FD method where the OSF is designed as the integration of cone reflector, pinhole and multi-mode fiber with an OA. The OSF produces an optical signal, the input of the OA, which minimizes the effects of turbulence, background noise and signal fluctuation. Thus, OA in AR-relaying produces signal output with high power and rise up below threshold level. Additionally, an OSF with a lower pinhole diameter produces the best quality of the signal spectral to be delivered into an EDFA. Through this implementation, the performance of optical relaying on FSO can be significantly improved.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ucuk Darusalam
1 2
Purnomo Sidi Priambodo
3
Fitri Yuli Zulkifli
3
Eko Tjipto Rahardjo
3

  1. Department of Informatics, Faculty of Information and Communications Technology, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Siber Asia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  3. Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
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Abstract

The paper presents a new construction of an optical pulse amplitude monitoring unit (PAMU) used in a transceiver of Free Space Optics. It consists of a buffer, constant fraction discriminator (CFD), delay line, and a sample and hold (S&H) circuit. In the design FSO system, the PAMU provides to monitor transmitted and received optical pulses with duration of few ns. Using this device, there is no need to apply complicated and expensive digitizing systems. The unique aspect of its construction is to control S&H circuit using the CFD. The lab model of this unit allows to perform tests to define some virtues of constant fraction and leading-edge discriminators. The results were implemented in optical signal monitoring of FSO system. The unit was prepared to cooperate with two different detection modules. Using this setup, it was possible, e.g. to determine operation characteristics of FSO transmitter, identify interruption of transmission, and control light power to provide high safety of work.

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Authors and Affiliations

K. Achtenberg
J. Mikołajczyk
D. Szabra
A. Prokopiuk
Z. Bielecki

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