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Number of results: 10
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Abstract

The concept of a Circular Economy assumes that the value of products, materials and resources is to be maintained in the economy for as long as possible to ultimately reduce waste generation to a minimum. In this concept, raw materials are repeatedly put into circulation many times, often passing from one branch of industry to another. So energy, water, metal ores, oil, gas, coal and others, and wherever possible, their replacement with renewable resources (wind and solar energy, natural resources). It is important, and this is the essence of the Circular Economy, the maximum re-use of scarce materials and raw materials from already produced and used products. This concept has found the support of the European Commission and activities in this area will successively be implemented through appropriate legal acts of the European Union. The need to implement solutions in the field of minimizing the consumption of raw materials, materials and energy or reducing waste production is also felt by consumers and industry. The packaging industry is particularly interested in implementing the concept of a Circular Economy. Due to the dynamic growth of the packaging market, which in 2017 reached around EUR 9.6 billion in Poland (data from the Polish Chamber of Packaging) and the increasing amount of post-consumer waste, it is necessary to introduce solutions limiting the consumption of raw materials and energy throughout the product life cycle.

The aim of the article is to present current practices regarding the reduction of the negative impact of packaging on the environment and the indication of directions for the implementation of the Circular Economy concept in the packaging industry.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Kawecka
Agnieszka Cholewa-Wójcik
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Abstract

Packaging steels are thin gauge flat carbon steels coated with tin or chrome on both sides. They are very important raw materials for the production of steel packaging, which allow food to be stored safely and with an extended shelf life. The publication focuses on the production process of ETP and ECCS steel, as well as the problem of corrosion of steel packaging.

The topic of legislative changes that require the elimination of chromium (VI) compounds from the steel passivation process was also discussed. The packaging steel industry is currently facing the need to develop a new passivation technology. Leading packaging steel manufacturers in cooperation with varnish and paint suppliers have developed chromium (VI) free technologies by implementing chromium (III) compounds and titanium oxide technology.

Authors focus also on new trends and potential development directions for the packaging steel industry.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Słowik
P. Cępa
K. Czapla
P. Żabiński
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

This paper describes the study of thermal properties of packages of silicon carbide Schottky diodes. In the paper the packaging process of Schottky diodes, the measuring method of thermal parameters, as well as the results of measurements are presented. The measured waveforms of transient thermal impedance of the examined diodes are compared with the waveforms of this parameter measured for commercially available Schottky diodes.

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Authors and Affiliations

Damian Bisewski
Marcin Myśliwiec
Krzysztof Górecki
Ryszard Kisiel
Janusz Zarębski
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Abstract

Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) transmitters are often fabricated using advanced technology and require a sophisticated manufacturing facility. Access to such technologies is often very limited and difficult to gain particularly at the initial stage of research. Therefore, to increase the accessibility of mm-wave transmitters, this study proposes a design that can be assembled in a standard microwave laboratory from commercially available or externally ordered components. The transmitter demonstrated in this paper operates above 100 GHz and is based on a lowtemperature co-fired ceramic board in which the antenna array, microstrip lines, and power-supply lines are fabricated in a single process. Different technologies are used to assemble the module, e.g., wire-bonding, soldering, and wax adhesion. Advantages and disadvantages of the proposed design are given based on experimental evaluation of the prototype. Although the performance of the developed transmitter is not as good as that of the similar modules available in the recent literature, the results confirm the feasibility of a mm-wave transmitter that is assembled without employing advanced technologies and superior machinery.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Bajurko
1
Jakub Sobolewski
1
Grzegorz Bogdan
1
Konrad Godziszewski
1
Jacek Marczewski
2
Jan Kulawik
2
Michał Widlok
3
Yevhen Yashchyshyn
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology, Warsaw, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Warsaw, Poland
  3. SIRC Sp. z o.o., Gdynia, Poland
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Abstract

Studies on packaging made of polylactide (PLA) subjected to long-term influence of soil environment conditions have been presented in this paper. The scientific objective of this study was to determine changes in selected properties of the PLA packaging after long-term incubation in soil. These changes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and gel permeation chromatography. The structure, thermal properties, and disintegration degree of the packaging after their three-year incubation in soil have been discussed. It was found that the PLA packaging did not disintegrate significantly in the soil environment, and slight changes in their structure and lack of significant changes in thermal properties indicate that the efficiency of their degradation in soil conditions after three years is very low. This was mainly due to inadequate temperatures in the soil. It was also found (based on the results of scanning electron microscopy and gel permeation chromatography) that initiation of the biodegradation process took place and that this process is much faster than in the case of conventional non-biodegradable polymers. The results are confirmation that materials obtained of various biodegradable polymers (not only PLA) should be biodegradable only under strictly defined conditions, allocated to a specific type of polymer, i.e. those in which they are easily and quickly biodegradable
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Malinowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marta Musioł
2
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Moraczewski
3
Volodymyr Krasinskyi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lauren Szymańska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Bajer
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, Toruń, Poland
  2. Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
  3. Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Abstract

The paper discusses the methods for calculating the power parameters of a line start permanent magnet synchronous motor (LSPMSM). The calculations have been performed using the author’s specialized FEM software and professional FEM packages, ANSYS Maxwell and COMSOL Multiphysics. The author’s algorithm for solving equations of the electromagnetic field based on the FEM has been presented. The in-house software developed on this algorithm and professional software have been used to analyse the power parameters of the LSPMS motor. In addition, both calculation time and accuracy were analysed. The calculation results were compared to the measurement results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Barański
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3A, 60-965 Poznan
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Abstract

Mathematical package Matlab is a very convenient programming language, used for calculations in the field of linear algebra for scientists and engineers. Its main advantage for civil engineers is the simplicity of the language and the wide range of application in the field of linear statics. This mathematical platformwas used for programming of static calculations of multi-span, continuous, beam bridge structures. In the formulated theoretical approach, the internal forces were calculated using the method of forces. Knowing the influence matrix and load values in the unit states, the envelope of internal forces can be determined. The first step is entering the vector of loads and the second is calculating an envelope using special function. Obtaining the results from individual loads in a variety of operating conditions, it is possible to calculate the global envelope of internal forces and proceed with modifications of the model. The theoretical approach was computationally tested on the example of an alternative design concept of the MA-46 bridge along the A4 motorway. One of the biggest advantages of the discussed computational approach is the wide access to the results of intermediate calculations. Another benefits of working with mathematical packages are improving insight in the field of static calculations and getting used to working with code like in some programs for structural analysis (e.g. SOFiSTiK). The discussed computational approach is a good way to pre-design due to the little time required to compare several variants of solution, so it can be helpful in optimizing the structure.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Hawryszków
1
Bronisław Czaplewski
1

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

The core goal of this paper is to put forward a feasible scheme of noise reduction for a target forklift on the basis of solving the problem of vibration and acoustic radiation from complex structures in infinite domain. Based on the previous report and vibration acceleration tests, the acoustic virtual wind tunnel model of forklift power compartment was established using finite element method and boundary element method, in which the perfectly matched layer was first applied to simulate the attenuation propagation of sound waves in air. In addition, according to the distribution characteristics of sound pressure field with different frequencies, the acoustic energy mainly radiated through the bottom and right side, and concentrated in the low frequency. Consequently, the acoustic packaging design for the whole forklift power compartment was presented, and a satisfying noise reduction effect was achieved.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Enlai Zhang
1 2
Zhiqi Liu
2
Jingjing Zhang
3
Jiahe Lin
4

  1. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, China
  2. Chengyi University College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
  3. College of Applied Science and Technology, Hainan University, Danzhou, China
  4. Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Abstract

This study was conducted in a company that produces palm oil-based products such as cooking oil and margarine. The study aimed to encounter defects in packaging pouches. This study integrated the overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) with the six sigma DMAIC method. The OEE was performed to measure the efficiency of the machine. Three factors were measured in OEE: availability, performance, and quality. These factors were calculated and compared to the OEE world-class value. Then, the Multiple Linear Regression was performed using SPSS to determine the correlation between measurement variables toward the OEE value. Lastly, the six sigma method was implemented through the DMAIC approach to find the solution and improve the packaging quality. Supposing the recommendations are implemented, the OEE is expected to increase from 82% to 85%, with availability ratio, performance ratio, and quality ratio at, 99%, 86%, and 99.8%, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Filscha Nurprihatin
Glisina Dwinoor Rembulan
Johanes Fernandes Andry
Maulidina Lubis
Ivana Tita Bella WIDIWATI
Ali VAEZI
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Abstract

The transition to circular economy requires diversifying material sources, improving secondary raw materials management, including recycling, and finally finding sustainable alternative materials. Both recycled and bio-based plastics are often regarded as promising

alternatives to conventional fossil-based plastics. Their broad application instead of fossilbased plastics is, however, frequently the subject of criticism because of offering limited

environmental benefits. The study presents a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of

fossil-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) versus its recycled and bio-based counterparts. The system boundary covers the plastics manufacturing and end-of-life plastic management stages (cradle-to-cradle/grave variant). Based on the data and assumptions set

out in the research, recycled PET (rPET) demonstrates the best environmental profile out

of the evaluated plastics in all impact categories. The study contributes to circular economy in plastics by providing transparent and consistent knowledge on their environmental

portfolio.

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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Rybaczewska-Błażejowska
Angel Mena-Nieto

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