Search results

Filters

  • Journals
  • Authors
  • Keywords
  • Date
  • Type

Search results

Number of results: 32
items per page: 25 50 75
Sort by:
Keywords drugs pathogens
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Novel types of drugs can very precisely target harmful proteins in our bodies.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Maria Górna
1

  1. University of Warsaw
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Sugar beet is a major sugar yielding crop in the states of Minnesota (MN) and North Dakota (USA). Sugar beet root samples collected from Moorhead, MN in September 2020 had typical rot symptoms along with whitish mycelia growth and blackish sclerotia on the external surface of the root. Pure, sterile cultures were obtained from infected roots. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was identified based on morphological features and further confirmed molecularly by sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) region and matching homology with reported ITS of the fungus. Pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum was confirmed through mycelial inoculation of seeds and roots under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Inoculated seeds showed a range of symptoms that included pre- and post-emergence damping off, wilting, black discoloration of roots, constricted collar regions and stunted seedling growth. Under laboratory conditions, roots were artificially wounded using a cork borer and inoculated by mycelial plug. This resulted in noticeable root decay and growth of whitish, cottony mycelia and sclerotia externally. Transverse sections of the diseased root showed brown to black discoloration and rotting of internal tissue. Root inoculation of 4-week old sugar beet plants was achieved by depositing pathogen colonized barley grains near roots in the greenhouse, resulting in brown to black lesions and necrosis of root tissue when evaluated at 28 days post inoculation. The S. sclerotiorum was re-isolated from inoculated roots showing infection and identical pure isolates of the pathogen were recovered from field samples. These findings could be useful for sugar beet growers in Minnesota, allowing better management of this pathogen under field and storage conditions before its widespread future occurrence.
Go to article

Bibliography


Alexopoulos C.J., Mims C.W., Blackwell M. 1996. Introductory Mycology. 4th ed. John Wiley, New York, 880 pp. Abawi G.S., Grogan R.G. 1979. Epidemiology of diseases caused by Sclerotinia species. Phytopathology 69: 899–904. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-69-899
Adams P.B., Ayers W.A. 1979. Ecology of Sclerotinia species. Phytopathology 69: 896–898. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/ Phyto-69-896
Bell A.A., Wheeler M.H. 1986. Biosynthesis and functions of fungal melanins. Annual Review of Phytopathology 24: 411–451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.002211
Berkeley G.H. 1994. Root-rots of certain non-cereal crops. Botanical Review 10 (2): 67−123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF02861087
Boland G.J., Hall R. 1994. Index of plant hosts of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 16: 93−108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07060669409500766
Bolton M.V., Thomma B.P.H.J., Nelson B.D. 2006. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary: biology and molecular traits of a cosmopolitan pathogen. Molecular Plant Pathology 7: 1−16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2005.00316.x.
Bradley C.A., Henson R.A., Porter P.M., LeGare D.G., del Rio L.E., Khot S.D. 2006. Response of canola cultivar to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in controlled and field environments. Plant Disease 90: 215−219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-90-0215
Bradley C.A., Lamey H.A. 2005. Canola disease situation in North Dakota, U.S.A. p. 1993−2004. In: Proceedings of the 14th Australian Research Assembly on Brassicas, Port Lincoln, Australia, 3−7 October 2005.
Brown J.G., Butler K.D. 1936. Sclerotiniose of lettuce in Arizona. p. 475−506. Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin 63, 506 pp. Available on: https://repository.arizona.edu/ handle/10150/199475 [Accessed: 8 December 2021]
Buttner G., Pfahler B., Marlander B. 2004. Greenhouse and field techniques for testing sugarbeet for resistance to Rhizoctonia root and crown rot. Plant Breeding 123: 158−166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00967.x
Cook G.E., Steadman J.R., Boosalis M.G. 1975. Survival of Whetzelinia sclerotiorum and initial August 31, 1976 infection of dry edible beans. Phytopathology 65: 250−255. DOI: h ttps://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-65-250
del Rio L.E., Martinson C.A., Yang X.B. 2002. Biological control of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean with Sporidesmium sclerotivorum. Plant Disease 86: 999−1004. DOI: https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.9.999
del Rio L.E., Venette J.R., Lamey H.A. 2004. Impact of white mold incidence on dry bean yield under nonirrigated conditions. Plant Disease 88: 1352−1356. DOI: https://apsjournals. apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.12.1352
del Rio L.E., Bradley C.A., Henson R.A., Endres G.J., Hanson B.K., McKay K., Halvorson M., Porter P.M., Le Gare D.G., Lamey H.A. 2007. Impact of Sclerotinia stem rot on yield of canola. Plant Disease 91: 191−194. DOI: https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-91-2-0191
Fernando W.G.D., Nakkeeran S., Zhang, Y., Savchuk, S. 2007. Biological control of Sclerotinia scleotiorum (Lib.) de Bary by Pseudomonas and Bacillus species on canola petals. Crop Protection 26: 100−107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.04.007
Huang H.C., Hoes J.A. 1980. Importance of plant spacing and sclerotial position to development of Sclerotinia wilt of sunflower. Plant Disease 64: 81−84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-64-81
Inglis G.D., Boland G.J. 1990. The microflora of bean and rapeseed petals and the influence of the microflora of bean petals on white mold. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 12: 129–134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07060669009501015
Jacobson B.J. 2006. Root rot diseases of sugar beet. International symposium on sugar beet protection. Proceedings for Natural Sciences 110: 9–19.
Khan M.F.R. 2017. Managing common root diseases of sugar beet. NDSU Sugar beet extension. Available on: https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/management-ofrhizoctonia- root-and-crown-rot-of-sugar-beets [Accessed: 10 December 2021]
Khan M.F.R., Bhuiyan M.Z.R., Chittem K., Shahoveisi F., Haque M.E., Liu Y., Hakk P., Solanki S., del Rio L.E., La- Plante G. 2020. First report of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing leaf blight in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in North Dakota, U.S.A. Plant Disease 104 (4): 1258−1258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-19-2304-PDN
Khan M.F.R. 2021. 2021 Sugar beet production guide. North Dakota State University Extension. Available on: https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/sugarbeet-production-guide [Accessed: 10 December 2021]
Kohn L.M. 1979. A monographic revision of the genus Sclerotinia. Mycotaxon 9 (2): 365–444.
Noor A., Khan M.F.R. 2014. Efficacy and safety of mixing azoxystrobin and starter fertilizers for controlling Rhizoctonia solani in sugar beet. Phytoparasitica 43: 51−55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-014-0416-3
Peltier A.J., Bradley C.A., Chilvers M.I., Malvick D.K., Mueller D.S., Wise K.A., Esker P.D. 2012. Biology, yield loss and control of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean. Journal of Integrated Pest Management 3 (2): 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1603/IPM11033
Purdy L.H. 1979. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: History, diseases and symptomatology, host range, geographic distribution, and impact. Phytopathology 69: 875−880. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-69-875
Qin L., Fu Y., Xie J., Cheng J., Jiang D., Li G., Huang J. 2011. A nested-PCR method for rapid detection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on petals of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Plant Pathology 60: 271−277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02372.x
Sambrook J., Russell D. 2012. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. 4th ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 2000 pp.
Steadman J.R., Maier C.R., Schwartz H.F., Kerr E.D. 1975. Pollution of surface irrigation waters by plant pathogenic organisms. Water Resource Bulletin 11: 796−804. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1975.tb00731.x.
Turkington T.K., Morrall R.A.A., Gugel R.K. 1993. Use of petal infestation to forecast Sclerotinia stem rot of canola: The influence of inoculums variation over the flowering period and canopy density. Phytopathology 83: 682−689. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-83-682.
Underwood W., Misar C.G., Block C.C., Gulya T.J., Talukder Z.I., Hulke B.S., et al. 2020. A greenhouse method to evaluate sunflower quantitative resistance to basal stalk rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Plant Disease 105 (2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-19-1790-RE USDA. 2016. National Sclerotinia Research Initiative Strategic Plan for 2017 to 2021. 12 pp. Available on: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30000000/WhiteMoldResearch/SIStrategic- PLan_%202017-2021_v1_0_Jan16.pdf [Accessed: 18 November 2021]
White T.J., Bruns T.D., Lee S.B., Taylor J.W. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. p. 315−322. In: “PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications” (M.A. Innis, D.H. Gelfand, J.J. Sninsky, T.J. White, eds.). Academic Press, New York. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Willetts H.J., Wong J.A. 1980. The biology of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. trifoliorum, and S. minor with emphasis on specific nomenclature. The Botanical Review 46: 101–165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860868.
Workneh, F., Yang X.B. 2000. Prevalence of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybeans in the north-central United States in relation to tillage, climate, and latitudinal positions. Phytopathology 90: 1375–1382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/ PHYTO.2000.90.12.1375
Wu B.M., Subbarao KV. 2008. Effects of soil temperature, moisture and burial depths on carpogenic germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor. Phytopathology 98: 1144–1152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-98-10-1144
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Md. Ziaur Rahman Bhuiyan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dilip K. Lakshman
2
ORCID: ORCID
Luis E. Del Rio Mendoza
1
ORCID: ORCID
Presley Mosher
3
ORCID: ORCID
Mohamed F.R. Khan
1 4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
  2. Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
  3. Plant Diagnostic Lab, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
  4. Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Fargo, USA
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

A total of 15 isolates of B. tulipae collected from home grown tulips without chemical protection and two commercial tulip plantations were examined by RAPD fingerprint analysis. The first tulip plantation was protected by bulb treatment and foliage spraying with fungicides in the growing period and the second plantation – only by the application of fungicides in the growing period. In the previous study, a set of isolates obtained from a plantation with an extensive use of fungicides demonstrated a higher pathogenicity level measured by the inhibition of plant growth, the percentage of bulb and root necrosis in flower pot tests on forced tulips, and by the necrosis size in tests on leaf disks. The relationships between the groups and among isolates were determined by cluster analysis of mean character differences using UPGMA and NJ methods. Similarity index values ranged from 0.872 to 1; on average, the index value was 0.933. A mean similarity of genotypes indicated the highest genotype uniformity of isolates obtained from a plantation with the extensive use of fungicides. 3 groups of clusters, could be observed in the obtained dendrograms. The first cluster contains exclusively genotypes of isolates obtained from a plantation with an extensive use of fungicides, the second one only genotypes of isolates obtained from a plantation protected only by the application of fungicides in the growing period and the third – one genotype of previous group of isolates and four genotypes of isolates obtained from home grown tulips without chemical protection. The most distinct differentiation between the groups of isolates was observed by the amplification using primers G4, H20 and J13. The results of this study revealed genetic similarity between isolates which were obtained from chemically protected plantations and demonstrated a higher degree of pathogenicity in comparison to the isolates which were obtained from unprotected plants and showed a lower degree of pathogenicity.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Piwoni
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Severe leaf spot disease was observed on Aloe vera plants in the winters of 2011 and 2012 during a survey of various nurseries of Gwalior, India. Irregular, sunken, dark creamish brown spots having reddish brown margin were noticed on both surfaces of the leaves. The causal organism was consistently isolated from symptomatic leaves on potato dextrose agar media (PDA). A total 59 isolates of fungi were recovered from diseased A. vera leaves, and 37 isolates were identified as belonging to the genus Fusarium. On the basis of morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS5 the pathogen was identified as Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg and pathogenicity of the isolate was confirmed by using Koch’s postulates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot disease caused by Fusarium proliferatum on A. vera plants in India.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Shubhi Avasthi
Ajay Kumar Gautam
Rekha Bhadauria
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Predictive mathematical models have useful applications in the food industry – preventing the loss and wastage of food, thereby conserving resources.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Elżbieta Rosiak
1

  1. Institute of Human Nutrition SciencesWarsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW)
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Phytophthora cambivora was isolated from the bark lesions of two 10- and 15-year-old of analysed alder trees. Additionally, Botrytis cinerea, 3 Fusarium species, Mucor spp., P. alni and Trichoderma spp. were recovered from diseased tissues. Isolates of P. cambivora from six plant species, used for inoculation of alder seedlings and plant parts, cause dthe development of necrosis. Isolate from Chamaecyparis lawsoniana was the weakest pathogen whereas those from Abies alba, Acer pennsylvanicum and Alnus glutinosa were the strongest.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Leszek B. Orlikowski
Tomasz Oszako
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Mycoherbicides are special biotechnology products which contain fungi or fungal metabolites as nonchemical alternatives thereby reducing the input of harmful chemicals to control noxious weeds. The present communication emphasizes on the potential of an indigenous isolate of Alternaria alternata ITCC 4896 as a mycoherbicide for the global weed – Parthenium hysterophorus. Of the various spore concentrations tested by in vitro Detached Leaf Bioassay, 1x106 spores/ml was the most effective inducing 89.2% leaf area damage on the 7th day and was further tested by Whole Plant Bioassay. Both in vitro Detached Leaf Bioassay and Whole Plant Bioassay exhibited a similar trend in disease development showing 50% damage at 96 hours post treatment. However, 100% mortality was observed in the Whole Plant Bioassay on the 7th day. This is the very first report on the bioweedicidal potential of A. alternata ITCC 4896 (LC#508) for use as a mycoherbicide for P. hysterophorus.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Sanjai Saxena
Mukesh Kumar
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Ash dieback, caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, is a serious disease of common and

narrow-leaved ash in Europe. The resistance of individual trees seems to be important for

the maintenance of ash in European forests. In this in situ wound inoculation study, the

susceptibility and differences in resistance to H. fraxineus between Fraxinus excelsior and

F. angustifolia clones were assessed. Neither of the tested clones revealed total resistance

to ash dieback; variety between the tested clones was observed. Differences in necroses

lengths were significant between clones and between two ash species. Longer necroses were

formed in F. angustifolia than in F. excelsior. Some clones exhibiting some resistance to the

pathogen were identified.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Katarína Adamčíková
Jozef Pažitný
Katarína Pastirčáková
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Potato leaf blight disease caused by Ulocladium atrum (Syn. Stemphylium atrum) is an important and epidemic disease in potato-growing regions of Iran. In this study, 30 isolates of the disease were collected from the main potato-growing regions of Iran and were analyzed on the basis of morphological characterization and pathogenicity. Based on morphological characteristics, all isolates were identified as U. atrum. Pathogenicity studies indicated that all 30 isolates were pathogenic on potato “Agria” to varying degrees. Five U. atrum isolates causing potato leaf blight disease, obtained from the Plant Pathology Laboratory, Isfahan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan, Iran, were also examined in this study. A total of 35 isolates were genetically analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Cluster analysis using the un-weighted pair group method with the arithmetic average (UPGMA) method for RAPD marker revealed no clear grouping of the isolates obtained from different geographical regions. The groupings, based on morphological characteristics, virulence variability and RAPD analysis, were not correlated. Cluster analysis using Jaccard’s coefficient for ISSR divided the U. atrum isolates into four main groups, in which there was no significant correlation between the isolate groupings regarding their geographic location and pathogenicity. Using molecular techniques genetic variability was detected among the accessions, with cophenetic correlation coefficients (CCC) of 0.80 for RAPDs and 0.89 for ISSRs. The RAPD and ISSR marker results corresponded well, with a correlation of 0.55.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Mehdi Nasr Esfahani
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In order to compare the pathogenicity of different Tembusu virus (TMUV) strains from geese, ducks and chickens, 56 5-day-old Cherry Valley ducklings which were divided into 7 groups and infected intramuscularly with 7´105 PFU/ml per duck of six challenge virus stocks. The clinical signs, weight gain, mortality, macroscopic and microscopic lesions, virus loads in sera of 1, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 14 dpi and serum antibody titers were examined. The results showed that these viruses could make the young ducks sick, but the clinical signs differed with the different species-original strains. All the experimental groups lose markedly in weight gain compared to the control, but there were no obvious distinctions in weight gains, as well as macroscopic and microscopic lesions of dead ducks between the infected groups. However, the groups of waterfowl-derived strains (from geese and ducks) showed more serious clinical signs and higher relative expressions of virus loads in sera than those from chicken-derived. The mortality of waterfowl groups was 37.5%, and the greatest mortality of chicken groups was 12.5%. The serum antibodies of the geese-species group JS804 appeared earlier and were higher in the titers than others. Taken toghter, the pathogenicity of waterfowl-derived TMUV was more serious than chicken-derived TMUV and JS804 could be chosen as one TMUV vaccine strain to protect from the infection.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Y. Li
Q. Liu
T. Xu
X. Huang
X. Liu
K. Han
Y. Liu
J. Yang
D. Zhao
K. Bi
W. Sun
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper contains a micobiological characteristic of sewage sludge composted in controlled conditions together with bio-wastes (straw, sawdust, bark). An experiment was carried out in which the composted material was mixed up in adequate weight proportion and placed in biorcactor chambers with a constant air flow. The composting process aimed at defining the development dynamics and the survival of pathogenic microorganisms in the sewage sludge composted with different additions in a cybernetic bioreactor. Samples of compost necessary for microbiological analyses were taken at the same time, in reference to the actual temperature value. Bacteriological studies were carried out on selected substrates by plate method determining the number of pathogenic bacteria from the species: Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, as well as from Enterobacteriaccac family. In the experiments, the presence of living eggs or intestinal ATT pathogens was determined by floatation method, as well. Il was found that the sewage sludge used in composting process did not contain any Salmonella spp. bacteria or any living eggs of intestinal ATT pathogens. Composting process completely eliminated the number or bacteria from Enterobactcriaccae family, bul it did not contribute lo the elimination of Clostridium perfringens bacteria. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that the elimination of the studied groups of microorganisms, in all studied composts took place with the increase of temperature. In the case or Enterobacteriaceae, it was found that their complete removal from the composted material took place in chamber K3, while in the remaining chambers, it followed 48 hours later. Elimination ofthe vegetative forms ofC!oslridium perfringens bacteria followed after 96 hours of composting, in all composts at the same time. The obtained composts met the sanitary norms according lo the regulations of the EC Commission No. I 85/2007 of February 20, 2007 which changed the regulation of WE No. 809/2003 and WE No. 810/2003 referring to the extension of the validity period of transitional means for composting plants and biogas producing plants according to the instruction orWE No. 1774/2002 of European Parliament and Council and according to the instruction of the Minister for Agriculture and Country Development (2004).
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka
Jacek Dach
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In Cameroon, oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is of economic importance. However, it is affected by vascular wilt presumed to be caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis (FOE). Accurate species identification requires molecular-based comparisons. The aim of this work was to molecularly identify Fusarium species associated with diseased oil palms and to determine the pathogenicity of selected isolates. Fungal samples of diseased palms were collected from the canopies and the soil of five oil palm estates of the Cameroon Development Corporation and characterized by sequencing and comparing the translation elongation factor 1a gene. The results revealed the presence of FOE from approximately 80% of the isolates. Cameroonian isolate within FOE clade 1 exhibited the greatest variability grouping with isolates from Suriname, Brazil and Democratic Republic of Congo. Other isolates found in FOE clade 2 formed a unique group which was comprised solely of isolates originating from Cameroon. Twenty-two isolates were chosen for pathogenicity tests. After a short time, 14 isolates were found to be pathogenic to oil palm seedlings. This study revealed the pathogenicity of FOE isolates from Cameroon and demonstrated that FOE in Africa is more diverse than previously reported, including a lineage not previously observed outside of Cameroon. Comparisons between all isolates will ultimately aid to devise appropriate control mechanisms and better pathogen detection methods.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Rosemary Tonjock Kinge
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lilian Moforcha Zemenjuh
2
Evelyn Manju Bi
3
Godswill Ntsomboh-Ntsefong
4
Grace Mbong Annih
5
Eneke Esoeyang Tambe Bechem
2

  1. Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Northwest Region, Cameroon
  2. Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Southwest Region, Cameroon
  3. Department of Crop Production Technology, College of Technology, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Northwest Region, Cameroon
  4. Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Center Region, Cameroon
  5. Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, West Region, Cameroon
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The squash beetle Epilachna chrysomelina (F.) is an important insect pest which causes severe damage to cucurbit plants in Iraq. The aims of this study were to isolate and characterize an endogenous isolate of Myrothecium-like species from cucurbit plants and from soil in order to evaluate its pathogenicity to squash beetle. Paramyrothecium roridum (Tode) L. Lombard & Crous was isolated, its phenotypic characteristics were identified and ITS rDNA sequence analysis was done. The pathogenicity of P. roridum strain (MT019839) was evaluated at a concentration of 107 conidia · ml–1) water against larvae and adults of E. chrysomelina under laboratory conditions. The results revealed the pathogenicity of the isolate to larvae with variations between larvae instar responses. The highest mortality percentage was reported when the adults were placed in treated litter and it differed significantly from adults treated directly with the pathogen. Our results documented for the first time that P. roridum has potential as an insect pathogen.
Go to article

Bibliography

1. Abbott W.S. 1925. A method for computing the effectivenss of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology 8: 265–277.
2. Abdullah S.K., Abbas B.A. 2008. Fungi inhabiting surface sediments of Shatt Al-Arab River and its creeks at Basrah, Iraq. Basrah Journal of Science (B) 26 (1): 68–81.
3. Abdullah S.K., Al-Mosawi K.A. 2010. Fungi associated with seeds of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) cultivars grown in Iraq. Phytopathologia 57: 11–20.
4. Abdullah S.K., Monfort E., Asensio L., Salinas J., LopezLlorca L.V., Jansson H.B. 2010. Mycobiota of date palm plantations in Elche, SE Spain. Czech Mycology 61 (2): 149–162.
5. Abdullah S.K., Saadullah A.A. 2013. Soil mycobiota at grapevine plantations in Duhok, North Iraq. Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture 41 (1): 437–447.
6. Abdullah S.K., Zora S.E. 1993. Soil microfungi from date palm plantations in Iraq. Basrah Journal of Science 11 (1): 45–57.
7. Abdul-Rassoul M.S. 1976. Check list of insects of Iraq. Natural History Research Centre, Publication No. 30: 1-41.
8. AmithaV., Shylaja M.D., Nalini M.S. 2014. Fungal endophytes from culinary herbs and their antioxidant activity. International Journal of Current Research 6 (8): 7996–8002.
9. Arnold A.E. 2007. Understanding the diversity of foliar endophytic fungi: progress, challenges, and frontiers. Fungal Biology Reviews 21: 51–66.
10. Assaf L.H., Hassan F.R., Younis G.H. 2011. Evaluation of the Entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.)Vuill.and Paecilomyces farinosus (Dicks ex Fr.) against the Poplar Leaf Beetle Melasoma populi L. Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences 14: 35-44.
11. Awadalla S.S., Abd-Wahab H.A., Abd El-Baky N.F., Abdel-Salam S.S. 2011. Host plant preference of the melon ladybird beetle Epilachna chrysomelina (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on different cucurbit vegetables in Mansoura region. Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology 2 (1): 41–47.
12. Bharath B.G., Likesh S., Yashovarma B., Prakash H.S., Shetty H.S. 2006. Seed-borne nature of Myrothecium roridium in watermelon seeds. Research Journal of Botany 1 (1): 44–45. DOI: 10.3923/rib.2006.44.45.
13. Bosio P., Siciliano I., Gilardi G., Gullino, M.L., Garibaldi A. 2017. Verrucarin A and roridin E produced on rocket by Myrothecium roridium under different temperatures and CO2 levels. World Mycotoxin Journal 10: 229–236.
14. Chavan S.B.,Vidhate R.P., Kallure G.S., Dandawate N.L., Khire J.M., Deshpande M.V. 2017. Stability studies of cuticle and mycolytic enzymes of Myrothecium verrucaria for control of insect pests and fungal phytopathogens. Indian Journal of Biotechnology 16: 404–412.
15. Domsch K.H., Gams W., Anderson T. 2007. Compendium of Soil Fungi. 2nd ed. IHW Verlag, Eching, Germany, 672 pp.
16. Gindin G., Levski S., Glazer I., Soroker V. 2006. Evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana against the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. Phytoparasitica 34: 370–379.
17. Han K.S., Choi S.K., Kim H.H., Lee S.C., Park J.H., Cho M.R., Park M.J. 2014. First report of Myrothecium roridium causing leaf and stem rot disease of Pepteromia quadrangularis in Korea. Mycobiology 42 (2): 203–205. DOI: 10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.2.203
18. Hassan F.R. 2003. Studies in poplar leaf beetle Melasoma (= Chrysomela) populi L. (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) in Duhok region. M.Sc. thesis, University of Duhok, College of Agriculture, Iraq, 83 pp.
19. Hassan F.R. 2019. Selective Isolation and Biomass Production of Beauveria bassiana and its Virulence to Squash Beetle Epilachna chrysomelina F. Ph.D dissertation, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok, Iraq, 165 pp.
20. Hassan F.R., Abdullah S.K., Assaf L.H. 2019. Pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. endophytic and a soil isolate against the squash beetle, Epilachna chrysomelina (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 29: 74. DOI: 10.1186/s41938-019-0169-x
21. Haudenshield J.S., Pawlowski M., Miranda C., Hartman G.L. 2018. First report of Paramyrothecium roridium causing Myrothecium leaf spot on soybean in Africa. Plant Disease 102 (12): 2638. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-04-18-0624-PDN
22. Ismail A.L.S., Abdullah S.K. 1977. Studies on the soil fungi of Iraq. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Section B 86 (3): 151–154.
23. Kwon H.W., Kim J.Y., Choi M.Ah., Son S.Y., Kim S.H. 2014. Characterization of Myrothecium roridium isolated from imported Anthurium plant culture medium. Mycobiology 42 (1): 82–85. DOI: 10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.1.82
24. Lee H.B., Kim J.C., Hong K.S., Kim C.J. 2008. Evaluation of fungal strain, Myrothecium roridium F0252, as a bioherbicide agent. The Plant Pathology Journal 24 (2): 453–460.
25. Li T.-X., Xiong Y.-M., Chen X., Yang Y.-N., Wang, Jia X.-W., Yang X.-P., Tan L.-L., Xu C.-P. 2019. Antifungal macrocyclic Trichothecens from the insect-associated fungus Myrothecium roridium. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 67 (47): 13033–13039. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04507.
26. Liang J., Li G., Zhou S., Zhao M., Cai l. 2019. Myrothecium-like new species from turfgrasses and associated rhizosphere. MycoKeys 51: 29–53. DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.51.31957.
27. Liu J.Y., Huang L.L., Ye Y.H., Zou W.X., Guo Z.J., Tan R.X. 2006. Antifungal and new metabo¬lites of Myrothecium sp. Z16, a fungus associated with white croaker Argyromosumar¬gentatus. Journal of Applied Microbiology 100: 195–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2672.2005.02760.x
28. Liu H.X., Liu W.Z., ChenY.C., Sun Z.H., Tan Y.Z., Li H.H., Zhang W.M. 2016. Cytotoxic trichothecene macrolides from the endophyte fungus Myrothecium roridium. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 18 (7): 684–689. DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2015.1134505.
29. Lombard L., Houbraken J., Decock C., Samson R.A., Meijer M., Reblova M., Groenewald J.Z., Crous P.W. 2016. Genetic hyper-diversity in Stachybotriaceae. Persoonia 36: 156–246. DOI: 10.3767/003158516X691582
30. Macia-Vicente J. G., Jansson H. B., Abdullah S. K., Descals E., Salinas J., Lopez-Llorca L. V. 2008. Fungal root endophytes from natural vegetation in Mediterranean environments with special reference to Fusarium spp. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 64: 90–105. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007. 00443.
31. Matic S., Gilardi G., Gullino M.L., Garibaldi A. 2019. Emergence of leaf spot disease on leafy vegetable and ornamental crops caused by Paramyrothecium and Albifimbria species. Phytopathology 109: 1053–1061. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-10-18-0396-R
32. Mou J.Y. 1975. Preliminary study on Myrothecium sp. (in Chinese). Applicationand Research on Entomogenous Fungus in China 2: 237–238.
33. Okunowo W.O., Gbenle G.O., Osuntoki A.A., Adekunle A.A., Ojokuku S.A. 2010. Production of cellulolytic enzymes by a phytopathogenic Myrothecium roridium and some avirulent fungal aisolates from water hyacinth. African Journal of Biotechnology 9 (7): 1074–1078. DOI: 10.5897/AJB09.1598
34. Pappachan A., Rahul K., Debashish Ch., Sivaprasad V. 2019. Phylogenetic analysis of Paramyrothecium roridium causing brown leaf spot of mulberry. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8(03): 1393–1399. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2019.803.163
35. Parker B.L., Skinner M., Costa S.D., Gouli S., Reid W., El Bouhssini M. 2003. Entomopathogenic fungi of Eurygaster. integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae): collection and characterization for development. Biological Control 27: 260–272.
36. Shen L., Ai C.Z., SongY.C.,Wang F.W., Jiao R.H., Zhang A.H., Man H.Z., Tan R.X. 2019. Cytotoxic trichothecene macrolides produced by the endophytic Myrothecium roridium. Journal of Natural Products 82 (6): 1503–1509.
37. Soliman M.S. 2020. Characterization of Paramyrothecium roridium (basionym Myrothecium roridium) causing leaf spot of strawberry. Journal of Plant Protection Research 60 (2): 141–149. DOI: 10.24425/jppr.2020.133308
38. Talukdar D., Dantre R.K. 2014. Biochemical studies on Myrothecium roridium Tode. ex. Fries causing leaf spot of soybean. Global Journal of Research Analysis 3: 7–9.
39. Tulloch M. 1972. The genus Myrothecium Tode ex Fr. Mycological Papers 130: 1–42.
40. Vidhate R., Singh J., Ghormade V., Chavan S.B., Patil A., Deshpande M.V. 2015. Use of hydrolytic enzymes of Myrothecium verrucaria and conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae, singly and sequentially to control pest and pathogens in grapes and their compatibility with pesticides used in the field. Biopesticides International 11 (1): 48–60.
41. Warcup J.H.1960. Methods for isolation and estimation of activity of fungi in soil. p. 3–21. In: "The Ecology of Soil Fungi" (D. Parkinson, J.S. Waid, eds.). Liverpool University Press, UK.
42. White T.J., Bruns T., Lee S., Taylor J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. p. 315–322. In: "PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Aapplications" (M.A. Innis, D.H. Gelfand, J.J. Shinsky, T.J. White, eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Feyroz Ramadan Hassan
1
Nacheervan Majeed Ghaffar
2
Lazgeen Haji Assaf
3
Samir Khalaf Abdullah
4

  1. Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq
  2. Duhok Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Duhok University, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq
  3. Plant Protection, General Directorate of Agriculture-Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq
  4. Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Noor University College, Nineva, Iraq
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Modern agriculture and plant breeding must continuously meet the high and increasingly growing requirements of consumers and recipients. In this context, one of the conditions for effective management of any farm is access to quick and efficient diagnostics of plant pathogens, the result of which, together with the assessment of experts, provide breeders with tools to effectively reduce the occurrence of plant diseases. This paper presents information about biodiversity and spectrum of endophytic and phytopathogenic bacterial species identified in plant samples delivered to the Plant Disease Clinic in 2013–2019. During the tests, using the Biolog Gen III system, the species affiliation of the majority of detected bacterial strains found in plant tissues as an endophyte and not causing disease symptoms on plants was determined. These data were compiled and compared with the number of found identifications for a given species and data on the pathogenicity of bacterial species towards plants. In this way, valuable information for the scientific community was obtained about the species composition of the bacterial microbiome of the crop plants studied by us, which were confronted with available literature data. In the study, special attention was paid to tomato, which is the plant most often supplied for testing in the Plant Disease Clinic due to its economic importance.
Go to article

Bibliography

1. Ahmed F.A., Arif M., Alvarez A.M. 2017. Antibacterial effect of potassium tetraborate tetrahydrate against soft rot disease agent Pectobacterium carotovorum in tomato. Frontiers in Microbiology 8: 1–9. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01728
2. Bosmans L., Moerkens R., Wittemans L., De Mot R., Rediers H., Lievens B. 2017. Rhizogenic agrobacteria in hydroponic crops: epidemics, diagnostics and control. Plant Pathology 66: 1043–1053. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12687
3. Buell C.R., Joardar V., Lindeberg M. Selengut J, Paulsen I.T., Gwinn M.L., Dodson R.J., Deboy R.T., Durkin A.S., Kolonay J.F., Madupu R., Daugherty S., Brinkac L., Beanan M.J., Haft D.H., Nelson W.C., Davidsen T., Zafar N., Zhou L., Liu J., Yuan Q., Khouri H., Fedorova N., Tran B., Russell D., Berry K., Utterback T., Van Aken S.E., Feldblyum T.V., D'Ascenzo M., Deng W.L., Ramos A.R., Alfano J.R., Cartinhour S., Chatterjee A.K., Delaney T.P., Lazarowitz S.G., Martin G.B., Schneider D.J., Tang X., Bender C.L., White O., Fraser C.M., Collmer A. 2003. The complete genome sequence of the Arabidopsis and tomato pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100: 10181–10186. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1731982100
4. Chojniak J., Jałowiecki Ł., Dorgeloh E. Hegedusova B., Ejhed H., Magnér J., Płaza G. 2015. Application of the BIOLOG system for characterization of Serratia marcescens ss marcescens isolated from onsite wastewater technology (OSWT). Acta Biochimica Polonica 62: 799–805. DOI: 10.18388/abp.2015_1138
5. Ciardi J.A., Tieman D.M., Lund S.T., Jones J.B., Stall R.E., Klee H.J. 2000. Response to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in tomato involves regulation of ethylene receptor gene expression. Plant Physiology 123: 81–92. DOI: 10.1104/pp.123.1.81
6. Coutinho T.A., Venter S.N., 2009. Pantoea ananatis: an unconventional plant pathogen. Molecular Plant Pathology 10: 325–335. DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00542.x
7. Daami-Remadi M. 2007. First report of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum on tomato plants in Tunisia. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 2: 1–5.
8. Esker P.D., Nutter F.W. 2002. New frontiers in plant disease losses and disease management assessing the risk of stewart’s disease of corn through improved knowledge of the role of the corn flea beetle vector. Phytopathology: 1999–2001.
9. Freeman N.D., Pataky J.K. 2001. Levels of stewart’s wilt resistance necessary to prevent reductions in yield of sweet corn hybrids. Plant Disease 85: 1278–1284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.12.1278
10. Gartemann K.H., Kirchner O., Engemann J., Gräfen I., Eichenlaub R., Burger A. 2003. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis: first steps in the understanding of virulence of a Gram-positive phytopathogenic bacterium. Journal of Biotechnology 106: 179–191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2003.07.011
11. SP. 2018. Produkcja upraw rolnych i ogrodniczych w 2017 r. Statistics Poland: 1–84.
12. Iakimova E.T., Sobiczewski P., Michalczuk L., Wegrzynowicz-Lesiak E., Mikiciński A., Woltering E.J. 2013. Morphological and biochemical characterization of Erwinia amylovora-induced hypersensitive cell death in apple leaves. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 63: 292–305. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.12.006
13. Jones J.B. 1986. Survival of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in Florida on tomato crop residue, weeds, seeds, and volunteer tomato plants. Phytopathology 76: 430.
14. Kalużna M., Pulawska J., Waleron M., Sobiczewski P. 2014. The genetic characterization of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, the causal agent of walnut blight in Poland. Plant Pathology 63: 1404–1416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12211
15. Kałużna M., Willems A., Pothier J.F., Ruinelli M., Sobiczewski P., Puławska J. 2016. Pseudomonas cerasi sp. nov. (non Griffin, 1911) isolated from diseased tissue of cherry. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 39: 370–377. DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2016.05.005
16. Krawczyk K., Borodynko-Filas N. 2020. Kosakonia cowanii as the new bacterial pathogen affecting soybean ( Glycine max Willd.). European Journal of Plant Pathology 157: 173–183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-01998-8
17. Krawczyk K., Kamasa J., Zwolińska A., Pospieszny H. 2010. First report of Pantoea ananatis associated with leaf spot disease of maize in Poland. Journal of Plant Pathology 92: 807–811. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4454/jpp.v92i3.332
18. Krawczyk K., Łochyńska M. 2020. Identification and characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. mori affecting white mulberry ( Morus alba) in Poland. European Journal of Plant Pathology 158: 281–291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-02074-x
19. Krawczyk K., Zwolińska A., Pospieszny H., Borodynko N. 2016. First report of ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’- related strain affecting juniperus plants in Poland. Plant Disease 100: 2521–2521. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-16-0621-PDN
20. Lukezic F.L. 1979. Pseudomonas corrugate, a pathogen of tomato, isolated from symptomless alfalfa roots. Phytopathology 69: 27. DOI: 10.1094/Phyto-69-27
21. Mansfield J., Genin S., Magori S., Citovsky V., Sriariyanum M., Ronald P., Dow M., Verdier V., Beer S.V., Machado M.A., Toth I., Salmond G., Foster G.D. 2012. Top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology 13:614–629. DOI: 10.1111/J.1364-3703.2012.00804.X
22. Mikiciński A., Sobiczewski P., Puławska J., Maciorowski R. 2016. Control of fire blight ( Erwinia amylovora) by a novel strain 49M of Pseudomonas graminis from the phyllosphere of apple ( Malus spp.). European Journal of Plant Pathology 145: 265–276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0837-y
24. Mikiciński A., Sobiczewski P., Sulikowska M., Puławska J., Treder J. 2010. Pectolytic bacteria associated with soft rot of calla lily ( Zantedeschia spp.) tubers. Journal of Phytopathology 158: 201–209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01597.x
25. Nabhan S., Boer S.H. De Maiss E., Wydra K. 2019. Pectobacterium aroidearum sp. nov., a soft rot pathogen with preference for monocotyledonous plants. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 2520–2525. DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.046011-0
26. Ottesen A.R., González Peña A., White J.R. Pettengill J.B., Li C., Allard S., Rideout S., Allard M., Hill T., Evans P., Strain E., Musser S., Knight R., Brown E. 2013. Baseline survey of the anatomical microbial ecology of an important food plant: Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). BMC Microbiology 13: 114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-13-114
27. Pospieszny H., Krawczyk K., Kamasa J., Petrzik K. 2007. First report of a phytoplasma affecting tomato in Poland. Plant Disease 91: 1054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-91-8-1054B
28. Pulawska J., Maes M., Willems A., Sobiczewski P. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of 23S rRNA gene sequences of Agrobacterium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium strains. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 23: 238–244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0723-2020(00)80010-7
29. Rapicavoli J., Ingel B., Blanco-Ulate B., Cantu D., Roper C. 2018. Xylella fastidiosa: an examination of a re-emerging plant pathogen. Molecular Plant Pathology 19: 786–800. DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12585
30. Sawada H., Azegami K. 2014. First report of root mat (hairy root) of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum) caused by Rhizobium radiobacter harboring cucumopine Ri plasmid in Japan. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 80: 98–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.80.98
31. Scarlett C.M., Fletcher J.T., Roberts P., Lelliott R.A. 1978. Tomato pith necrosis caused by Pseudomonas corrugata n. sp. Annals of Applied Biology 88: 105–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1978.tb00684.x
32. Schaad N.W., Jones J.B., Chun W. 2001. Laboratory Guide for the Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. American Phytopathological Society (APS Press), 373 pp.
33. Tian B., Zhang C., Ye Y., Wen J., Wu Y., Wang H. 2017. Beneficial traits of bacterial endophytes belonging to the core communities of the tomato root microbiome. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 247: 149–156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.06.041
34. Xin X.F., Kvitko B., He S.Y. 2018. Pseudomonas syringae: what it takes to be a pathogen. Nature Reviews Microbiology 16: 316–328. DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2018.17
35. Zhao Y., Thilmony R., Bender C.L., Schaller A., He S.Y., Howe G.A. 2003. Virulence systems of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato promote bacterial speck disease in tomato by targeting the jasmonate signaling pathway. The Plant Journal 36: 485–499. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01895.x
36. Zwolińska A., Borodynko N., Krawczyk K., Pospieszny H. 2016. First report of aster yellows related phytoplasma affecting sugar beets in Poland. Plant Disease 100: 2158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-16-0225-PDN
37. Zwolińska A., Krawczyk K., Klejdysz T., Pospieszny H. 2011. First report of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ associated with oilseed rape phyllody in Poland. Plant Disease 95: 1475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-11-0177
38. Zwolińska A., Krawczyk K., Pospieszny H. 2012. Molecular characterization of stolbur phytoplasma associated with pea plants in Poland. Journal of Phytopathology 160: 317–323. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2012.01903.x
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Weronika Zenelt
1
Krzysztof Krawczyk
2
Natasza Borodynko-Filas
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Plant Disease Clinic and Bank of Plant Pathogen, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
  2. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The article presents the research into hygienizing process of chicken manure using calcium peroxide (CaO2) as an environmentally friendly biological deactivation agent. The influence of the addition of CaO2 to chicken manure on the bioavailability of phosphorus was also analyzed. The process of biological deactivation using CaO2, CaO and Ca(OH)2 agents was analyzed applying the disk diffusion method. To optimize the effect of the hygienizing parameters, (CaO2 concentration, pH, temperature and time) on the reduction of Enterobacteriaceae count the Taguchi method was applied. The content of bioavailable phosphorus was measured with the Egner-Riehm method and determined with spectrophotometry. The reduction in bacterial count followed an increase in the concentration of CaO2 in a sample. The optimal experimental conditions (CaO2=10.5 wt.%, pH=9.5, T=40°C, t=180 h) enabled a significant decrease in the Enterobacteriaceae count, from 107 cfu/g to 102 cfu/g. Analysis of the samples with Egner-Riehm method showed that the phosphorus content decreased with the addition of biocide CaO2: from 26.6 mg/l (for 3.5 wt.%) to 3.5 mg/l (for 10.5 wt.%). These values were slightly higher than the content of phosphorus deactivated with Ca(OH)2 i.e., from 11.25 mg/l (for 3.5 wt.%) to 4.49 mg/l (for 10.5 wt.%). The application of CaO2 for hygienizing chicken manure enables effective reduction of Enterobacteriaceae count to an acceptable level (below 1000 cfu/g). In comparison with the traditional techniques of hygienization, the application of CaO2 has a positive effect on the recovery of bioavailable phosphorus.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Angelika Więckol-Ryk
1
Barbara Białecka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Thomas
3

  1. Central Mining Institute, Department of Risk Assessment and Industrial Safety, Poland
  2. Central Mining Institute, Department of Water Protection, Poland
  3. Chemiqua Water & Wastewater Company, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Plant secondary metabolites have a variety of functions, including mediating relationships between organisms, responding to environmental challenges, and protecting plants against infections, pests, and herbivores. In a similar way, through controlling plant metabolism, plant microbiomes take part in many of the aforementioned processes indirectly or directly. Researchers have discovered that plants may affect their microbiome by secreting a variety of metabolites, and that the microbiome could likewise affect the metabolome of the host plant. Pesticides are agrochemicals that are employed to safeguard humans and plants from numerous illnesses in urban green zones, public health initiatives, and agricultural fields. The careless use of chemical pesticides is destroying our ecology. As a result, it is necessary to investigate environmentally benign alternatives to pathogen management, such as plant-based metabolites. According to literature, plant metabolites have been shown to have the ability to battle plant pathogens. Phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids are a few of the secondary metabolites of plants that have been covered in this study.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Herlina Jusuf
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marischa Elveny
2
ORCID: ORCID
Feruza Azizova
3
ORCID: ORCID
Rustem A. Shichiyakh
4
ORCID: ORCID
Dmitriy Kulikov
5
ORCID: ORCID
Muataz M. Al-Taee
6
ORCID: ORCID
Karrar K. Atiyah
7
ORCID: ORCID
Abduladheem T. Jalil
8
ORCID: ORCID
Surendar Aravindhan
9
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Faculty of Sports and Health, Department of Public Health, Jln. Jenderal Sudirman 6, Gorontalo, 96128, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Sumatera Utara, DS & CI Research Group, Medan, Indonesia
  3. Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
  4. Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Department of Management, Kuban, Russia
  5. Moscow State University of Technologies and Management named after K.G. Razumovsky (First Cossack University), Department of Digital Nutrition, Hotel and Restaurant Services, Moscow, Russia
  6. AL-Nisour University College, Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
  7. College of Dentistry, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
  8. Al-Mustaqbal University College, Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
  9. Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are promising as biocontrol agents for the most economically important insect pest attacking a wide range of host plants. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the impact of four artificial diets and one natural food on numbers, weights, and total lipid content of the greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as well as the impact of these diets on the ability of nematode species Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae to infect insects and multiply inside an insect host which had been reared on one of five different diets (D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5). The correlation between larvae weight and total lipid content, pathogenicity or multiplication of nematodes was also studied. The obtained results indicated that D2, D5 and D3 gave the highest growth or weights of larvae. The larvae produced weighed 3.71, 3.67 and 3.25 g from 50 g media, respectively. Statistically, larvae weights had a positive and significant correlation with the lipid content in larvae where r = 0.732. On the other hand, infective juveniles (IJs) of nematodes produced from insect hosts reared on D2 and D5 revealed more pathogenicity on larvae, since they caused the highest percent of mortality, 53.33 and 50.0% for H. bacteriophora, and 56.67 and 53.33% for S. carpocapsae, respectively. The total lipid content had a positive and highly significant correlation with the pathogenicity of the two nematode species where r = 0.97 and 0.971, respectively. Ultimately, the supplied foods of the artificial diets D2, D3 and natural beeswax (D5) gave the most suitable chance for developing insect growth and increasing the EPN quality and enhancing the potential of EPNs as biological control agents against different insect pests.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Mona Ahmed Hussein
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hamdy Abdelnaby Salem
1
Sayed Hala
1
Salah Mahmoud
1

  1. Pests and Plant Protection Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Institute, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

During 2016–2020, a longitudinal bark canker was observed on walnut branches in some of the provinces of Iran. The symptoms appeared on one side of the branches. No visible symptoms were observed on the sapwood after removal of the bark using a blade. In order to detect a potential agent of these symptoms on walnut trees, collected samples were transferred to the laboratory for further investigation. After isolation and purification based on standard methods, a fungus was frequently isolated from symptomatic tissues. Morphological and molecular assays indicated that the responsible agent of this disease was Alternaria malorum, moreover, a pathogenicity test confirmed that A. malorum was pathogenic on walnut trees. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first attempt to identify A. malorum as a new causative agent of bark canker on walnut trees in the world.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Shima Bagherabadi
1
Doustmorad Zafari
1

  1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Hass avocado cultivation in Colombia has grown rapidly in area in recent years. It is being planted in marginal areas, which leads to low yields, and in many cases is related to diseases. Ecological niche modeling (ENM) can offer a view of the potential geographic and environmental distribution of diseases, and thus identify areas with suitable or unsuitable conditions for their development. The aim of the study was to assess current and potential distribution of the major diseases on Hass avocado in Colombia. Areas planted with Hass avocado in Antioquia, Colombia were sampled for diseases including the following pathogens: Phytophthora cinnamomi, Verticillium sp., Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Phytophthora palmivora, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato, Pestalotia sp., and Capnodium sp., and one disorder hypoxia-anoxia. These pathogens were selected based on their relevance (incidence-severity) and capacity to cause damage in different tissues of avocado plants. Severity and incidence of each disease were related to environmental information from vegetation indices and topographic variables using maximum entropy modeling approaches (MaxEnt). Models were calibrated only across areas sampled, and then transferred more broadly to areas currently planted, and to potential zones for planting. Combinations of best performance and low omission rates were the basis for model selection. Results show that Hass avocado has been planted in areas highly conducive for many pathogens, particularly for Phytophthora cinnamomi and hypoxia-anoxia disorder. Ecological niche modeling approaches offer an alternative toolset for planning and making assessments that can be incorporated into disease management plans.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Joaquín Guillermo Ramírez-Gil
Andrew Townsend Peterson
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In order to use entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) as biological control agents, it is necessary to mass produce the EPF in an economical and cost-effective manner. Currently, the mass production of EPF is carried out mainly in two ways: solid-state fermentation in which the aerial conidia are produced, and liquid fermentation in which the blastospores and submerged conidia are produced. This research compares the survival of Beauveria bassiana A1-1spores from solid and liquid culture media, after 0, 3, 6 and 9 months of storage at room temperature (25 ± 5°C) and in the refrigerator (4°C). Furthermore, it compares the pathogenicity of spores immediately after production and after 9 months of storage on third nymphs of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. The aerial conidia and blastospores were slightly more virulent than the submerged conidia on whitefly nymphs. In laboratory bioassays, blastospores indicated more pathogenicity on nymphs than submerged conidia, even though there was no significant difference in the pathogenicity of the spores produced in liquid culture media in greenhouse bioassays. Moreover, survival of the aerial conidia at a low temperature (4°C) was higher than that kept at room temperature (25 ± 5°C). This storage temperature comparison revealed a positive effect on the stability and survival of blastospores and submerged conidia as well. Meanwhile, the survival of spores drastically decreased after 3 months of storage at room temperature.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Saeedeh Javar
1
Shahram Farrokhi
2
Shahram Naeimi
2
Maryam Kalantari Jooshani
2

  1. Plant Protection Research Department, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran
  2. Biological Control Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran

Authors and Affiliations

Mehmet Demir Kaya
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nurgül Ergin
2

  1. Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
  2. Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Duck viral hepatitis (DVH) is an acute and fatal disease of young ducklings characterized by rapid transmission and damages. The most important agent of DVH is duck hepatitis virus 1 (DHV-1). The effective control of DVH was achieved by active immunization of 1-day-old duck- lings with an attenuated DHV-1 virus vaccine. However, the attenuated virus might reverse to virulence. In this study, a DHV-1 strain, Du/CH/LBJ/090809, was identified and its genomic se- quences were determined. The genome of Du/CH/LBJ/090809 is composed of 7,692 nt excluding poly A and the virus was clustered into genotype A by comparing with other referenced DHV-1 strains. Du/CH/LBJ/090809 could lead to 30% mortality of 10-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) ducklings. The virus was passaged serially in SPF chicken embryonated eggs and three vi- ruses, passage 16 (P16), P29 and P40, were selected for genomic analysis. P29 and P40 were used to evaluate the attenuation in duckling by inoculating the virus to 10-day-old SPF ducklings. Re- sults of vaccination-challenge assay showed that the inactivated virus P40 could evoke protection against the pathogenic parent virus. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the genomes of Du/ CH/LBJ/090809, P16, P29 and P40 were compared. Changes both in nucleotides and amino acids, which might be contributed to the decreasing in virulence by chicken embryo-passaging of DHV- 1, were observed. We speculated that these changes might be important in the adaption and at- tenuation of the virulent virus. Additionally, strains obtained in this study will provide potential candidate in the development of vaccines against DHV-1.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

X. Liu
X. Kong
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Genetically modified Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) leaves with typical symptoms of Alternaria early blight disease resembling that of tomato and potato were observed in the main cotton growing schemes in Sudan. Symptoms on leaves appeared as either brown 2leaf spot with gray centers or leaf blight with concentric rings. Pathogenicity tests using isolates with both symptoms showed that the isolated fungi were highly pathogenic to both G. hirsutum and G. barbadense cotton varieties. Alternaria alternata isolated from infected tomato and potato leaves with early blight symptoms was included for comparison. Microscopic examination showed that the mean length of conidia from cotton, tomato and potato isolates ranged from 26.25 to 45.45 μm, while the width ranged from 9.56 to 13.64 μm. The mean number of transverse septa among all isolates was 3.4 to 5.7 and the peak length ranged from 3.75 to 7.8 μm. Based on morphological characteristics the two isolates from cotton were identified as A. alternata. Genomic DNA was extracted directly from fungal cultures grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates using a Zymo Research Quick DNA kit. A species-specific primer using the internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA) PCR scoring indicated the presence of A. alternata using primer pair ITS4/ITS5. Amplifications of the internal transcribed spacer region of 600 bp revealed 100% identity of the isolated fungus from cotton with A. alternata from tomato and potato. These data oblige us to reconsider the presence of A. alternata in the four main cotton growing schemes in Sudan while these symptoms have always been described for tomato and potato early blight disease.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Omyma Elmahi Mohamed
Mayada Mamoun Beshir
Nafisa Elmahi Ahmed

This page uses 'cookies'. Learn more