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Abstract

Wheat grain discoloration, a worldwide disease that lowers grain quality and decreases grain yield, does not have a single etiology. It has been proposed that it is a consequence of an abiotic mechanism, a response to environmental conditions or enzymatic activity. It has also been suggest that it is a biotic mechanism, a fungal infection principally by Alternaria spp. and Bipolaris sorokiniana. The present work was carried out to analyze the possible etiology of this disease in nine durum wheat genotypes from two localities of southern Buenos Aires province (Argentina) on two sowing dates. Incidence (percentage of grain discoloration) was recorded and mycobiota associated with this pathology was registered following ISTA rules. Peroxidase activity in an extract obtained from grains belonging to genotypes of the locality that showed the highest incidence was measured.

The incidence among genotypes, localities and sowing dates varied, although the genotypes with the higher and lower values of incidence were the same for all the variables tested. The fungus Alternaria spp. was isolated the most frequently followed by Fusarium spp., while Bipolaris sorokiniana was found the least frequently. Peroxidase activity showed that all the treatments had similar levels of enzymatic activity, but there was no clear differentiation between controls either between genotypes with the lowest or the highest incidence values. This suggests that peroxidase activity did not have a clear relationship with grain discoloration. In this research, it is presumed that fungal infection is the main cause of this disease.

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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Josefina Cipollone
Paulina Moya
Iván Martínez
Mario Saparrat
Marina Sisterna
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Abstract

The development of in vitro embryo production (IVEP) techniques in Felis catus is a fitting model with potential application to the conservation of endangered felid species. To improve the quality of IVEP techniques an appropriate balance of pro- and antioxidants should be provided. Under in vitro conditions, high levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) mRNA provide a defence mechanism against oxidative stress for embryos. In order to improve the development of cat oocytes, the effects of SOD and CAT supplemented to in vitro maturation (IVM) medium and of GPx supplemented to in vitro fertilization (IVF) medium on development and embryo production in vitro were evaluated. Data showed an increase of 70 and 77 % of cleaved embryo and blastocyst formation, respectively, in the experiment with SOD and CAT addition to IVM medium; in the experiment with GPx addition to IVF medium the number of cleaved embryos doubled and the number of embryos increased by 96 %. Therefore, our results were positive and encourage us to continue studies on cat oocytes evaluating the effects of various dosages and combination of antioxidants.

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Authors and Affiliations

N. Cocchia
S. Tafuri
C. Del Prete
V. Palumbo
L. Esposito
L. Avallone
F. Ciani
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of parenteral and oral supplementation of Selenium (Se) and vitamin E (VTE) on selected antioxidant parameters in blood and colostrum as well as their effect on the incidence of mastitis in dairy cows during the final phase of gravidity (6 weeks) and first two weeks after calving. For the practical part of the study 36 dairy cows of Slovak pied breed in the second to fourth lactation-gestation cycle were selected. The animals weredivided into three groups: the control (C) and two experimental groups (D1 and D2). The selected groups were treated as follows: in group D1 products containing Se (Selevit inj.) and vitamin E (Erevit sol. inj.) were administered intramuscularly twice, six and three weeks prior to parturition; in group D2 a vitamin-minerals supplement in the form of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and dl-α-tocopherol acetate were supplemented orally for six weeks calving. The blood samples were collected from the vena jugularis in dairy cows approximately 42 days before calving (control sampling), on parturition day, and the 14th day after calving. Higher concentrations of Se and VTE were found in the blood plasma samples of both experimental groups collected on the day of parturition. In addition, the orally supplemented group (D2) showed higher Se and α-tocopherol concentrations in blood plasma on the14th day after calving as well a reduction of occurrence of mastitis by about 25 % compared to the control group. The relationship between inflammatory response and oxidative stress was also confirmed. The concentrations of milk malondialdehyde indicating lipid peroxidation during mastitis were significantly higher in milk samples from infected cows than in milk samples from healthy animals in each monitored group. In order to prevent oxidative stress and moderate inflammatory response in dairy cows it is very important to optimally balance their nutritive needs with an appropriate ratio of Se and VTE supplements. Therefore we still recommend supplementation of the cows’ postpartum dietwith 0.5 mg of Se/kg dry matter (DM) and 102 mg of dl-α-tocopherol acetate/kg DM to stabilize their optimal blood levels, stimulate the activity of glutathione peroxidase and reduce the incidence of mastitis.
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Bibliography

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Kafilzadeh F, Kheirmanesh H, ShabankarehHK, Targhibi MR, Maleki E, Ebrahimi M, Meng GY, (2014) Comparing the effect of oral supplementation of vitamin E, injective vitamin E and selenium or both during late pregnancy on production and reproductive performance and immune function of dairy cows and calves. Scientific World Journal, 2014, Article ID 1658415.
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Pavlata L, Podhorsky A, Pechova A, Dvorak R (2004b) Incidence of hypovitaminosis E in calves and therapeutic remedy by selenium-vitamin supplementation. Acta Vet. Brno 74: 209-216.
Pechova A, Pavlata L, Illek J (2005) Blood and tissue selenium determination by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Acta Vet. Brno 74: 483-490.
Waller PK, Hallen SC, Emanuelson U, Jensen SK (2007) Supplementation of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate to periparturient dairy cows in commercial herds with high mastitis incidence. J Dairy Sci 90: 3640-3646.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Vasiľ
1
F. Zigo
1
Z. Farkašová
1
E. Pecka-Kielb
2
J. Bujok
2
J. Illek
3

  1. Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenského 73, Košice, 04001, Slovakia
  2. Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
  3. Large Animal Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract

Phylloplane microbes have been studied as strategic tools in management against plant pathogens. Non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi have been applied as crop protectants against various plant diseases. The present study aimed at evaluating the potentiality of Aspergillus niger spores in altering the activity of four key enzymes related to defense in tomato. The experiment was designed such that two groups of 50 tomato plants were considered: group 1 – sprayed with autoclaved distilled water (control) and group 2 – sprayed with A. niger spores. Spraying was carried out under aseptic conditions. The experimental parameters included analysis of the activity of peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) as well as expression of POX and PPO isoforms. The results demonstrated an inductive effect of A. niger on the activity of POX, PPO, PAL and TAL. Enhanced expression of POX and PPO isoforms was also observed. The results indicated that A. niger can be considered probiotic for the management of tomato against its phytopathogens.

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Authors and Affiliations

Susmita Goswami
ORCID: ORCID
Prabir Kumar Paul
Prem Datt Sharma
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Abstract

Meloidogyne arenaria belongs to root-knot nematodes (RKNs) which constitute a group of highly polyphagous nematodes causing serious damages to many crop varieties. Maize ( Zea mays) is one of its main hosts. During plant response to RKN infection, many mechanisms are involved. Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs), which present many functions and enzymatic activities, such as ribonucleases (RNases), antioxidative enzymes, or proteases are involved in these processes. The aim of this study was to describe changes in peroxidase and RNase activities induced in Z. mays during its response to M. arenaria infection. Moreover, proteins potentially responsible for peroxidase activity were indicated. RNase and peroxidase activities were tested on proteins extracted from roots of healthy plants, M. arenaria infected plants, and healthy plants mixed with M. arenaria juveniles, in native polyacrylamide (PAA) gels. Samples were collected from two varieties of maize at four time points. A selected fraction showing peroxidase activity was excised from the gel and analyzed using mass spectrometry (MS) to determine protein factors responsible for enzymatic activity. As a result, the analyzed varieties showed slight differences in their RNase and peroxidase activities. Higher activity was observed in the Tasty Sweet variety than in the Waza variety. There were no significant differences between healthy and infected plants in RNase activities at all time points. This was in contrast to peroxidase activity, which was the highest in M. arenaria-infected plants 15 days after inoculation. On the basis of protein identification in excised gel fractions using MS it can be assumed that mainly peroxidase 12 is responsible for the observed peroxidase activity. Moreover, peroxidase activity may be presented by glutathione-S-transferase as well.
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Authors and Affiliations

Arnika Przybylska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection − National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
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Abstract

A representative group of hydrophilic fungi from the genus Trichoderma isolated from lignocellulose composts with varying degrees of maturity was analyzed for their ability to biodegrade a harmful anthraquinone dye, i.e. Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR). In RBBR-containing post-culture liquids, there were determined the degree of RBBR decolorization, horseradish peroxidase-like, superoxide dismutase-like, and xylanase activities, and the concentrations of low-molecular phenolic compounds. The study results demonstrated that Trichoderma asperellum, T. harzianum, and T. lixii strains isolated from compost containing larger amounts of easily available lignocellulose fractions, i.e. grasses, exhibit higher RBBR decolorization effi ciency ranging from 0.3 to 62% than T. citrinoviride strains isolated from compost II, which contained greater quantities of hardly degradable lignocellulose. The decolorization of remazol blue R by the investigated Trichoderma strains intensified signifi cantly with the increase in peroxidase activity and it was correlated with a decline in the content of low-molecular phenolic compounds. The dynamics of changes in the horseradish peroxidase-like, superoxide dismutase, and xylanase activities in the aqueous post-culture liquids of the investigated fungal strains depended largely on the duration of the culture. Given their ability to adapt to water environments, e.g. wastewater, and to decolorize and detoxify the RBBR anthraquinone dye, Trichoderma fungi can be used for bioremediation of such environments.

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Authors and Affiliations

Justyna Bohacz
1

  1. University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Faculty of Agrobioengineering, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Poland

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