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Abstract

The article presents the results of model research concerning the change of technology of argon blowing into liquid steel at the ladle furnace, using the dual plug system. The results of numerical simulations were verified with experimental data carried out on the water model device. The verified model was used to perform numerical simulations to predict the impact of using a new gas injection technology – with different flow rates – on the time to achieve the assumed degree of metal chemical homogenization after alloy addition. Simulation results show that argon blowing metal bath in dual plug mode can effectively reduce mixing time compared to conventional technology with the same gas flow rates. Generally, the use of the dual plug system is beneficial for reducing the bath mixing time, however, the assumed optimal proportion of gas blown through individual plug should be followed. Finally, numerical predictions were used to perform experimental melt under industrial conditions. Industrial verification has clearly confirmed the validity of numerical modeling and showed that also in industrial conditions, a shorter time of chemical homogenization was obtained for the dual plug system.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Warzecha
1
A. Hutny
1
P. Warzecha
1
Z. Kutyła
2
T. Merder
3

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
  2. CMC Poland Sp. z o.o., 82 Piłsudskiego Str., 42-400 Zawiercie, Poland
  3. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, 8 Krasinskiego Str., 40-019 Katowice, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents research upon the gas distribution in a physical model and the computer simulation of dust separation in a horizontal electrostatic precipitator (ESP) with a flat inlet diffuser. The research of a gas flow was carried out using the visualization method and the velocity measurement in cross sections of a model chamber. By selecting suitable choking diffusion screens and deflecting vanes in a diffuser the oblique profiles of a gas velocity were obtained for different obliqueness degree. It was assumed that the velocity profiles obtained should guarantee higher performance of an ESP than those uniform profiles as used so far. Those assumptions were proved by the results of computer simulation obtained using a program SYMULA-X. The results of experiments and computer simulation arc presented in a graphical form.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Jędrusik
Arkadiusz Świerczok
Edward Nowaczewski
Marian Sarna
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Abstract

Potentially hazardous side-channels of complex geometry need to be investigated using detailed hydraulic physical models. This study aims to analyse the cross-waves pattern and pulsating flow using a side-channel spillway physical model. This study compares the cross-waves pattern were measured using an experimental installation set to generate cross-waves on the surface (original series) with another structure that did not produce cross-waves (modified series). The results showed that the geometry of the left wall caused instability in flow patterns and secondary flows. The starting point of Q 2 discharge was detected by minor turbulence on the water surface near the left wall at a water depth of 3.3 m at the starting point of the wall, but with no overtopping. Cross-waves formed downstream at the right wall crosswise, lower than at the left wall. The height of the cross-wave increased substantially from Q 100 to Q 1000 discharges leading to overtoppings near the left wall at a water depths of 4.2 and 5.0 m at the starting point of the wall, and near the right wall at a water depths of 3.8 and 4.0 m at the upstream point of the wall. The modifications provided optimal hydraulic conditions, i.e. elimination of cross-waves and non-uniform flows. The Vedernikov and Montouri numbers showed that both original and modified series did not enter the area where the pulsating flow occurred. This indicated that both series were free from the pulsating flow.
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Authors and Affiliations

Azmeri Azmeri
1
ORCID: ORCID
Chairatun Ummah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Faris Zahran Jemi
2
ORCID: ORCID
Imam Faudli
1
ORCID: ORCID
Qurratul 'Aini Benti Nasaiy
1

  1. Universitas Syiah Kuala, Engineering Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, Jl. Tgk. Syech Abdur-Rauf No. 7, Darussalam, 23111, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Syiah Kuala, Engineering Faculty, Electrical Engineering Department, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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Abstract

Energy dissipator functions to dissipate the river-flow energy to avoid longitudinal damage to the downstream river morphology. An optimal energy dissipator planning is essential to fulfilling safe specifications regarding flow behavior. This study aims to determine the variation of energy dissipators and evaluate its effect on the hydraulic jump and energy dissipation. For this purpose, a physical model was carried out on the existing weir condition (two steps). It was also carried out on four stepped-weir variations, i.e., three-step, three-step with additional baffle blocks at the end sills, four-step, and six-step. Dimensional analysis was employed to correlate the different parameters that affect the studied phenomenon. The study shows a three-step jump shows a significantly higher Lj/y1 ratio, which is an advantage to hydraulic jumps’ compaction. The comparison of energy dissipation in all weir variations shows that the three-stepped weir has wasted more energy than other types. The energy dissipation increase of the three-step type is 20.41% higher than the existing type’s energy dissipation and much higher than other types. The dimensions of the energy dissipation basin are the ratio of the width and height of the stairs (l/h) of the three-step type (2.50). Therefore, this type is more optimal to reduce the cavitation risk, which damages the river structure and downstream area.
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Bibliography

ABBASPOUR A., PARVINI S., DALIR A.H. 2016. Effect of buried plates on scour profilesdownstream of hydraulic jump in open channels with horizontal and reverse bed slopes. Water Science and Engineering. Vol. 9(4) p. 329–335. DOI 10.1016/j.wse.2017.01.003.

ABDEL AAL G.M., SOBEAH M., HELAL E., EL-FOOLY M. 2018. Improving energy dissipation on stepped spillways using breakers. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. Vol. 9(4) p. 1887–1896. DOI 10.1016/j.asej.2017.01.008.

ALAM R.R.R., TAUFIQ M. 2018. Kajian hidrolika pelimpah samping pada model fisik Bendungan Pasuruhan Kabupaten Magelang Provinsi Jawa Tengah dengan Skala 1:60 [Study of side spillway hydraulics on physical model of Pasuruan Reservoir, Magelang Regency, Central Java Province with a scale of 1:60]. Art. of MSc Thesis. Water Engineering, Engineering Faculty – Brawijaya University p. 1–9.

ALTALIB A.N., MOHAMMED A.Y., HAYAWI H.A. 2019. Hydraulic jump and energy dissipation downstream stepped weir. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation. Vol. 69, 101616. DOI 10.1016/j.flowmea-sinst.2019.101616.

AZMERI A., LEGOWO S., REZKYNA N. 2020. Interphase modeling of soil erosion hazard using a Geographic Information System and the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Journal of Chinese Soil and Water Conservation. Vol. 51(2) p. 65–75. DOI 10.29417/JCSWC.202006_51(2).0003.

BARANI G.A., RAHNAMA M.B., SOHRABIPOOR N. 2005. Investigation of flowenergy dissipation over different stepped spillways. American Journal of Applied Sciences. Vol. 2(6) p. 1101–1105. DOI 10.3844/ajassp.2005.1101.1105.

BASRI H., AZMERI A., WESLI W., JEMI F.Z. 2020. Simulation of sediment transport in Krueng Baro River, Indonesia, Jamba. Journal of Disaster Risk Studies. Vol. 12(1), a934 p. 1–9. DOI 10.4102/jamba.v12i1.934.

BEJESTAN M.S., NEISI K. 2009. A new roughened bed hydraulic jump stilling basin. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences. Vol. 2(5) p. 436– 445. DOI 10.3923/ajaps.2009.436.445.

CHANSON H. 1994. Comparison of energy dissipation between nappe and skimming flowregimes on stepped chutes. Journal of Hydraulic Reserch. Vol. 32(2) p. 213–218. DOI 10.1080/00221686.1994.10750036.

CHANSON H. 2009. Current knowledge in hydraulic jumps and related phenomena. A survey of experimental results. European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids. Vol. 28(2) p. 191–210. DOI 10.1016/j.euromechflu.2008.06.004.

ELNIKHELY E.A. 2018. Investigation and analysis of scour downstream of a spillway, Ain Shams Engineering Journal. Vol. 9 (4) p. 2275– 2282. DOI 10.1016/j.asej.2017.03.008.

HUSAIN D., ALHAMID A.A., NEGM A.A.M. 2010. Length and depth of hydraulic jump in sloping channels. Journal of Hydraulic Research. Vol. 32(6) p. 899–910. DOI 10.1080/00221689409498697.

KARBASI M. 2016. Estimation of classical hydraulic jump length using teaching–learning based optimization algorithm. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science. Vol. 7(8) p. 2947–2954.

KIM Y., CHOI G., PARK H., BYEON S. 2015. Hydraulic jump and energy dissipation with sluice gate. Water. Vol. 7 p. 5115–5133. DOI 10.3390/w7095115.

LI L.X., LIAO H.S., LIU D., JIANG S.Y. 2015. Experimental investigation of the optimization of stilling basin with shallow-water cushion used for low Froude number energy dissipation. Journal of Hydrodinamics. Vol. 27(4) p. 552–529. DOI 10.1016/S1001-6058 (15)60512-1.

SULISTIONO B., MAKRUP L. 2017. Study of hydraulic jump length coefficient with the leap generation by canal gate model. American Journal of Civil Engineering. Vol. 5(3) p. 148–154. DOI 10.11648/j.ajce.20170503.14.

TIWARI H.L., GOEL A. 2016. Effect of impact wall on energy dissipation in stilling basin. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. DOI 10.1007/s12205-015-0292-5.

WÜTHRICH D., CHANSON H. 2014. Hydraulics, air entrainment, and energy dissipation on a gabion stepped weir. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. Vol. 140(9) p. 04014046.1–04014046.10. DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000919.
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Authors and Affiliations

Azmeri Azmeri
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hairul Basri
2
ORCID: ORCID
Alfiansyah Yulianur
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ziana Ziana
1
ORCID: ORCID
Faris Zahran Jemi
3
ORCID: ORCID
Ridha Aulia Rahmah
1

  1. Syiah Kuala University, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Jl. Tgk. Syeh Abdul Rauf No. 7, Darussalam – Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
  2. Syiah Kuala University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  3. Syiah Kuala University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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Abstract

The article describes the influence of optimization parameters on the efficiency of aluminium melt refining by using physical modelling. The blowing of refining gas, through a rotating impeller into the ladle is a widely used operating technology to reduce the content of impurities in molten aluminium, e.g. hydrogen. The efficiency of this refining process depends on the creation of fine bubbles with a high interphase surface, wide-spread distribution, the residence time of its effect in the melt, and mostly on the wide-spread dispersion of bubbles in the whole volume of the refining ladle and with the long period of their effect in the melt. For physical modelling, a plexiglass model on a scale of 1:1 is used for the operating ladle. Part of the physical model is a hollow shaft used for gas supply equipped with an impeller and also two baffles. The basis of physical modelling consists in the targeted utilization of the similarities of the processes that take place within the actual device and its model. The degassing process of aluminium melt by blowing inert gas is simulated in physical modelling by a decrease of dissolved oxygen in the model liquid (water).
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Bibliography

[1] Michalek, K., Tkadlečková, M., Socha, L., Gryc, K., Saternus, M., Pieprzyca, J. & Merder, T. (2018). Physical modelling of degassing process by blowing of inert gas. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 63(2), 987-992. DOI: 10.24425/122432.
[2] Hernández-Hernández, M., Camacho-Martínez, J., González-Rivera, C. & Ramírez-Argáez, M.A. (2016). Impeller design assisted by physical modelling and pilot plant trials. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 236, 1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.04.031.
[3] Mostafei, M., Ghodabi, M., Eisaabadi, G.B., Uludag, M. & Tiryakioglu, M. (2016). Evaluation of the effects rotary degassing process variables on the quality of A357 aluminium alloy castings. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 47(6), 3469-3475. DOI: 10.1017/s11663-016-0786-7.
[4] Merder, T., Saternus, M. & Warzecha, P. (2014). Possibilities of 3D Model application in the process of aluminium refining in the unit with rotary impeller. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 59(2), 789-794. DOI: 10.2478/amm-2014-0134.
[5] Saternus, M., Merder, T. & Pieprzyca, J. (2015). The influence of impeller geometry on the gas bubbles dispersion in URO-200 reactor – RTD curves. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 60(4), 2887-2893. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2015-0461.
[6] Yamamoto, T., Suzuki, A., Komarov, S.V. & Ishiwata, Y. (2018). Investigation of impeller design and flow structures in mechanical stirring of molten aluminium. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 261, 164-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.06.012.
[7] Gao, G., Wang, M., Shi, D. & Kang, Y. (2019). Simulation of bubble behavior in a water physical model of an aluminium degassing ladle unit employing compound technique of rotary blowing and ultrasonic. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 50(4), 1997-2005. DOI: 10.1017/j.s11663-019-01607-y. [8] Yu, S., Zou, Z.-S., Shao, L. & Louhenkilpi, S. (2017). A theoretical scaling equation for designing physical modelling of gas-liquid flow in metallurgical ladles. Steel Research International. 88(1), 1600156. DOI: 10.1002/srin.201600156.
[9] Abreu-López, D., Dutta, A., Camacho-Martínez, J.L., Trápaga-Martínez, G. & Ramírez-Argáez, M. A. (2018). Mass transfer study of a batch aluminium degassing ladle with multiple designs of rotating impellers. JOM. 70, 2958-2967. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-018-3147-y.
[10] Walek, J., Michalek, K., Tkadlečková, M. & Saternus, M. (2021). Modelling of technological parameters of aluminium melt refining in the ladle by blowing of inert gas through the rotating impeller. Metals. 11(2), 284. DOI: 10.3390/met11020284.
[11] Saternus, M. & Merder, T. (2018). Physical modelling of aluminium refining process conducted in batch reactor with rotary impeller. Metals. 8(9), 726. DOI: 10.3390/met8090726.
[12] Lichý, P., Bajerová, M., Kroupová, I. & Obzina, T. (2020). Refining aluminium-alloy melts with graphite rotors. Materiali in Technologije. 54(2), 263-265. DOI: 10.17222/mit.2019.147.
[13] Lichý, P., Kroupová, I., Radkovský, F. & Nguyenová, I. (2016). Possibilities of the controlled gasification of aluminium alloys for eliminating the casting defects. 25th Anniversary International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, May 25th - 27th 2016 (1474-1479). Hotel Voroněž I, Brno, Czech Republic, EU: Lichý, P.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Walek
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Michalek
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Tkadlečková
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Department of Metallurgical Technologies
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Abstract

The study presents the results of laboratory testing of the phenomenon of cracking in the process of cross rolling. A new method of determining the critical value of the damage function was developed, in which a disc-shaped sample is subjected to rotational compression in a channel. In this method the Mannesmann effect was used. The laboratory tests were conducted for C45, 50HS and R260 grade steel in the temperature range 950°C-1150°C. In order to research various methods of simulating the phenomenon of cracking in the process of cross rolling, physical modelling was also employed. The model material was commercial plasticine, cooled to the temperature 0°C-20°C. Comparing the test results for both the real and model material allowed one to determine the range of the forming temperature for the model material, in which the cracking process is similar to the case of the real material.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ł. Wójcik
Z. Pater
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Abstract

Cutting blasting has been widely used for tunnel excavation. The cutting forms significantly influence the blasting effect. This research focuses on the study of the relationship between cutting forms and blasting effects. Similarity theory is proposed for the experimental study of the rock blasting using small models. Then four experimental modes with different cutting forms are used to study the blasting effect due to the cutting forms. The cutting depth, borehole utilization rate, fragments volume, and average fragment size are analysed. The blasting effects with various cutting forms are compared. The influences of the borehole space and the blasting delay are discussed. It is concluded that the spiral cutting form can produce more fragments and is recommend for the small section tunnel excavation.
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Bibliography


[1] Sato, T., T. Kikuchi, and K. Sugihara, “In-situ experiments on an excavation disturbed zone induced by mechanical excavation in Neogene sedimentary rock at Tono mine, central Japan,” Engineering geology 56(1): pp. 97–108, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(99)00136-2.
[2] Cunningham, C., “Fragmentation estimations and the Kuz-Ram model-Four years on”, in Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting,1987.
[3] Kisslinger, C., The generation of the primary seismic signal by a contained explosion, DTIC Document, 1963.
[4] Kuznetsov, V., “The mean diameter of the fragments formed by blasting rock,” Journal of Mining Science 9(2): pp. 144–148, 1973. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02506177.
[5] Clark, L.D. and S.S. Saluja, “Blasting mechanics” Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Engrs229: pp. 78–90, 1964.
[6] Langefors, U. and B. Kihlström, “The modern technique of rock blasting” Wiley, 1978.
[7] Porter, D.D., “Crater formation in plaster of Paris models by enclosed charges” Colorado School of Mines, 1961.
[8] Saluja, S.S., “Mechanism of rock failure under the action of explosives”, in The 9th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS): American Rock Mechanics Association, 1967.
[9] Wei, X., Z. Zhao, and J. Gu, “Numerical simulations of rock mass damage induced by underground explosion” ,International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 46(7): pp. 1206–1213, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.02.007.
[10] Liu, H., D. Williams, D. Pedroso, et al., “Numerical procedure for modelling dynamic fracture of rock by blasting”, in Controlling Seismic Hazard and Sustainable Development of Deep Mines: 7th International Symposium On Rockburst and Seismicity in Mines (rasim7), Vol 1 and 2: Rinton Press, 2009.
[11] Saharan, M.R. and H. Mitri, “Numerical procedure for dynamic simulation of discrete fractures due to blasting,” Rock mechanics and rock engineering 41(5): pp. 641–670, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-007-0136-9.
[12] Ma, G. and X. An, “Numerical simulation of blasting-induced rock fractures,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 45(6): pp. 966–975, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.12.002.
[13] Wang, Z.-L., Y.-C. Li, and R. Shen, “Numerical simulation of tensile damage and blast crater in brittle rock due to underground explosion,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 44(5): pp. 730–738, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.11.004.
[14] Wang, Z., Y. Li, and J. Wang, “A method for evaluating dynamic tensile damage of rock”, Engineering fracture mechanics. 75(10): pp. 2812–2825, 2008.
[15] Zhu, Z., B. Mohanty, and H. Xie, “Numerical investigation of blasting-induced crack initiation and propagation in rocks,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 44(3): pp. 412–424, 2007.
[16] Huang, D., X.Y. Qiu, X.Z. Shi, et al., “Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Blast-Induced Vibration for Short-Delay Cut Blasting in Underground Mining,” Shock and Vibration. 2019: 13, 2019.
[17] Liu, K., Q.Y. Li, C.Q. Wu, et al., “A study of cut blasting for one-step raise excavation based on numerical simulation and field blast tests” ,International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 109: pp. 91–104, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.06.019.
[18] Man, K., X.L. Liu, J. Wang, et al., “Blasting Energy Analysis of the Different Cutting Methods” ,Shock and Vibration. 2018: p. 13, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9419018.
[19] Xie, L.X., W.B. Lu, Q.B. Zhang, et al., “Analysis of damage mechanisms and optimization of cut blasting design under high in-situ stresses” , Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 66: pp. 19–33, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.03.009.
[20] Xie, L.X., W.B. Lu, Q.B. Zhang, et al., “Damage evolution mechanisms of rock in deep tunnels induced by cut blasting”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 58: pp. 257–270, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.06.004.
[21] Qu, S.J., X.B. Zheng, L.H. Fan, et al., “Numerical simulation of parallel hole cut blasting with uncharged holes” ,Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing 15(3): 209–214, 2008.
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Authors and Affiliations

Huaming An
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yushan Song
1
ORCID: ORCID
Deqiang Yang
2

  1. Kunming University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Security and Emergency Management, 650093, Kunming, China
  2. University of Science and Technology Beijing, School of Civil and Resource Engineering, 100083, Beijing, China
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Abstract

Shifting masses in a confined space in the company of other machines and devices, which limits the manoeuvring and transport area, poses a significant problem in every field of industry, especially with underground mining. The works involved in transporting and manoeuvring masses in underground workings are challenging and are most often performed using various auxiliary machines or manually. Hence the need arose to develop a device carrying out activities related to the shifting of masses with the assumed maximum value. The device was created as a result of cooperation between FAMA sp. z o.o. and the AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków, Poland. The mining modular transport and assembly unit (MZT-M) enables assembling and transporting various masses, especially the elements of the roadway support in the face. The primary function of this device is its movement in the excavation along with the transported mass and delivering it to a specific place. Therefore, an important issue is to ensure the module’s stability in different phases of its operation (lifting, transport, manoeuvring, feeding, lowering) due to the limited space in the excavation. That is why an analytical model and specialised software were created to determine the design parameters of the device as a function of its operating phases, especially the counterweight’s mass. As previously mentioned, an analytical model (physical, mathematical) with equations and applications written in Microsoft Visual Studio and Matlab was used for this purpose. It is beneficial at the design or construction changes stage. Calculation results are documented in the form of numerical summaries and graphs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Krauze
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ryszard Klempka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kamil Mucha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Wydro
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Nowadays, an orthomap destined for different purposes can be created from High Resolution Satellite (HRS) images using IKONOS, QuickBird and other satellite imageries having Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) lower than I m. The orthomap is one of the main sources for establishing GIS. Accuracy of the orthomap depends first of all on the parameters of Ground Control Points (GCPs) (the forms, number, accuracy and their distribution). In order to reduce the cost and number of GCP field measurements, the block of HRS images has been proposed. The accuracies of determined points in the block of HRS images are affected by the mathematical model used to build a block. The paper presents a general algorithm of bundle block adjustment model of HRS images using Keplerian parameters. In order to overcome strong correlation among exterior orientation elements of HRS images that causes the normal equation ill-conditioned, the ridge-stein estimator and orbital addition constraints have been proposed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Luong Chinh Ke
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Abstract

The paper has presented the results of theoretical studies and experimental tests of the plastic deformation of multi-layered Ti/Al/Mg specimens. Theoretical studies were carried out using the Forge2011® computer program. Physical modeling, on the other hand, was performed using the Gleeble3800 simulator. Cuboidal specimens were cut off from the plates obtained in the explosive welding method. Based on the obtained investigation results it has been found non uniform deformation of the particular layer as a result their different value of flow stress.

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Mróz
A. Stefanik
P. Szota
M. Kwapisz
M. Wachowski
ORCID: ORCID
L. Śnieżek
ORCID: ORCID
A. Gałka
Z. Szulc

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