Our purpose in this paper is to show how the output of academic student-writers demonstrates the different ways in which they react to the discipline’s discoursal demands and how that, in turn, forms their writer identity. We also argue that the current Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theory fails to adequately integrate notions of second language (L2) academic writer identity and the social contexts in which L2 writers produce their texts.

La Bible hébraque nous apporte un certain nombre d’informations sur les sages/ savants cté d’un roi ou au milieu d’une société. Malgré cela il est difficile de définire le rle et la place des sages dans la société israélite comme aussi l’histoire du mouvement sapiential au cours des sicles. Ben Sira vivant vers la fin de l’Ancien Testament est conscient d’eÎtre le dernier et le débiteur de tous ceux qui ont veÂcu et travaillé avant lui. Il est trs conscient de ce qu’il est dans la société contemporaine et il esquisse un portrait trs apparent d’un sage (Siracide 38,24-39,11). Selon lui tous les métiers sont utiles et nécessaires pour le fonctionnement de la cité. Mais le rle du sage dans la société est exceptionnel et tout fait indispensable. Seulement le sage est capable de donner bon conseil dans les cas difficiles et prendre parole dans le gouvernement de l’Etat.

Le sage est un homme qui étudie avec respect l’héritage du passé en particulier les écritures des auteurs inspirés. Mais il est autant soucieux d’enrichir cet héritage par raisonnement, par observation de la vie, par assimilation de la philosophie hellénistique qui a profondément pénétré dans la vie et pensée de la population juive pendant les derniers sicles de l’Ancien Testament. Le sage systématiquement construit sa sagesse par l’étude, par les voyages, par les contacts avec les hommes et surtout par la prire. Ce l’Esprit de Dieu qui finalement donne la sagesse et c’est par la force de l’Esprit que le sage formule ses pensées en tant qu’un prophte. A l’instar d’autres sages Ben Sira enseignait oralement la sagesse dans une école Jérusalem. Il a aussi exposé sa doctrine dans un livre l’usage de ceux qui désirent s’instruire. Il a écrit en hébreu et dans la forme poétique, alors la langue et la forme habituelle pour les livres sapientiaux juifs. Cet idéal présenté par la personne de Ben Sira et par son ouvrage est actuel aussi aujourd’hui: tous ceux qui veulent enseigner les gens, propager leurs idées par la radio, la presse, le livre, doivent d’abord soigneusement élaborer et évaluer leurs concepts et ensuite les exposer dans une forme la plus élégante.

This essay contains reflections on the problems of discourse that appear in analyzing written historical sources. The author refers to Krzysztof Gajewski’s book, Reprezentacje komunizmu. PRL z perspektywy badań literackich i kulturowych [The Representation of Communism: The PPR from the Perspective of Literary and Cultural Studies] (2018). The primary findings concern the necessity of taking into account the linguistic framework of the given era.

The molluscicidal activity of six monoterpenes and two phenylpropenes against Theba pisana adults was evaluated using fumigation and direct contact methods. In the fumigant toxicity assay, (-)-citronellal showed the highest toxicity with LC50 value of 7.79 μl · l−1 air after 24 h of treatment, followed by (-)-terpinen-4-ol (LC50 = 12.06 μl · l−1), (-)-menthone (LC50 = 12.28 μl · l−1 air) and p-cymene (LC50 = 16.07 μl · l−1 air). Eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde were the most potent contact toxicants against T. pisana. Their LD50 values were 0.18 and 0.29 mg · snail−1 after 24 h of treatment, respectively. These two compounds were more toxic than a reference molluscicide, methomyl. In contrast, α-terpinene and (-)-citronellal were the least toxic compounds. In another experiment, the synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on tested monoterpenes and phenylpropenes by topical application was examined. The results showed that the toxicity of the tested compounds was increased when mixed with PBO at a ratio [compound/PBO (1 : 2)] except for α-pinene and (-)-terpinen-4-ol in which the toxicity of binary mixtures was less than for single compounds. The synergistic effect of PBO improved with increased exposure time. The highest synergistic effect was observed with (-)-menthone and α-terpinene with synergistic ratios of 9.25 and 4.37, respectively. Monoterpenes and phenylpropenes and their mixtures with PBO described herein merit further studies as potential T. pisana control agents.

Scientific research on urban and rural layouts should form an important element of studying the history of cities and villages, something which requires a coordination of multiple disciplines. One must make use of source material, yet be able to tell the difference between the source and its interpretation or critique. The importance of source material varies depending on the period and area in question. When investigating Early Medieval Poland, for instance, one should focus on geological and archeological sources. The later periods show a much larger wealth of written sources and accounts. Beginning from the period of founding cities based on German laws in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, city plans and cartographic sources are of increasing value, as they make it possible to perform modular analyses. The role of iconographic source material increases during from the modern period all the way to our times. The method of research here is the correlation of the information gained from these sources onto modern urban layouts. We can interpret the subsequent phases of development based on this. Using modular analysis we can then identify the historical and agricultural conditions of the time. This research should be conducted by a team of academics from various different fields. An example of such a cooperation is the Atlas Miast Polskich (The Atlas of Polish Cities).