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Number of results: 10
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Abstract

Self-curing concrete SC is a concrete type that can be cured without using any external curing regimes. It can perform by several methods such as using lightweight aggregate or chemical agents. In this research chemical curing agent is used to produce SC. This paper reports the results of a research study conducted to evaluate the effect of sulfates on the performance of self-curing concrete compared to ordinary concrete. Samples are immersed in sodium sulfate Na2S04 solution of 4% concentration. Results are measured in terms of compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and mass loss. It was found that the rate of strength loss is noticed at ordinary concrete compared to SC concrete. Sulfate resistance is improved when using self-curing concrete. This improvement appears to be dependent on using a chemical curing agent.

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Authors and Affiliations

A.A. Bashandy
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Abstract

In order to achieve extended life of asphalt pavement, one of key points is to achieve a good bonding between it’s components. This research paper presents findings on the topic of influence of polyethylene bitumen modification on the adhesion between bitumen and aggregate. A novel method of quantifying the bitumen coated area, based on computer image analysis, has been developed for this study. Two different methods of adhesion testing were employed, namely boiling water method and the rolling bottle method. Aggregates used in this study were granite and limestone. Based on 108 measurements, it was concluded that polyethylene modification has a negative impact on binder aggregate adhesion.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Brożyna
K. J. Kowalski
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Abstract

The use of ammonium nitrate due to its high nitrogen content (> 26%) has made it the most utilized fertilizer in agricultural areas. However, being easily accessible with this feature encouraged its use for different purposes. Ammonium nitrate is usually produced with large tonnage (> 50 ton/h) and high cost (> $20 million) production processes. Therefore, any changes that can be made in the process must be applied in the process so that the result can be achieved easily without increasing the cost in any way. In this study, it is aimed to reduce the explosion sensitivity of ammonium nitrate used for explosive purposes in terrorist attacks. Thus, it was aimed to solve the problem by adding various chemicals to the ammonium nitrate production process so that it can only be used for agricultural purposes. For this purpose, the production process was examined by adding carboxymethyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol to the ammonium nitrate production process and the accuracy of the results was tested by instrumental analysis methods.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmet Ozan Gezerman
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Abstract

In this work, the influence of plastic injection molding conditions, mainly plasticizing conditions: plasticizing pressure (back pressure) and decompression (suck-back) after dosing on weight, thickness, mechanical properties and structure of HDPE parts obtained by injection molding with the addition of chemical blowing agent was done. In order to enable the manufacturing of correctly made molded parts under given plasticizing conditions, other parameters (hold time and hold pressure, injection velocity and injection time) were also changed. It was found that making correct molded parts using decompression requires increased hold pressure and hold time. The share of the porous structure in the parts is inversely proportional to the decompression as well as the hold pressure and hold time, while the plasticizing pressure has little effect on thickness, mass, tensile strength and elongation at maximum force, however, it affects the structure of the molded parts to some extent.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Palutkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Postawa
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Wawrzyniak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, 21 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

This article engages in detailed discussion of the material properties of water pipes made of polyethylene (PE). It describes the influence of properties of the material (including its geometric dimensions) on the level of reliability of pipelines made from PE 100. Values for the index of reliability obtained from analyses carried out using probabilistic methodswere compared with those recommended for the index in regard to a reference period of 50 years and different Reliability Classes (RCs). The fully probabilistic (3rd level) method – Monte Carlo simulation method was used to analyze the reliability. The probabilistic calculations were carried out with account taken of different values for the coefficient of variation describing material parameters, adopted as random variables; as well as the correlations between them. The work detailed here reports an influence of material geometry on the reliability index reported for the analysed pipeline made from PE. Where the analysed PE pipe was associated with a coefficient of variation for wall thickness at or over 0.07, this denoted non-compliance with standard PN-EN 1990:2002 as regards the minimum level of reliability recommended for a reference period of 50 years and Reliability Class RC2.
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Bibliography

[1] European Standard. EN 1990: Eurocode – Basis of structural design. 2004.
[2] International Standard. ISO 2394: General principles on reliability for structures. 2015.
[3] ASTM International Standard. D 3350: Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials. 2014.
[4] K. Bortel, “Wpływ wybranych czynników na trwałosc rur z tworzyw termoplastycznych”, Przetwórstwo Tworzyw, 2011, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 559–566.
[5] Y.G. Hsuan, R.M. Koerner, “Antioxidant Depletion Lifetime in High Density Polyethylene Geomembranes”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 1999, vol. 124, pp. 532–541.
[6] E. Kuliczkowska, A. Kuliczkowski, B. Tchórzewska-Cieslak, “The structural integrity of water pipelines by considering the different loads”, Engineering Failure Analysis, 2020, vol. 118, pp. 1–11, DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104932.
[7] A.H. Awad, A.A. Abd El-Wahab, R. El-Gamsy, M.H. Abdel-Latif, “A study of some thermal and mechanical properties of HDPE blend with marble and granite dust”, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2019, vol. 10, pp. 353–358, DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2020.02.001.
[8] X.T. Zheng, X.H. Zhang, L.W. Ma, W. Wang, J.Y. Yu, “Mechanical characterization notched high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe: Testing and prediction”, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 2019, vol. 173, pp. 11–19, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2019.04.016.
[9] L-E. Janson, Plastics Pipes for Water Supply and Sewage Disposal, 4th ed. Stockholm: Borealis, 2003.
[10] International Standard. ISO 13477: Thermoplastics pipes for the conveyance of fluids – Determination of resistance to rapid crack propagation (RCP) – Small-scale steady-state test (S4 test). 2008.
[11] D. Castagnetti, E. Dragoni, G. ScireMammano, N. Fontani, I. Nuccini, V. Sartori, “Effect of sodium hypochlorite on the structural integrity of polyethylene pipes for potable water conveyance”, Proceedings of Plastic Pipes XIV, Budapest, 2008.
[12] F. Majid, F.M. Elghorba, “Critical lifetime of HDPE pipes through damage and reliability models”, Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, 2019, vol. 13, pp. 5228–5241.
[13] S. Vlase, D.D. Scarlatescu, M.L. Scutaru, “Stress Field in Tubes Made of High Density Polyethylene Used in Water Supply Systems”, Acta Technica Napocensis, 2019, vol. 62, pp. 273–280.
[14] The Design Of Buried Thermoplastics Pipes. [Online]. Available: https://www.prik.pl/images/pdf/ bibliografia/DesignOfBuriedPipesArecentUpdate-PDF.pdf. [Accessed: 24.11.2020].
[15] S. MacKellar, “UKWIR National Mains Failure Database”, in Proceedings of the Plastic Pipes XIII. Washington, 2006.
[16] S. Burn, P. Davis, T. Schiller, “Long-Term Performance Prediction for PVC Pipes”, AWWA Report 91092F, 2006.
[17] M. Kwietniewski, J. Rak, Niezawodnosc infrastruktury wodociagowej i kanalizacyjnej w Polsce.Warszawa: Polska AkademiaNauk.Komitet Inzynierii Ladowej i Wodnej. Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki, 2010.
[18] “Flexible and rigid sewer pipes in Europe: Comparing performance and environmental impact”, Report on the TEPPFA-PLASTICS EUROPE. Sustainable Municipal Pipes Project, 2005.
[19] European Standard. EN 12201: Polyethylene (PE) pipes for water supply, and for drainage and sewerage under pressure – dimensions. 2011.
[20] International Standard. ISO 13761: Plastics pipes and fittings – Pressure reduction factors for polyethylene pipeline systems for use at temperatures above 20 degrees C. 2017.
[21] S. Wolinski, Podstawy Projektowania Konstrukcji”, in Budownictwo ogólne, Warszawa PWN, 2011.
[22] M. Słowik, I. Skrzypczak, R. Kotynia, M. Kaszubska, “The Application of a Probabilistic Method to the Reliability Analysis of Longitudinally Reinforced Concrete Beams”, Procedia Engineering, 2017, vol. 193, pp. 273–280, DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.214.
[23] J. Szyszka, J. Kogut, I. Skrzypczak,W. Kokoszka, “Selective Internal Heat Distribution in Modified Trombe Wall”, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2017, vol. 95, no. 4, DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/95/4/042018.
[24] International Standard ISO 12162: Thermoplastics materials for pipes and fittings for pressure applications – Classification, designation and design coefficient. 2009.
[25] M. Bournonville, J. Dahnke, D. Darwin, “Statistical Analysis of the Mechanical Properties and Weight of Reinforcing Bars”, Structural Engineering and Engineering Materials, SL 04–1, 2004.
[26] M. Kwietniewski, K. Miszta-Kruk, ”Unreliability of Water Supply Networks in the Polish Towns Based on the Field Reliability Tests”, in Proceedings of The European Safety And Reliability Conference, Esrel, Troyes France, 2011.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Studzinski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Vlasta Ondrejka Harbulakova
2
ORCID: ORCID
Izabela Skrzypczak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, ul. Poznanska 2, 35-084 Rzeszów, Poland
  2. Technical University of Kosice, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vysokoskolská 4, 042 00 Košice, Slovak Republic
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Abstract

The article has been devoted to issues connected with the alloplasty and hip joint endoprostheses, that elements are being developed, which is supported by strength, tribological tests on used biomaterials, incl. polyethylene or computer modelling based on e.g. finite element method (FEM). In this paper, the results of research on the impact of the material articulations of the system head – acetabular and friction conditions on strength parameters of polyethylene components in the hip joint endoprosthesis. Numerical analysis of this friction node was carried out, using the ADINA System computer program and the simulations were performed at various friction conditions for metal/ polyethylene and ceramic/ polyethylene articulations with various UHMWPE modifications. The simulations results have shown the influence of tested material associations and friction conditions on parameters related to the strength of polyethylene cups, i.e. their displacements, stresses and deformations.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Mordal
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Szarek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation,21 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

The need for mass population vaccination against Covid-19 poses a public health problem. Allergic symptoms occurring after the 1st dose of the vaccine may result in resignation from the admin-istration of the 2nd dose. However, the majority of patients with mild and/or non-immediate symptoms may be safely vaccinated. The only absolute contraindication to administration of the vaccine is an anaphylactic reaction to any of its ingredients. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), widely used as an excipient in various vaccines, is considered the primary cause of allergic reactions associated with administration of Comirnaty (Pfizer/BioNTech) and Covid-19 Vaccine (Moderna) vaccines. However, hypersensitivity to PEG reported to date seems very rare, considering its widespread use in multiple everyday products, including medicines and cosmetics. In the paper, current literature data describing mechanisms of hy-persensitivity reactions to PEG, their clinical symptoms and diagnostic capabilities are presented. Un-doubtedly, the issue of hypersensitivity to PEG warrants further research, while patients with the diagnosis require individual diagnostic and therapeutic approach.
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Bibliography

1. Robinson L.B., Landman A.B., Shenoy E.S., et al.: Allergic symptoms after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination and risk of incomplete vaccination. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Aug; 9 (8): 3200–3202.
2. Krantz M.S., Bruusgaard-Mouritsen M.A., Koo G., Phillips E.J., Stone C.A., Garvey L.H.: Anaphylaxis to the first dose of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Don’t give up on the second dose! Allergy. 2021 Sep; 76 (9): 2916–2920. doi: 10.1111/all.14958
3. CDC COVID-19 Response Team, FDA: Allergic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, December 14–23, 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7002e1.htm (Accessed 02 Apr 2021).
4. CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Administration FDA: Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis after receipt of the first dose of Moderna COVID-19 vaccine — United States, December 21, 2020–January 10, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021; 70: 125e9.
5. Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia: Niepożądane Odczyny Poszczepienne po szczepionkach przeciw COVID-19 w Polsce. Raport za okres 27.12.2020–31.07.2021. https://www.pzh.gov.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Raport-NOP-do-31.07.2021.pdf (Accessed 10 Aug 2021).
6. Cabanillas B., Novak N.: Allergy to COVID-19 vaccines: A current update. Allergol Int. 2021 Jul; 70 (3): 313–318. doi: 10.1016/j.alit.2021.04.003
7. Kruszewski J., Cichocka-Jarosz E., Czarnobilska E., et al.: Recommendations of the Polish Society of Allergology on the qualification of person with allergies and anaphylaxis to vaccination against COVID-19. Alergologia Polska — Polish Journal of Allergology. 2021; 8, 1: 1–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.5114/pja.2021.10422
8. Hyun-Jun J., Chan Young S., Kyu-Bong K.: Safety Evaluation of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Compounds for Cosmetic Use. Toxicol Res. 2015 Jun; 31(2):105–136. doi: 10.5487/TR.2015.31.2.105
9. Wenande E., Garvey L.H.: Immediate-type hypersensitivity to polyethylene glycols: a review. Clin Exp Allergy 2016 Jul; 46 (7): 907–922. doi: 10.1111/cea.12760
10. Stone C.A. Jr., Liu Y., Relling M.V., et al.: Immediate Hypersensitivity to Polyethylene Glycols and Polysorbates: More Common Than We Have Recognized. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019 May– Jun; 7 (5): 1533–1540.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.12.003
11. Castells M.C., Phillips E.J.: Maintaining Safety with SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb; 384 (7): 643–649. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2035343
12. Klimek L., Jutel M., Akdis C.A., et al.: ARIA-EAACI statement on severe allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines — An EAACI-ARIA Position Paper. Allergy. 2021 Jun; 76 (6): 1624–1628. doi: 10.1111/all.14726
13. Klimek L., Bergmann K.C., Brehler R., et al.: Practical handling of allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines: A position paper from German and Austrian Allergy Societies AeDA, DGAKI, GPA and ÖGAI. Allergo J Int. 2021 Apr; 1–17. doi: 10.1007/s40629-021-00165-7
14. Rutkowski K., Mirakian R., Till S., Rutkowski R., Wagner A.: Adverse reactions to COVID-19 vaccines: A practical approach. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021 Jun; 51 (6): 770–777. doi: 10.1111/cea.13880
15. Pawliczak R.: Alergologia-kompendium. In: Pawliczak R., ed. Mechanizmy uczulenia. 1st Ed. Poznań: Termedia Wydawnictwa Medyczne; 2013; 31–35.
16. Giavina-Bianchi P., Kalil J.: Polyethylene Glycol Is a Cause of IgE-Mediated Anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019; 7 (6): 1874–1875. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.05.001
17. Wenande E.C., Skov P.S., Mosbech H., Poulsen L.K., Garvey L.H.: Inhibition of polyethylene glycol- induced histamine release by monomeric ethylene and diethylene glycol: a case of probable polyethylene glycol allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 May; 131 (5): 1425–1427. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.09.037
18. Borderé A., Stockman A., Boone B., et al.: A case of anaphylaxis caused by macrogol 3350 after injection of a corticosteroid. Contact Dermatitis. 2012 Dec; 67 (6): 376–378. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2012.02104.x
19. Wylon K., Dölle S., Worm M.: Polyethylene glycol as a cause of anaphylaxis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2016 Dec; 12: 67. doi: 10.1186/s13223-016-0172-7. eCollection 2016.
20. Cox F., Khalib K., Conlon N.: PEG That Reaction: A Case Series of Allergy to Polyethylene Glycol. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Jun; 61 (6): 832–835. doi: 10.1002/jcph.1824. Epub 2021 Feb 28.
21. Greenhawt M., Abrams E.M., Oppenheimer J.: The COVID-19 Pandemic in 2021: Avoiding Overdiagnosis of Anaphylaxis Risk While Safely Vaccinating the World. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Apr; 9 (4): 1438–1441. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.01.022
22. Bruusgaard-Mouritsen M.A., Jensen B.M., Poulsen L.K., Duus Johansen J., Garvey L.H.: Optimizing investigation of suspected allergy to polyethylene glycols. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021 May; S0091-6749(21)00825-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.05.020
23. Pickert J., Hennighausen I., Mühlenbein S., Möbs C., Pfützner W.: Immediate-Type Hypersensitivity to Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Including a PEG-containing COVID-19 Vaccine Revealed by Intradermal Testing. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2021 Jun; 15: 0. doi: 10.18176/jiaci.0720
24. Wolfson A.R., Robinson L.B., Li L., et al.: First-Dose mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Allergic Reactions: Limited Role for Excipient Skin Testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Sep; 9 (9): 3308–3320.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.06.010
25. Santos A.F., Alpan O., Hoffmann H.J.: Basophil activation test: Mechanisms and considerations for use in clinical trials and clinical practice. Allergy. 2021 Aug; 76 (8): 2420–2432. doi: 10.1111/all.14747
26. Ansotegui I.J., Melioli G., Canonica G.W., et al.: IgE allergy diagnostics and other relevant tests in allergy, a World Allergy Organization position paper. World Allergy Organ J. 2020 Feb; 13 (2): 100080. doi: 10.1016/j.waojou.2019.100080
27. Spiewak R.: Eczema and food allergy — is there a causal relationship? Przegl Lek. 2013; 70 (12): 1051– 1055.
28. Braun W.: Contact allergies to polyethylene glycols. Z Haut Geschlechtskr. 1969 Jun; 44 (11): 385– 389.
29. Bajaj A.K., Gupta S.C, Chatterjee A.K., Singh K.G.: Contact sensitivity to polyethylene glycols. Contact Dermatitis. 1990 May; 22 (5): 291–292. doi: 10.1111j.16000536.1990.tb01602.x
30. Özkaya E, Kılıç S.: Polyethylene glycol as marker for nitrofurazone allergy: 20 years of experience from Turkey. Contact Dermatitis. 2018 Mar; 78 (3): 211–215. doi: 10.1111/cod.12931
31. Caballero M.L., Quirce S.: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions Caused by Drug Excipients: A Literature Review. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2020; 30 (6): 400–408. doi: 10.18176/jiaci.0562
32. Bruusgaard-Mouritsen M.A., Johansen J.D., Garvey L.H.: Clinical manifestations and impact on daily life of allergy to polyethylene glycol (PEG) in ten patients. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021 Mar; 51 (3): 463– 470. doi: 10.1111/cea.13822
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Czarnobilska
1
Małgorzata Bulanda
2
Magdalena Kurnik-Łucka
1
Krzysztof Gil
1

  1. Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The transition to circular economy requires diversifying material sources, improving secondary raw materials management, including recycling, and finally finding sustainable alternative materials. Both recycled and bio-based plastics are often regarded as promising

alternatives to conventional fossil-based plastics. Their broad application instead of fossilbased plastics is, however, frequently the subject of criticism because of offering limited

environmental benefits. The study presents a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of

fossil-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) versus its recycled and bio-based counterparts. The system boundary covers the plastics manufacturing and end-of-life plastic management stages (cradle-to-cradle/grave variant). Based on the data and assumptions set

out in the research, recycled PET (rPET) demonstrates the best environmental profile out

of the evaluated plastics in all impact categories. The study contributes to circular economy in plastics by providing transparent and consistent knowledge on their environmental

portfolio.

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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Rybaczewska-Błażejowska
Angel Mena-Nieto
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Abstract

This study compares the mechanical properties of recycled high-density polyethylene (r-HDPE)/rice husk (RH) composites from a twin-screw extruder and a heated two-roll mill, and the effect of different filler loadings using different melt blending processes on the mechanical properties of r-HDPE/RH composites. Polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (MAPE) acts as the coupling agent to enhance interfacial bonding between the fibre and the polymer matrix. The filler loading used was in the range of 10-40 wt. %. In this work, r-HDPE/RH blends were prepared using a twin-screw extruder and a heated two-roll mill. The ratio of 70/30 twin-screw extruder compounded composites significantly showed higher tensile based on improved to about 45.5% at 11 MPa compared to those compounded in the heated two-roll mill. The same ratio showed an increment almost up to 9% of elongation at break. It has also been verified that the higher filler loading used reduced the tensile strength and elongation at break, while the Young’s modulus increased. The result was evidenced by the increase in water absorption and longer burning time as the filler loading increased.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohd Nazry Salleh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Roslaili Abdul Aziz
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Chen Ruey Shan
4 2
ORCID: ORCID
Luqman Musa
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Fairul Sharin Abdul Razak
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabiałek
5
ORCID: ORCID
Bartłomiej Jeż
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, TechnologyKompleksPusatPengajian Taman Muhibah, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Advanced Polymer Group, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence for Biomass Utilization (COEBU), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied Physics, Material Science Programme, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  5. Częstochowa University of Technology, Department of Physics, 21 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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Abstract

TiO2 is one of the most widely used metal oxide semiconductors in the field of photocatalysis for the self-cleaning purpose to withdraw pollutants. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is recommended as a stabilizer and booster during preparation of water-soluble TiO2. Preparation of SnO2/TiO2 thin film deposition on the surface of ceramic tile was carried out by the sol-gel spin coating method by adding different amount of PEG (0g, 0.2g, 0.4g, 0.6g, 0.8g) during the preparation of the sol precursor. The effects of PEG content and the annealing temperature on the phase composition, crystallite size and the hydrophilic properties of SnO2/TiO2 films were studied. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra revealed different phases existed when the films were annealed at different annealing temperatures of 350°C, 550°C and 750°C with 0.4 g of PEG addition. The crystallite sizes of the films were measured using Scherrer equation. It shows crystallite size was dependent on crystal structure existed in the films. The films with mixed phases of brookite and rutile shows the smallest crystallite size. In order to measure the hydrophilicity properties of films, the water contact angles for each film with different content of PEG were measured. It can be observed that the water contact angle decreased with the increasing of the content of PEG. It shows the superhydrophilicity properties for the films with the 0.8 g of PEG annealed at 750°C. This demonstrates that the annealed temperature and the addition of PEG affect the phase composition and the hydrophilicity properties of the films.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dewi Suriyani Che Halin
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Azliza
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Kamrosni Abdul Razak
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Albakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Juyana A Wahab
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
V. Chobpattana
3
ORCID: ORCID
L. Kaczmarek
4
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nabiałek
5
ORCID: ORCID
B. Jeż
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis Malaysia
  3. Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT), Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Thailand
  4. Lodz University of Technology (TUL), Institute of Materials Science and Engineering,1/15, Stefanowskiego Str., 90-924 Lodz, Poland
  5. Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Physics, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland

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