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Number of results: 4
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Abstract

The present study was specifically designed to develop bio-fungicides that may help mitigate reliance on hazardous synthetic chemicals which give rise to environmental safety concerns. A survey (2021–2022) of local fruit markets in Islamabad, Pakistan included morpho-molecular disease identification. It revealed Penicillium chrysogenum as a major phytopathogenic fungi causing fruit rot. The fungicidal action of plant essential oils might be boosted by the technique of application therefore, nanoencapsulation of essential oil and chitosan was performed. To attain the objective of antimicrobial packaging, essential oil and chitosan tablets were encapsulated in spun bond sachets against P. chrysogenum using a sachet volatile phase technique. In vitro screening of nano encapsulated eucalyptus essential oil showed significant inhibition of radial growth of P. chrysogenum colonies at 1.6 mg · ml–1 followed by 1.4, 1.2 and 1.0 mg · ml –1. Results of Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry revealed the presence of eucalyptol in eucalyptus EO as a major antifungal component. An in vivo experiment analyzing the efficacy of essential oil tablets against pre-inoculated peach fruit with P. chrysogenum at ambient temperatures (7–37°C) showed significant reduction in lesion diameter, disease severity and prolonged shelf-life of peaches of more than 2 weeks. The natural ripening process of peach was not affected by the presence of antifungal sachets as no significant alteration in weight loss of fruit was recorded. The suppressiveness of fungal mycelial growth of P. chrysogenum was directly proportional to increases in E. globulus oil concentration. This research may have a significant impact on prolonging the shelf-life of peach fruit.
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Authors and Affiliations

Khan Gull-e-laala
1
Gulshan Irshad
2
Farah Naz
2
Ashfaq Ahmed Hafiz
3

  1. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
  2. Department of Plant Pathology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  3. Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Abstract

Black mold and green mold caused by Alternaria alternata and Penicillium digitatum, respectively, are the most important decay pathogens of tomato fruits during storage. Our research was aimed to control tomato phytopathogenic fungi A. alternata and P. digitatum in vitro and in vivo by using natural nanomaterials rosmarinic acid (RA-NPs) at concentrations of 0.3 and 0.6 mM, glycyrrhizic acid (GA-NPs) and glycyrrhizic acid ammounium salt (GAS-NPs) (0.1–0.2 mM). Characterizations of the tested nanoparticles were carried out by using dynamic light scattering which revealed that synthesized nanoparticles had particle sizes of less than 100 nm. In vitro studies revealed that the three tested nanoparticles reduced the growth of A. alternata and P. digitatum. Glycyrrhizic acid nanoparticles were the most effective in reducing the growth of the two tested pathogens followed by RA-NPs at 0.6 mM. Observations of A. alternata and P. digitatum by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed severe damage in the hyphae and deformities in the conidia due to the effect of the tested nanoparticles. In vivo results showed that, dipping tomato fruits as a post-harvest treatment in all of the tested nanoparticles at different concentrations, then stored at 10 ± 1°C and 90–95% relative humidity (RH) for 20 days greatly reduced the disease severity of infected fruits with the two tested pathogens. GA-NPs at 0.2 mM significantly reduced the development of black mold rot on tomato fruits. RA-NPs at 0.6 mM had the best effect in controlling P. digitatum of all naturally and artificially inoculated tomato fruits. Also, individual treatments of tomato fruits with RA-NPs, GA-NPs and GAS-NPs significantly reduced postharvest losses of fruit since they delayed decay and maintained fruit quality characteristics such as fruit firmness, titratable acidity and total soluble solids during cold storage.

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Authors and Affiliations

Fayz A. Abdel-Rahman
Ismail A.S. Rashid
Tahsin Shoala
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Abstract

The shipment of cut flowers from Colombia and Ecuador to the United States, the biggest importer of this product in the world, has doubled in the last 20 years. One of the main constraints in cut roses production is the gray mold disease caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, which can destroy the flowers, in the crop, during storage and/or shipping. Since the resistance of the fungus to conventional fungicides has been increasing, as well as the health effects in rose growers, alternative approaches for controlling the disease are needed. The effect of UV-C light on the gray mold development in cut roses was studied. Irradiation with 2,160; 1,080 and 540 J ⋅ m–2 UV-C, every 24 h for 5 days in a humid chamber, did not harm the roses. Instead, as seen by image analysis, a highly significant reduction of the area of the lesions by the disease and of the fungus germination was obtained at 1,080 J ⋅ m–2. The addition of a 4-h dark period to the irradiation did not improve the effect of UV-C on the disease. The results of this work potentiate the use of UV-C light in the agro-industry as a low-cost and non-invasive alternative method to control diseases. They also reflect the application of optical approaches as image analysis in the evaluation of important agricultural features.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katherine Vega
Samuel Ochoa
Luis F. Patiño
Jorge A. Herrera-Ramírez
Jorge A. Gómez
Jairo C. Quijano
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Abstract

This study aimed to comprehend the diversity of the fungal community on Chokanan mango, a premium mango variety from Thailand which is widely cultivated in Indonesia, associated with stem end rot and anthracnose disease using high-throughput amplicon targeted metagenomics analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Samples used in this study were freshly harvested healthy fruits at the age of 15-weeks (H15.ITS), healthy fruits after 2 weeks incubation (H17.ITS), 17-week old fruits (S17.ITS) with stem end rot symptoms, and 17-week old fruits (A17.ITS) with anthracnose symptoms. Results showed that the Basidiomycota phylum was dominant in the healthy fruits, while the Ascomycota phylum was found dominantly in sick fruits. Based on OTUs alignment of sequenced data, some species found to be dominantly associated with stem end rot disease in this study were Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum cordaticola and N. mangiferae. Dominant species which were associated with mango anthracnose disease were Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botryosphaeria corticis, Volutella sp., and Pseudofusicoccum violacearum. These fungal genera were not found to be dominant in healthy fruits at the same age indicating that specific genera contributed to developing postharvest diseases on mango differently. The findings confirmed that the fungal community associated with stem end rot and anthracnose disease on mango was unique, and specific species contributed in particular disease development. Since mango is an important global commodity, these research findings will contribute significantly to global biosecurity.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ani Widiastuti
1
ORCID: ORCID
Suryanti
1
Alvina Clara Giovanni
1
Niken Rasmi Paramita
2

  1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  2. Galasari Gunung Sejahtera, Gresik, East Java, Indonesia

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