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Number of results: 22
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Abstract

The year 1643 saw the publication of Listy swięteo oyca Partheniusza do Piotra Mohily, which came out of the printing press of the Polish‑language department of the Kyiv Lavra. In the Letters Parthenius – a relatively unknown patriarch of Con-stantinople – discusses Confessio Fidei – a succinct confession of faith published in Geneva in 1629 under the name of Cyril Lucaris – an Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and opponent of the union. As Confessio is clearly Calvinist is spirit, Parthenius refutes Lucaris’ authorship and imposes an anathema on the genuine author of Confessio and its propagators. The recipient and a probable translator of Letters is Peter Mohyla – a distinguished Metropolitan of Kyiv, author of the first Orthodox catechism and founder of the Mohyla Collegium. The paper addresses the issue of the Letters, in particular their Polish translation and the identity of the translator but does so against the broader background of the circumstances occasioned by the emergence of the contentious Confessio and the Orthodox Church’s ultimate reaction to its emergence.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jolanta Klimek-Grądzka
1

  1. The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
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Abstract

The aim of the paper is to investigate to what degree the linguistic means used to emphasize a certain element in the text are received by German native speakers. The research is based on a purpose designed questionnaire consisting of two excerpts taken from parliamentary speeches in Bundestag. The questionnaire was administered to 55 German philology students at the University of Leipzig. The students’ task was to read the excerpts carefully and then to decide which elements in the text were emphasized by its author. The fi ndings of the study indicate how different means of textual emphasis (syntactic, lexical and rhetorical ones) are recognized by the students.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Poźlewicz
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Abstract

Terms of impoliteness, rudeness and profanity are segments of vocabulary which old Chinese dictionaries, glossaries or encyclopaedias are not introducing in their full varieties. For this reason it is a kind of rarity when one finds a bunch of expressions apparently of vernacular origin, and it is even more extraordinary that they are not only listed in Chinese but being a part of a bilingual glossary included in the largest Chinese military compilation, the Wu Bei Zhi (i 武備志), they are provided with their Middle Mongolian translations. The author presents a study introducing the related vocabulary from both sides of the glossary and alongside he analyses the likeliness of their actual use by the time of compilation from the point of view of historical pragmatics.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ákos Bertalan Apatóczky
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Abstract

The paper demonstrates a close relationship of post-truth to pragmatic truth as William James put it. As such post-truth cannot be treated—as it is commonly perceived— as a falsehood in the sense given it by the classical idea of truth. Post-truth is not a classical cognitive value, but a means of action, more concretely, a means of realizing interests of its operator by using the method of cognitive camouflage; it means that post-truth is disguised as a truth in its classical (correspondence) sense, but it only seemingly communicates in the objective way (i.e., impartially and nonsubjectively) real facts. In my view, the present eruption of post-truths is an effect of the spreading of the pragmatic system of values and infecting by it the whole public sphere and, in consequence, also individual principles and norms of action.
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Czarnocka
1

  1. Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii PAN, ul. Nowy Świat 72, 00-330 Warszawa
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Abstract

This article aims to analyze the structure and semantics of Polish and Russian speech acts of wishing sent in greeting cards in the second half of the 20th century. The research leads to the conclusion that speech acts of wishing usually come in a fixed and concise form in both languages. However, some of the described formulas have not been recorded by researchers so far. The brevity of the texts may be related to the small size of the card, which requires the senders to write concise messages. It is also worth pointing out that formal modifications of Russian wishes are sometimes made for pragmatic purposes, mainly with the intention of reflecting the asymmetry of relations and the distance between the interacting partners. In contrast to Russian wishes, the form and content of their Polish counterparts is more varied depending on the holiday they concern. In addition, Polish speech acts of wishing are more often combined with other speech acts than are their Russian equivalents.
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Authors and Affiliations

Daniel Dzienisiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
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Abstract

The aim of this article is to show that philosophy of Blaise Pascal can be interpreted as defeating skepticism not by supernatural intuition but by pragmatic reasoning. For this purpose, I present in the article: (1) the geometrical method as the best available method for justifying statements, (2) circumstances that make human reason fallible, (3) the defense against skepticism pointing out that besides reasoning we still have intuitive knowledge of first principles, (4) remarks indicating that intuition cannot be a source of certainty, (5) the resulting contradictions are not problematic for Pascal because they serve the apologetic purpose of his work, and that the skeptical arguments presented do not prevent rational action.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Detlaf
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Warszawski, Kolegium Międzydziedzinowych Indywidualnych Studiów Humanistycznych i Społecznych, ul. Prosta 69, 00-838 Warszawa
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Abstract

Starting from the polyphonic enunciation present in Aixa de la Cruz’s novel, this article tries to bring out the complexity of the corresponding process of literary translation. With the achievement of the same outcome on the communicative and stylistic level through the mediation between the instances of the polyphonic dimension of the source text and the pragmatic implications in the Italian translation, the author of this article demonstrates how the relationship of “equivalence” between the two texts can be based on the utterance and its functions and on how the pragmatic and textual dimension of the reported discourse structurally supports the encounter between the two texts.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chiara Sinatra
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
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Abstract

Polite talk – The paper aims to analyze the role that books of manners from different historical times assign to language in defining politeness. It also tries to find differences and similarities among them and to explain principles that books of manners share with theoretical models on politeness, notwithstanding the descriptive perspective of the first and the normative point of view of the latter.

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Authors and Affiliations

Giovanna Alfonzetti
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Abstract

AIMS: The primary goal of the presented research was to investigate the memory effects of implicit negation, conveyed using implicatures, as compared to explicit negation. We also speculated that implicit negation might require more cognitive effort.

METHODS: Three experiments were conducted (total N = 181), in which participants were presented with a description containing implicit or explicit negation, followed by a memory recognition test of items present, negated or not mentioned in the description. We manipulated the pace at which the description was presented (own pace vs. fixed) and whether participants were informed about the upcoming recognition test.

RESULTS: We found no differences between explicit and implicit negation in the number of false alarms to negated and not mentioned items, response times or time spent reading the source material. Bayesian analyses indicated a 90% probability that there were no differences in the number of false alarms between explicit and implicit negation.

CONCLUSIONS: Implicit and explicit negation lead to a similar quality of recognition, and seem to require a similar amount of time to process, indicating comparable cognitive effort.

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Authors and Affiliations

Józef Maciuszek
Mateusz Polak
Martyna Sekulak
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Abstract

The article offers a discourse-analytic examination of original (English) and interpreted (Polish) versions of several extracts from plenary speeches by three Members of the European Parliament (Janusz Korwin-Mikke, Nigel Farage and Guy Verhofstadt). Controversial statements that have met with adverse reactions of the audience and/or the media are selected for analysis. The author endeavours to assess the degree to which pragmatic equivalence has been achieved by Polish interpreters. Another pertinent question is whether the identifi ed shifts are due to some systemic differences between the pragmatics of the source and target languages or to other factors, such as the constraints typical for simultaneous interpreting or specific, local problems.

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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Bartłomiejczyk
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Abstract

I argue in the paper that the conception of family resemblance discussed by Ludwig Wittgenstein in Philosophical Investigations is a result of the application of Wittgenstein’s general argument against rule‑following to the pragmatics of all concepts. My argument runs as follows: First, (1) I criticize interpretations of family resemblance as a ‘local’ theory, applicable only to some concepts. Next, (2) I present and criticise a classic argument against the conception of family resemblance. In the following section, (3) I analyse attempts to explicate family resemblance in terms of their possessing a common basic feature. I end my paper (4) by summarizing conclusions drawn from this critical review of literature and I briefly point to a possible solution of the difficulties generated by the concept of family resemblance.
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Bibliography

1. Andersen H. (2000), Kuhn’s Account of Family Resemblance: A Solution to the Problem of Wide‑Open Texture, „Erkenntnis” 52 (3), s. 313–337.
2. Bambrough R. (1960), Universals and Family Resemblances, „Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. New Series” 61, s. 207–222.
3. Bellaimey J. (1990), Family Resemblances and the Problem of the Under- ‑Determination of Extension, „Philosophical Investigations” 13 (1), s. 31–43.
4. Campbell K. (1965), Family Resemblance Predicates, „American Philosophical Quarterly” 2 (3), s. 238–244.
5. Forster M. (2010), Wittgenstein on Family Resemblance Concepts, w: A. Ahmed (red.), Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations. A Critical Guide, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, s. 66–87.
6. Glock H.‑J. (2001), Słownik Wittgensteinowski, przeł. M. Hernik, M. Szczubiałka, Warszawa: Spacja.
7. Griffin N. (1974), Wittgenstein, Universals and Family Resemblances, „Canadian Journal of Philosophy” 3 (4), s. 635–651.
8. Hattiangadi A. (2007), Oughts and Thoughts. Rule‑Following and the Normativity of Content, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9. Khatchadourian H. (1958), Common Names and “Family Resemblances”, „Philosophy and Phenomenological Research” 18 (3), s. 341–358.
10. Kripke S. (2007), Wittgenstein o regułach i języku prywatnym, przeł. K. Posłajko, L. Wroński, Warszawa: Fundacja Aletheia.
11. McGinn C. (2012), Truth by Analysis: Games, Names and Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12. Simon M.A. (1969), When is a Resemblance a Family Resemblance?, „Mind. New Series” 78 (311), s. 408–416.
13. Suits B. (1978), The Grasshopper. Games, Life and Utopia, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
14. Wennerberg H. (1967), The Concept of Family Resemblance in Wittgenstein’s Later Philosophy, „Theoria” 33 (2), s. 108–132.
15. Wittgenstein L. (1974), Philosophical Grammar, red. R. Rhees, przeł. A. Kenny, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
16. Wittgenstein L. (2000), Uwagi o podstawach matematyki, przeł. M. Poręba, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo KR.
17. Wittgenstein L. (2001), Wittgenstein’s Lectures: Cambridge 1932–1935, red. A. Ambrose, New York: Prometheus Books.
18. Wittgenstein L. (2012), Dociekania filozoficzne, przeł. B. Wolniewicz, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Grad
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Szkoła Nauk Społecznych Instytutu Filozofii i Socjologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, ul. Nowy Świat 72, 00-330 Warszawa
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Abstract

The aim of this article is to present the concept of information capacity and visual suggestiveness as a map characteristic on the example of two maps of human migration. From this viewpoint the literature study has been performed. Proposed by the author the features of cartographic visualization are an attempt to establish cartographic pragmatics and find the way to increase effectiveness of dynamic maps with large information capacity. Among the works on cartographic pragmatics, muliaspectuality of spatio-temporal data the proposed solution has not been taken so far, and refers to the map design problematic.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Cybulski
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Abstract

In halachic give-and-take conversations in the Mishnah and Tosefta, the sages-interlocutors use the a fortiori (qal-vaxomer) arguments. Following the previous description of a fortiori arguments that appear in the halachic give-and-take conversations in the Mishnah (Shemesh-Raiskin 2019, pp. 132–164), this article presents a corresponding description of those arguments in the Tosefta. Chapter 2 presents the inventory of arguments in both compilations. In the various sections of Chapter 3 the discourse features of the arguments are described: elements that precede the a fortiori arguments (3.1), additions to the a fortiori arguments (3.2), responses to the arguments (3.3), and additions that appear after the arguments (3.4). In general, it was found that these elements are used more in the Tosefta than in the Mishnah. Chapter 4 presents the syntactic patterns of the a fortiori arguments in the halachic give-and-take conversations in the Mishnah and Tosefta. From the patterns which were found by Azar (1991) in his article about the a fortiori arguments in the Mishnah, the most frequent pattern in the arguments in both compilations isאינו

דין + ש-מ 2 ([= (and) what if + S1 + is it not logical + that-S2]), whereas the pattern

מה) אם + מ 1 (חיובי) + מ 2 (שלילי: לא + יפעל) ) ([= (what) if + S1 (positive) + S2 (negative:

no + Yif‘al)])

די is frequent only in the Mishnah. Another structure that appears in both compilations, is used to reject arguments, and is the most frequent of all the structures – ? לא, אם אמרת/אמרתם ב+צ"ש 1 + ש-מ 1 + תאמר/תאמרו ב+צ"ש 2 + ש-מ 2 ([= No, if you (sing./pl.) have said in+NP1 + that-S1 + will you (sing./pl.) say in+NP2 + that-S2]).

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Authors and Affiliations

Rivka Shemesh-Raiskin
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Abstract

We demonstrate a modularity bug in the interface system of Java 8 on the practical example of a textbook design of a modular interface for vector spaces. Our example originates in our teaching of modular object-oriented design in Java 8 to undergraduate students, simply following standard programming practices and mathematical denitions. The bug shows up as a compilation error and should be xed with a language extension due to the importance of best practices (design delity).

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Authors and Affiliations

Simon Kramer
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Abstract

The paper deals with elucidating the semantic changes and pragmatic effects of the precedent phenomenon in modern Ukrainian media discourse. The examples chosen for analysis have appeared within Ukrainian discourse following Ukraine’s independence in 1991. It verbalizes one of the valuable concepts – ‘patriotism’. Taken into consideration is the phrase coined by Yevhen Chykalenko, about “love to the depth of a pocket” with references to its use in contemporary discourse. The research is based on the 13th version of the General Regionally Annotated Corpus of Ukrainian and on the Ukrainian Language Corpus test version. The functional variant peculiarities of this expression are described, and its truncated derivatives and its lexical shifts as well. The difference between the origin of Chykalenko’s phrase and its current modifications is deduced from the semantic-pragmatic point of view. The paper reveals the role the above mentioned phrase plays in the formatting of new expressions. Outlined is the manipulative potential of this precedent expression in the realization of the author’s intentions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Natalia Kobchenko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
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Abstract

In the paper I present the famous argument between Peter F. Strawson and Bertrand Russell on definite descriptions. I do not go into details of the two rival solutions to the problem of definite descriptions. Instead I present the controversy against the background of two traditions within analytic philosophy, i.e. the philosophy of natural language (Strawson) and the philosophy of ideal language (Russell). In consequence, the aim of this paper is to sketch the principal features of the two traditions and to indicate their influence on the argument. In the first paragraph I discuss Russell’s theory of descriptions and present it as a result of dramatic changes that he had made in his philosophy before he finally presented them in On Denoting in 1905. The second paragraph deals with the two traditions within analytic philosophy after the linguistic turn and underlines the role of Strawson in the philosophy of natural language. In the third paragraph I analyze in detail Strawson’s arguments against the theory of descriptions and I focus on some details that are usually omitted in standard presentations. The fourth paragraph discusses Russell’s response to Strawson’s objections, i.e. the counter-arguments formulated from the standpoint of philosophy of ideal language. I end with some suggestions about how to reconcile both approaches.

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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Maciaszek
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The aim of the paper is to present the theory of meaning formulated by Roman Ingarden in the Controversy over the Existence of the World, The Literary Work of Art, and in The Cognition of the Literary Work of Art. When this has been done here, I test Ingarden’s theory by applying it to selected problems of contemporary philosophy of language. These problems include the semantics of empty names, the controversy between Millianism and descriptivism over the nature of proper names, the problem of substitutability in intensional contexts, meaning holism, compositionality, and the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. My analysis of these problems within the framework of Ingarden’s theory and my presentation of their solutions as delivered by G. Frege, K. Ajdukiewicz, W.V. Quine and D. Davidson shed interesting light on this extremely complex and ‘fine‑grained’ theory based on Ingarden’s original ontology. Although Ingarden’s theory does not fall within the dominant current of language philosophy, it offers a solution to the problem of empty names, the relation of proper names to definite descriptions, and substitutability. The theory is not holistic nor does it blur the distinction between semantics and pragmatics. Unfortunately, Ingarden’s theory is not compositional and reifies meanings, which may be seen as a serious objection to it. Therefore, the assessment of this theory cannot be unequivocal.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Maciaszek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Łódzki, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Lindleya 3/5, 90-131 Łódź
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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to consider the not so well investigated problem of the role that language has played in Karl Marx’s thinking. The first section discusses several examples of Marxist attempts at philosophical or linguistic reflection on language. I propose the thesis that Marxist meaning theory did not seriously evolve due to the domination of the ‛Traditional Meaning Theory’ (TMT) – irrespective of the actual social conditions. In the second section I undertake some adumbrations on the tendencies of contemporary philosophy of language, such as externalism or pragmatism, whose premonitions can be found in Marx. I also point out that combined with historical materialism they can no longer fit TMT. Finally, I argue that the notion of language and the division of linguistic labor may solve some issues of Marx’s conception of ideology.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Klewenhagen
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Abstract

The contemporary warfare seems to have great influence on the way social sciences position themselves within the socio-political contexts of today. This is being implemented in many cases by the geopolitical context of 9/11 and the fall of former centers of power (end of the Cold War). Cultural anthropology, which shared a similar dilemma in the formative period of its own history provides us today with one of the most controversial examples in this matter. The program initiated by US Army back in 2006 called Human Terrain System started a wide spread debate on ethical issues regarding doing ethnographic fieldwork in a militarized landscape. HTS became thus a field of intellectual and political polemics between certain groups of researches. The academic and political debate on HTS seems to be put in a post-colonial context as a new form of mixing of science and ideology. This paper tackles the problem of emergence of a new type of anthropological understanding of the cultural other and as well its own methods and ethical standards in a situation, where crisis seems to be a permanent state of the discipline and the world its trying to describe.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jarema Drozdowicz
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Abstract

The article consists of two parts. In the first one (introductory) I recall—following Edmund Husserl, Stanisław Ossowski and Adam Schaff—the main formulations of the “principle of transparency of the sign.” In these formulations it is usually said about (1) the transparency of the sign regarding objects denoted by the sign (denoted, designated and/or named), or (2) the transparency of the sign regarding its meaning (respectively, events, states of affairs and facts designated by the sign). However, as Husserl pointed out, one can also speak about (3) the transparency of the sign in relations to the activities and mental states of the sign’s users (senders and recipients). After all, only due to the transparency of the sign understood in this way, it is possible for people to communicate with each other, thus the sign can also has an expressive and communicative function. In turn, the second part of the article (essential) contains a reconstruction of the Leon Koj’s approach; Koj gave a consistently formalized form to the theory of sign based on the principle of transparency— the form of an axiomatized logical system (using Quine's formalism from his Mathematical Logic). One of Koj's main goals was also to indicate the close relationship between semantics and pragmatics, and even the primacy of pragmatics over semantics. Formal-logical tools have also shown that the theory of sign based on the principle of transparency neither contravene The Law of Non-Contradiction (at least in its psychological formulation), nor contain or imply semantic antinomies such us antinomy of the liar. Because it is a theory easily negotiable with Alfred Tarski’s theory of language levels.

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Authors and Affiliations

Józef Dębowski
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Abstract

Science means here mathematics and those empirical disciplines which avail themselves of mathematical models. The pragmatic approach is conceived in Karl R. Popper’s The Logic of Scientific Discovery (p. 276) sense: a logical appraisal of the success of a theory amounts to the appraisal of its corroboration. This kind of appraisal is exemplified in section 6 by a case study—on how Isaac Newton justified his theory of gravitation. The computational approach in problem-solving processes consists in considering them in terms of computability: either as being performed according to a model of computation in a narrower sense, e.g., the Turing machine, or in a wider perspective—of machines associated with a non-mechanical device called “oracle” by Alan Turing (1939). Oracle can be interpreted as computer theoretic representation of intuition or invention. Computational approach in another sense means considering problem-solving processes in terms of logical gates, supposed to be a physical basis for solving problems with a reasoning.

Pragmatic rationalism about science, seen at the background of classical rationalism (Descartes, Gottfried Leibniz etc.), claims that any scientific idea, either in empirical theories or in mathematics, should be checked through applications to problem-solving processes. Both the versions claim the existence of abstract objects, available to intellectual intuition. The difference concerns the dynamics of science: (i) the classical rationalism regards science as a stationary system that does not need improvements after having reached an optimal state, while (ii) the pragmatical version conceives science as evolving dynamically due to fertile interactions between creative intuitions, or inventions, with mechanical procedures.

The dynamics of science is featured with various models, like Derek J. de Solla Price’s exponential and Thomas Kuhn’s paradigm model (the most familiar instances). This essay suggests considering Turing’s idea of oracle as a complementary model to explain most adequately, in terms of exceptional inventiveness, the dynamics of mathematics and mathematizable empirical sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

Witold Marciszewski

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