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Transmission Protocol Simulation Framework For The Resource-Constrained Wireless Sensor Network

Marek Wójcikowski

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2015 | vol. 22 | No 2 | 221-228 | DOI: 10.1515/mms-2015-0019

Keywords sensor network computer simulations sensor network protocols

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Abstract

In this paper a prototype framework for simulation of wireless sensor network and its protocols are presented. The framework simulates operation of a sensor network with data transmission, which enables simultaneous development of the sensor network software, its hardware and the protocols for wireless data transmission. An advantage of using the framework is converging simulation with the real software. Instead of creating a model of the sensor network node, the same software is used in real sensor network nodes and in the simulation framework. Operation of the framework is illustrated with examples of simulations of selected transactions in the sensor network.

Authors and Affiliations

Marek Wójcikowski

Stress Testing MQTT Server for Private IOT Networks

Ghofran Hijazi Mohamed Hadi Habaebi Ahmed Al-Haddad Alhareth Mohammed Zyoud

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 229-234 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2021.135969

Keywords IoT protocols MQTT computer networks

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Abstract

The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the wide area of application rise the IoT concept to be the future of the internet. Indeed, IoT environment has a special nature with a lot of constraints in term of resource consumption. Moreover, the data exchanged between things and the internet is big data. In order to achieve efficiency in IoT communication, many technologies and new protocols based on these technologies have been developed. This paper aims to study the performance of Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) by implementing this protocol on test-bed network infrastructure and analyzing the performance properties such as delay, jitter, packet loss and throughput for real time and non-real time scenarios. Finally, future research issues in MQTT protocol are suggested.

Bibliography

[1] I. T. S. Sector, Recommendation ITU-T Y. 2060, “Overview of the Internet of things. Series Y: Global information infrastructure, internet protocol aspects and next-generation networks-Frameworks and functional architecture models,” 2012. Retrieved from https://www. itu. int/rec/T-REC-Y, 2060-201206.
[2] D. Bandyopadhyay, and J. Sen, “Internet of Things: Applications and Challenges in Technology and Standardization,” Wireless Pers Commun, vol. 58(1), pp. 49-69, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-011-0288-5
[3] MQTT Version 5.0. Edited by Andrew Banks, Ed Briggs, Ken Borgendale, and Rahul Gupta. 07 March 2019. OASIS Standard. https://docs.oasis-open.org/mqtt/mqtt/v5.0/os/mqtt-v5.0-os.html.
[4] Postscapes.com, Internet of Things Examples – Postscapes, 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020, from http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-examples/
[5] S. Schneider, Understanding The Protocols Behind The Internet Of Things. Electronicdesign.com, 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2020, from http://electronicdesign.com/iot/understanding-protocols-behind-internet-things
[6] C. Karasiewicz, Why HTTP is not enough for the Internet of Things (The Mobile Frontier). Ibm.com, 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2020, from https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/mobileblog/date/201309?lang=en
[7] IoT Analytics - Market Insights for the Internet Of Things, The 10 most popular Internet of Things applications right now, 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2020, from http://iot-analytics.com/10-internet-of-things-applications/
[8] Mqtt.org, FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions | MQTT, 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020, from http://mqtt.org/faq
[9] U. Hunkeler, H. L. Truong, and A. Stanford-Clark, “MQTT-S—A publish/subscribe protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,” In 2008 3rd International Conference on Communication Systems Software and Middleware and Workshops (COMSWARE'08), Jan. 2008, pp. 791-798, IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMSWA.2008.4554519
[10] R. Webb, A Brief, but Practical Introduction to the MQTT Protocol and its Application to IoT | Zoetrope, 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2020, from https://zoetrope.io/tech-blog/brief-practical-introduction-mqtt-protocol-and-its-application-iot

Authors and Affiliations

Ghofran Hijazi

1

Mohamed Hadi Habaebi

1

Ahmed Al-Haddad

1

Alhareth Mohammed Zyoud

2

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Ramallah, Palestine

Improved Framework for Blockchain Application Using Lattice Based Key Agreement Protocol

Zahraa Ch. Oleiwi Rasha Ail Dihin Ali H. Alwan

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2023 | vol. 69 | No 1 | 5-10 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2022.143902

Keywords key agreement protocol lattice based protocol mutual authentication Diffie-Hellman protocol forward secrecy

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Abstract

One of the most recent challenges in communication system and network system is the privacy and security of information and communication session. Blockchain is one of technologies that use in sensing application in different important environments such as healthcare. In healthcare the patient privacy should be protected use high security system. Key agreement protocol based on lattice ensure the authentication and high protection against different types of attack especially impersonation and man in the middle attack where the latticebased protocol is quantum-withstand protocol. Proposed improved framework using lattice based key agreement protocol for application of block chain, with security analysis of many literatures that proposed different protocols has been presented with comparative study. The resultant new framework based on lattice overcome the latency limitation of block chain in the old framework and lowered the computation cost that depend on Elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman. Also, it ensures high privacy and protection of patient’s information.

Authors and Affiliations

Zahraa Ch. Oleiwi

1

Rasha Ail Dihin

2

Ali H. Alwan

3

College of Computer Science and InformationTechnology, University Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
Faculty of Education for Girls, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
Alkafeel University, Najaf, Iraq

Agents and Multi-agent Systems in the Management of Electric Energy Systems

Saltanat Bitimanova Aliya Shukirova

Management and Production Engineering Review | 2023 | vol. 14 | No 2 | 99-110 | DOI: 10.24425/mper.2023.146027

Keywords Communication protocol electricity consumption Control system planning system modeling

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Abstract

Electric energy systems need constant modernization and updating to solve such problems as distributed management, self-sealing, improving the quality of electricity, demand management, and integration of renewable energy systems. Currently, energy systems need advanced and intelligent technologies to perform various system-level tasks. The purpose of this research is to analyze the existing control systems of electric energy systems, as well as to consider the possibility of using multi-agent systems to control electric energy systems. To achieve the aim of the research, the following scientific approaches were implemented: method of direct research, experimental method, questioning, comparative method, analysis method, and method of observation. The primary value of the research is in the novelty of the work and the fact, that functional components in multi-agent systems act as independent agents, which can interact with each other through a message communication system. This provides a simple connection between the components, which can benefit complex systems designed for an intelligent network. The intelligent network provides an efficient energy management system, and the modernization of the existing power system using a multi-agent system provides solutions to many problems. The best implementation of a multi-agent system can be achieved through the employment of fast and protected communication protocols. The authors of the research have conducted research and presented key statistical data on electricity usage in Kazakhstan over the past few years. The practical significance of the research is determined by the applied results, and their scientific significance, which is conditioned upon the use of deep, modern mathematical results and the development of an optimal control system. This research is a part of a universal model and optimal system of emergency quick response, conducting a quick preliminary prognosis as well as ensuring more lasting planning in electricity consumption.

Authors and Affiliations

Saltanat Bitimanova

1

Aliya Shukirova

1

Department of Systems Analysis and Management, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan

The effect of root canal rinsing protocol on the push-out bond strength to the dentin cementation of the fiber post

Bartosz Ciapała Krzysztof Górowski Wojciech I. Ryniewicz Andrzej Gala Jolanta E. Loster

Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2021 | Vol. 61 | No 4 | 81-92 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2021.140006

Keywords fiber post rinsing protocols adhesion bonding cementation

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Abstract

Background: Studies on the effect of root canal rinsing protocols on fiber post bonding to dentin are inconclusive. This study reports investigation of this topic. Objectives: to determine effects of irrigation protocol by means of a push-out test on the strength of adhesion between the post and dentin in an in vitro study.
Materials and Method: Thirty human single-rooted teeth were prepared using hand instruments and the step-back technique, filled with gutta-percha, sealed with AH Plus (Dentsply), and divided into three groups: A: rinsed with NaCl; B: rinsed with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX); C: not rinsed before cementa-tion of posts. The fiber posts were set using RelyX and Built-it. The tooth roots were sliced and the push- out test was performed. The area of contact between the post and dentin was calculated and the destroying force was established. The results were statistically analyzed.
Results: The mean adhesive strength was 10.69 MPa in group A, 16.33 MPa in group B, and 16.72 MPa in C. The adhesive strength in group B and C was statistically significantly higher than in group A (p = 0.0016, ANOVA).
Conclusion: Rinsing root canals with CHX seems to be the most effective method prior to setting a fiber post.

Bibliography

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9. Toman M., Toksavul S., Tamac E., Sarikanat M., Karagozoglu I.: Effect of chlorhexidine on bond strength between glass-fiber post and root canal dentine after six month of water storage. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2014; 22: 29–34.
10. Cecchin D., Farina A.P., Souza M.A., Da Cunha Pereira C.: Effect of root-canal sealer on the bond strength of fiberglass post to root dentin. Acta Odontol Scand. 2011; 69: 95–100.
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12. Cecchin D., Farina A.P., Giacomin M., Vidal C. de M., Carlini-Junior B., Ferraz C.C.: Influence of chlorhexidine application time on the bond strength between fiber posts and dentin. J Endod. 2014; 40: 2045–2048.
13. Cecchin D., Giacomin M., Farina A.P., Bhering C.L., Mesquita M.F., Ferraz C.C.: Effect of chlorhexidine and ethanol on push-out bond strength of fiber posts under cyclic loading. J Adhes Dent. 2014; 16: 87–92.
14. Ekambaram M., Yiu C.K., Matinlinna J.P., Chang J.W., Tay F.R., King N.M.: Effect of chlorhexidine and ethanol-wet bonding with a hydrophobic adhesive to intraradicular dentine. J Dent. 2014; 42: 872–882.
15. Gomes Franca F.M., Vaneli R.C., Conti C. de M., Basting R.T., do Amaral F.L., Turssi C.P.: Effect of Chlorhexidine and Ethanol Application on Long-term Push-out Bond Strength of Fiber Posts to Dentin. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2015; 16: 547–553.
16. Leitune V.C., Collares F.M., Werner Samuel S.M.: Influence of chlorhexidine application at longitudinal push-out bond strength of fiber posts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010; 110: e77–81.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartosz Ciapała

1

Krzysztof Górowski

2

Wojciech I. Ryniewicz

2

Andrzej Gala

2

Jolanta E. Loster

2

Department of Integrated Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
Department of Dental Prosthetics and Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

ARPNetSteg: Network Steganography Using Address Resolution Protocol

Punam Bedi Arti Dua

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2020 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 671-677 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2020.134026

Keywords network steganography ARP Steganography Covert Channel Address Resolution Protocol Protocol Steganography

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Abstract

Steganography is a technique that allows hidden transfer of data using some media such as Image, Audio, Video, Network Protocol or a Document, without its existence getting noticed. Over the past few years, a lot of research has been done in the field of Image, Video and Audio Steganography but very little work has been done in Network Steganography. A Network Steganography technique hides data in a Network Data Unit, i.e., a Network Protocol Packet. In this paper we present an algorithm ARPNetSteg that implements Network Steganography using the Address resolution protocol. Our technique is a robust technique that can transfer 44 bits of covert data per ARP reply packet.

Authors and Affiliations

Punam Bedi

Arti Dua

An Authenticated Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Network Based on Small World Model

Daxing Wang Leying Xu

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 3 | 425-430 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2021.137829

Keywords small world model wireless Ad Hoc network routing protocol AODV protocol authentication theory

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Abstract

Compared with traditional cellular networks, wireless ad hoc networks do not have trusted entities such as routers, since every node in the network is expected to participate in the routing function. Therefore, routing protocols need to be specifically designed for wireless ad hoc networks. In this work, we propose an authenticated routing protocol based on small world model (ARSW). With the idea originating from the small world theory, the operation of the protocol we proposed is simple and flexible. Our simulation results show the proposed ARSW not only increases packet delivery ratio, but also reduces packet delivery delay. In particularly, Using authentication theory, the proposed ARSW improves communication security.

Bibliography

[1] Elizabeth M. Royer, Chai-Keong Toh. A review of current routing protocols for ad-hoc mobile wireless networks. IEEE Personal Communications, 6(2): 46-55, 1999.
[2] Jorge E. O. T., Molina J. L. B., Miguel A. S. L. Simulation and evaluation of ad hoc networks under different mobility models. Ingeniería E Investigación, 23(3): 44-50, 2003.
[3] Tianbo L., Hao C. Anonymous routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks. International Journal of Security and its Applications, 10(4): 229-240, 2016.
[4] Banala R., Sakthivel M. A review on delay-minimized routing protocol in mobile cognitive ad hoc networks. International Journal of Computer Sciences & Engineering, 6(7): 991-996, 2018.
[5] Prabhavat S. , Narongkhachavana W. , Thongthavorn T. , et al. Low Overhead Localized Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing, 2019, 6(4): 1-15.
[6] Shanmugasundaram D. , Shanavas A. R. M. Avoidance Cosmic Dust implementing in Ad Hoc on-demand Distance Vector (CDA AODV) Routing Protocol [J]. International Journal of Computer Sciences & Engineering, 2019, 7(4): 995-1005.
[7] Kothandaraman D., Chellappan C., . Energy Efficient Node Rank-Based Routing Algorithm in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications, 2019, 11(1):45-61.
[8] Shanmugasundaram D., Shanavas A. R. M. . Avoidance Cosmic Dust implementing in Ad Hoc on-demand Distance Vector (CDA AODV) Routing Protocol. International Journal of Computer Sciences & Engineering, 2019, 7(4):995-1005.
[9] Kim, C., Talipov, E., & Ahn, B. A reverse aodv routing protocol in ad hoc mobile networks. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 522-531. 2016.
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[12] Kumar S., Dhull K., Sharma D., et al. Evaluation of AODV and DYMO Routing Protocol using Generic, Micaz and Micamotes Energy Conservation Models in AWSN with Static and Mobile Scenario [J]. Scalable Computing, 2019, 20(4):653-661.
[13] Watts D.J. & Strogatz S.H. (1998), Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks, Nature, 1998, 393(6684): 440–442.
[14] Qin Y , Guo D , Luo L , et al. Design and optimization of VLC based small-world data centers [J]. Frontiers of Computer Science in China, 2019, 13(5):1034-1047.
[15] Qiu T.p, Liu X., Li K., et al. Community-Aware Data Propagation with Small World Feature for Internet of Vehicles [J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2018, 56(1):86-91.
[16] Reka A., Hawoong J., & Albert-Laszlo B. Error and attack tolerance of complex networks. Nature. 406(6794):378-382, 2004.
[17] Guidoni, D. L. , Mini, R. A. F. , & Loureiro, A. A. F. On the design of resilient heterogeneous wireless sensor networks based on small world concepts. Computer Networks, 54(8):1266-1281, 2009.
[18] Zhang, J. & Elkashlan M., A small world network model for energy efficient wireless networks, IEEE Communication. Lett., 17(10): 1928–1931, 2013.
[19] Zarepour, M., Universal and non-universal neural dynamics on small world connectomes: A finite-size scaling analysis. Physical Review E. 100 (5): 52138, 2019.
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[23] Wu J. &Yang S. Logarithmic Store-Carry-Forward Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Trans. on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 18(6): 735-748, 2007.
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Authors and Affiliations

Daxing Wang

1

Leying Xu

1

College of Mathematics and Finance, Chuzhou University

Energy Saving Chaotic Sequence Based Encryption, Authentication and Hashing for M2M Communication of IoT Devices

Bartosz Kościug Piotr Bilski

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2023 | vol. 69 | No 2 | 253-259 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2023.144358

Keywords Power optimization Security protocols Application layer protocols Machine to machine communication IoT

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Abstract

In this paper, the secure low-power Internet of Things (IoT) transmission methods for encryption and digital signature are presented. The main goal was to develop energyefficient method to provide IoT devices with data confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity. The cryptograph energy efficient and security algorithms modifications for IoT domain were made. The novelty in our solution is the usage of encryption method popular in the image processing in the domain of the Internet of Things. Proposed modification improves immunity for the brute-force and plain-text attacks. Furthermore, we propose the modifications for hash calculation method to transform it into digital signature calculation method that is very sensitive to input parameters. The results indicate low energy consumption of both methods, however it varies significantly depending on the architecture of the devices.

Authors and Affiliations

Bartosz Kościug

1

Piotr Bilski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

The Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology on Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Configurable Secured Adaptive Routing Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

Ahmed Alnaser Hessa Al-Junaid Reham Almesaeed

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 577-586 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2022.141277

Keywords routing protocol Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks WSN security

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Abstract

This paper aims at designing, building, and simulating a secured routing protocol to defend against packet dropping attacks in mobile WSNs (MWSNs). This research addresses the gap in the literature by proposing Configurable Secured Adaptive Routing Protocol (CSARP). CSARP has four levels of protection to allow suitability for different types of network applications. The protocol allows the network admin to configure the required protection level and the ratio of cluster heads to all nodes. The protocol has an adaptive feature, which allows for better protection and preventing the spread of the threats in the network. The conducted CSARP simulations with different conditions showed the ability of CSARP to identify all malicious nodes and remove them from the network. CSARP provided more than 99.97% packets delivery rate with 0% data packet loss in the existence of 3 malicious nodes in comparison with 3.17% data packet loss without using CSARP. When compared with LEACH, CSARP showed an improvement in extending the lifetime of the network by up to 39.5%. The proposed protocol has proven to be better than the available security solutions in terms of configurability, adaptability, optimization for MWSNs, energy consumption optimization, and the suitability for different MWSNs applications and conditions.

Authors and Affiliations

Ahmed Alnaser

1

Hessa Al-Junaid

1

Reham Almesaeed

1

University of Bahrain, College of Information Technology, Kingdom of Bahrain

Authentication over Internet Protocol

Ł. Apiecionek J.M. Czerniak M. Romantowski D. Ewald B. Tsizh H. Zarzycki W.T. Dobrosielski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2020 | 68 | No. 2 (i.a. Special Section on Computational Intelligence in Communications) | 245-253 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2020.131846

Keywords network security communication Internet Protocol DoS attacks

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Abstract

Defending against DoS (denial of service) attacks has become a great challenge, especially for institutions that provide access to their services in the public network. State-of-the-art identity concealing tools and vast number of computers connected to the network require ensuring appropriate means for entities at risk to enable defence from the particular type of threats. This article presents a concept of user authentication in IP communication. The concept consists in providing the receiver with the possibility to determine sender՚s identity at the Internet layer level. This provides both the capability of defence against DoS attacks and possibility of utilizing the presented model over existing Internet network, which is directly responsible for transmission. The authors hope that the concept is a significant step in the perception of public network data transmission.

Authors and Affiliations

Ł. Apiecionek

J.M. Czerniak

M. Romantowski

D. Ewald

B. Tsizh

H. Zarzycki

W.T. Dobrosielski

Emissions trading of greenhouse gases – genesis and organization

Dawid Ciężki

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi Polskiej Akademii Nauk | 2018 | Nr 107 | 135-148 | DOI: 10.24425/123729

Keywords emissions trading The Kioto Protocol CO2 emissions international emissions trading EU ETS

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Abstract

The article has presented the assumptions underlying the organization of emissions trading of greenhouse gases with a particular emphasis on CO2 emission allowances. Through the analysis of the literature, international activities were undertaken aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, starting from the First World Climate Conference organized in 1979. The origins and guidelines of the Kyoto Protocol were also given considerable attention. In addition to the description of the key assumptions of the Protocol and its main components, the characteristics of international trade in Kyoto units were also included. The mechanisms involved in international trade and the types of units traded in a detailed manner are described. In the next part of the article, emission trading systems operating in the world are characterized. In the second part of the paper special attention was paid to the conditionings of the European market, i.e. European Emissions Trading System – EU ETS. Historical events were presented that gave rise to the creation of the EU ETS. In the next steps, the types of units that are tradable were described. Furthermore, the trade commodity exchanges on which trade is conducted, the key factors determining the price of individual allowances are also indicated. In the last part of the article, relatively recent issues – the IED Directive and the BAT conclusions have been pointed out. Referring to the applicable regulations, the impact of their implementation on the situation of entities obliged to limit greenhouse gas emissions was analyzed. In the final phase, an attempt was made to assess the impact of IED and BAT to electricity prices.

Authors and Affiliations

Dawid Ciężki

Multiple retrospective analysis of survival and evaluation of cardiac death predictors in a population of dogs affected by degenerative mitral valve disease in ACVIM class C treated with different therapeutic protocols

M. Bagardi C. Locatelli A. Zanaboni A. Galizzi D. Malchiodi P.G. Brambilla

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2021 | vol. 24 | No 1 | 109-118 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2021.136799

Keywords degenerative mitral valve disease dog median survival time therapeutic protocols prognosis

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Abstract

Clinical records of dogs with spontaneous degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) with clinical signs related to congestive heart failure (CHF) recruited during routine clinical practice between 2001 and 2018 at the Cardiology Unit of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (University of Milan) were included in this retrospective cohort study. Baseline echocardiographic data were evaluated. Median survival time (MST) was calculated. Data on therapeutic treatment, ISACHC (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council) or ACVIM (American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine) classes were reviewed based on the inclusion period and type of endpoint (i.e. cardiac death or death for other causes). A univocal classification was needed, and the patients classified in ISACHC classes II, IIIa and IIIb, visited before 2009, were reallocated to ACVIM class C. The main goal of this data review was to retrospectively evaluate 259 clinical records of subjects belonging to ACVIM C class examined between 2001 to 2018 and 202 dogs examined between 2010 to 2018. In this way, in the second group, the bias of the reclassification was avoided. The MST (median survival time) of these subjects was 531 d (2001-2018) and 335.5 d (2010-2018), respectively. Univariate survival regression analysis for subjects included from 2010 to 2018 showed as significantly related to cardiac death (CD): left atrium to aorta ratio (LA/Ao) (HR 2.754, p=0.000), E wave (HR 2.961, p=0.000), E/A ratio (HR 1.372, p=0.000), end-diastolic (HR 1.007, p=0.000) (EDVI) and end-systolic (HR 1.012, p=0.026) (ESVI) volume indexes, allometric diastolic (HR 4.018, p=0.000) (LVIDdN) and systolic (HR 2.674, p=0.049) (LVIDsN) left ventricular internal diameters, age (HR 1.006, p=0.009) and pulmonary hypertension severity (HR=1.309, p=0.012) (PH). Multivariate analysis, adjusted for age, showed that the only variable that determined a statistically significant difference in MST was PH severity (HR 1.334, p=0.033). The type of therapeutic treatment within this class was not significant for the MST of the subjects.

Authors and Affiliations

M. Bagardi

1

C. Locatelli

1

A. Zanaboni

2

A. Galizzi

1

D. Malchiodi

2

P.G. Brambilla

1

University of Milan, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Via dell’Università n. 6, 26900 Lodi (LO), Italy
University of Milan, Informatic Department, Via Giovanni Celoria n. 18, 20133 Milan (MI), Italy

Pragmatic Distribution Based Routing Cluster to Improve Energy Efficient Cluster lifetime for Wireless Sensor Networks

Harish SV Archana NV

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2023 | vol. 69 | No 2 | 353-360 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2023.144371

Keywords cluster routing protocol Energy hole fitness function throughput energy delay hopping fairness

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Abstract

Energy consumed by the sensor nodes are more sporadic in a sensor networks. A skilled way to bring down energy consumption and extend maximum life-time of any sensor present can be of evenly and unevenly distributed random area networks. Cluster heads are more responsible for the links between the source and destination. Energy consumption are much compare to member nodes of the network. Re-clustering will take place if the connectivity in the distributed network failure occurs in between the cluster networks that will affects redundancy in the network efficiency. Hence, we propose pragmatic distribution based routing cluster lifetime using fitness function (PDBRC) prototype is better than the existing protocol using MATLAB 2021a simulation tool.

Authors and Affiliations

Harish SV

1

Archana NV

2

NIE Institute of Technology, India Visvesvaraya Technological University, India
University of Mysuru, India

Comparison of Wireless Data Transmission Protocols for Residential Water Meter Applications

Łukasz Krzak Jan Macheta Mateusz Kubaszek Cezary Worek

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2023 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 833-842 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2023.147709

Keywords Water meter protocols Wireless M-Bus Lo-RaWAN Sigfox NB-IoT energy consumption maximum coupling loss

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Abstract

This article provides a comparison of various wireless data transmission protocols, such as Wireless M-Bus, Lo- RaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT and a newly developed proprietary protocol, studying their performance in the application of batterypowered residential water meters. Key aspects of the comparison include energy consumption, which is analyzed through comparing unitary amount of charge required to conduct a single, bidirectional data transaction between the meter and base station, and maximum coupling loss which effectively defines the range and coverage in the system. For completeness, the study includes also a brief cost analysis and ends with a conclusion, stating when each of the particular standards should be favored.

Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Krzak

1

Jan Macheta

1

Mateusz Kubaszek

1

Cezary Worek

1

Institute of Electronics, Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland

Enhancing IoT Performance via Using Mobility Aware for Dynamic RPL Routing Protocol Technique (MA-RPL)

Ahmed R. Zarzoor

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 2 | 187-191 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2022.139866

Keywords Internet of Things (IoTs) Routing Protocol for Lowpower and Lossy Networks (RPL) Mobility Aware (MA-RPL) Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA)

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Abstract

Nodes' aware-mobility in the Internet of Things (IoTs) stills open defy for researchers, due to the dynamic changing of routing path and networks’ resource limitations. Therefore, in this study a new method is proposed called Mobility Aware - “Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks” (MARPL), that consists of two phases: in the first phase splitting the entire network into sub areas based on reference nodes with “Time Difference of Arrival” (TDoA) technique. While, the second phase, is about managing mobile nodes (MNs) in RPL according to the sub areas' ID. The Cooja simulator software has been used to implement and assess MA-RPL method performance, according to the data packet metrics (lost packet, packet delivery ratio PDR), latency and nodes' power usage in comparison with two methods: Corona (Co-RPL) and Mobility Enhanced (ME-RPL). The simulation results have been shown that the MA-RPL method consumes less nodes' energy usage, gives less latency with minimum data packet loss in comparison with Co-RPL and MERPL.

Authors and Affiliations

Ahmed R. Zarzoor

1

Directorate of Inspection, Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq

1

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