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Abstract

In the opinion of Bogusław Wolniewicz (1927–2017), Wittgenstein in his Tractatus presented a new metaphysics – a modern ‘metaphysics of facts’, in opposition to the traditional ‘metaphysics of substance’ (Aristotle) or to the ‘metaphysics of things’ (Tadeusz Kotarbiński’s ‘reism’). The new metaphysics describes, just like the old ones did, the structure of the world. First, it refers to the world as a whole, seeing in it an actualization of one of numerous possible worlds. It also refers to the elementary unit of world-structure, which is an ‘atomic fact’ (an independent unit, though at the same time not the simplest one, since it involves further ‘simple objects’). Those concepts of ‘world’, ‘atom’ and ‘possible beings’ make the system of Tractatus ‘metaphysics’, comparable to the Aristotle’s metaphysics of ‘form’ and ‘matter’. In Tractatus, the Aristotelian ‘matter’ turns into ‘simple objects’, while ‘form’ becomes a form of ‘fact’. In this view, the world is conceived as a set of facts and equals a particular choice made from the universe of possible situations. But one element is missing in Wittgenstein’s system, namely, the ‘efficient cause’ responsible for the choice of facts (actualization of possibilities). Leibniz believed there was a ‘sufficient reason’ why a particular choice was made among possible situations and one possible world has become real. This ‘sufficient reason’ finally turned out to be God’s rational will. In Wolniewicz’s late philosophy however, the ‘efficient cause’ is only ‘fate’ or ‘chance’ (τύχη). Fate is therefore the mysterious deus absconditus of Wittgenstein’s metaphysics.

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Łukasz Kowalik
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

In this article I present the problem of identity of objects (that persist in time and space) and their identification (also in time and space, when these objects persist and change their location) indicated in the title of the paper. I therefore present an outline of P.F. Strawson’s proposal, but also a purely formal approach that can be found in formal sciences (logic and mathematics). In the final part I give some ontological solution to Strawson’s research. It is a solution based on formal considerations within the so-called ontologically oriented versions of modal and temporal logics, which I proposed in my book Indywidua. Idee. Pojęcia (2008).

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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Kaczmarek
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

According to Nicolai Hartmann, the correlativistic prejudice is the claim that a being must be a correlate of a subject, and this, he argues, is the main prejudice of Husserl’s phenomenology taken as an eidetic science of transcendental consciousness with its correlates. In contrast to Hartmann, the author of this article claims that Husserl’s conception of the noetic-noematic correlation does not lead to the correlativistic prejudice. Husserl distinguishes between two concepts of object: the noematic ‛object simpliciter’ (the pure X) and the ‛object in the How of its determinations’ (a noematic sense), and he demonstrates that the noematic ‛object simpliciter’ transcends the limit of actual noetic-noematic correlation, it is a correlate of the Idea in the Kantian sense of the term and this idea cannot be intrinsically given in its content. In the article the author shows that Husserl’s concept of the noematic ‘object simpliciter’ as a pure X is similar to Kant’s concept of transcendental object as ‛something in general = X’. In analogy to a transcendental object, noematic ‛object simpliciter’ is partially knowable and it appears to be an irrational fact in its unknowable rest. As a consequence, the ‛object simpliciter’ is something more than a correlate of consciousness and retains always its extra-noematic content. Therefore, the world is only partially correlative to the possibility of experience.

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Piotr Łaciak
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Abstract

Starting from the statement that self-reflection is necessary for the development of any scientific discipline, the author of this article—a historian and sociologist—considers the characteristics of research on everyday life. What is the subject of this subdiscipline and when did such research start? What methods does it use? The author reflects on these issues, while referring to his own experience as a historian and to the book by Bogumiła Mateja-Jaworska and Marta Zawodna- -Stephan, Badania życia codziennego. Rozmowy (nie)codzienne w Polsce (2019) [Studies of Everyday Life: (Not) Everyday Conversations in Poland], in which the statements of contemporary everyday researchers are quoted. The author concludes that the beginnings of such research should be sought in the very distant past and that its material might be provided by all the creations of human culture. He also wonders if and how evidence of the modern digital age will survive.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Kula
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Akademia Teatralna im. Aleksandra Zelwerowicza w Warszawie
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Abstract

O zwrocie ku czułości w projektowaniu, czyli przesunięciach dizajnu w kierunku relacji, emocji i empatii.

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Monika Rosińska
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Abstract

In this article I use Roman Ingarden’s conceptual apparatus to show how the category of purely intentional objects can be used to analyze the consciousness of subjects who reside in intentional worlds and experience internal states invoked in their minds by sources external to them.
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Damian Leszczyński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Koszarowa 3, 51-149 Wrocław
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Abstract

The author reflects on the issues raised in R. Ingarden’s article The Work of Music and the Problem of Its Identity. He considers them and presents them in a new light. This author believes that the musical works exist as special relations between special objects. At the same time, he refuses to consider musical creativity a product of human consciousness. In his opinion, consciousness only accepts or rejects musical phrases that present themselves as a product of unconscious brain activity.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jędrzej Stanisławek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. (em.) Politechnika Warszawska, Wydział Administracji i Nauk Społecznych, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warszawa
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Abstract

The question about a painting artwork assumes that its ontological, cognitive as well as aesthetic status is not clear and only a profound analysis can specify what lies hidden behind this concept. Ingarden underlines its ambiguousness and discerns that its elimination constitutes one of the major tasks of aesthetics. The ambiguity just mentioned can be discerned in the gap between a painting artwork and a canvas, Ingarden emphasizes. This distinction is already curious in itself, as the two terms may be considered synonyms, yet this affinity which presupposes a distinction seems to indicate that a canvas is not a painting and is not even a part of it but constitutes a separate physical item. In the first part of the article, I offer reasons, which prompted Ingarden to introduce and emphasize this distinction which underlies the answer to the question, what constitutes the painting artwork and what constitutes the canvas that bears it. The second part of my paper focuses on the essential relationship between the painting with its physical foundation. In the third section I discuss the consequences resulting from the maintenance of the distinction in question. This reconstruction of Ingarden’s views is accompanied by comments which are polemical in character but also constitute an expansion of the underpinnings involved in the distinction that has been analyzed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Artur Mordka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Instytut Filozofii, Al. T. Rejtana 16c, 35-310 Rzeszów
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Abstract

Praca przedstawia historię terminu „eter”: jego wprowadzenia i rozwoju. Omówione zostają różne koncepcje eterowe aż do czasów Einsteina i wyparcia terminu „eter” z naukowej ontologii, a następnie próby przywrócenia tego terminu do nauki. Autorka wyjaśnia, jak mimo zmiany teorii naukowej termin teoretyczny może nie utracić odniesienia przedmiotowego.

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Paulina Seidler
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Abstract

The Author discusses a book "The Robin G. Collingood s philosophy of History" by Witold M. Nowak. He considers it as well done monographic picture of Collingwood's thinking. Nowak regards the philosophy of history of famous English thinker as a hermeneutical philosophy rather than philosophy of history itself including such basic ideas essential for the understanding of his philosophy like theory ofquestioning and answering, the method of the re-enactment, the concept of the absolute conditions. The book written by Nowak provides also to the Polish readers many precious biographical data and an interesting analysis of the cultural context ofColingwoodian thinking. It pays special attention to the late period of his work and its meaning.
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Bronisław Bartusiak
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Abstract

According to the usual, simplified picture of the Meinong‑Russell controversy, Meinong’s semantics is structurally amazingly simple but ontologically very expensive, while Russell’s theory contains some counter‑intuitive syntactic complica-tions, but to make up for this expense it releases us from almost all ontological troubles. Now the reality is much more complex. On the one hand it appears that the alleged ontological innocence of Russell’s solution has been highly exaggerated. In particular it assumes a Platonic ontology of universal properties. At the same time, if we look a bit closer, also Meinong’s theory turns out to be much more complicated than it looks at the first sight. It involves a hierarchy of objects exhibiting different degrees of completeness and in the later period of Meinong’s thought the structure of intentional reference takes a form very similar to that which has been proposed by Russell in his On Denoting.
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Authors and Affiliations

Arkadiusz Chrudzimski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Grodzka 52, 31-044 Kraków
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Abstract

The article explores the influences and reinterpretations of Roman Ingarden’s philosophy that can be found in Leopold Blaustein’s work. The latter studied in Lvov under Ingarden and established a long‑life philosophical dialogue with his mentor. There is a common agreement in comparative literature on the two authors which claims that Blaustein was influenced by Ingarden mainly in the field of aesthetics. This author supports a different proposition that these influences were much wider and encompassed methodology and theory of consciousness as well. The article is divided into three main parts. First, Blaustein’s critique of eidetic methods in phenomenology is reconstructed. In this context, it is claimed that Blaustein’s arguments aim at Ingarden’s concept of phenomenology rather than at Husserl’s. Yet, even if Blaustein tended to understand phenomenology as descriptive psychology, and Ingarden – as eidetic analysis, they both seemed to agree that phenomenology consisted in rigorous description of the ways of how the objects are given in experience. Secondly, Blaustein’s argument against Husserl’s theory of consciousness is reconstructed. The author claims that the argument is based on Ingarden’s differentiation between ‘living through’ and ‘experiencing’ sense data. Finally, the author examines some points that connect or divide both aesthetical theories.
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Authors and Affiliations

Witold Płotka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warszawa
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Abstract

Koncepcja idei Romana Ingardena wiele zawdzięcza wypracowanej przez Jeana Heringa teorii idei, istoty i jakości idealnych. Celem artykułu nie jest jedynie prezentacja obszarów pokrewnych dla obu myślicieli i ukazanie twórczej kontynuacji myśli Heringa dokonanej przez Ingardena, ale przede wszystkim wskazanie na miejsca, w których rozchodzą się drogi obu koncepcji, i przedyskutowanie motywów, dla których tak się stało. Perspektywa ta pozwala zrozumieć powody zmiany stanowiska Ingardena w sprawie struktury idei, a także racje, które stały za przyjęciem takiej a nie innej ostatecznej ich postaci. Odmienność Ingardenowskiego projektu od wcześniejszych teorii idei najwyraźniej uwidacznia się dzięki uznaniu zmiennych w zawartości idei i ich doniosłej funkcji, co zresztą w opinii samego Ingardena stanowiło pewne novum. W artykule nie zostały pominięte również liczne problemy związane z typami i funkcją samych zmiennych.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Barska
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Abstract

The aim of the paper is to provide an answer to the following question: How to interpret the principle of acquaintance and what role does it play in Bertrand Russell’s epistemology? It seems that the principle itself should be so adjusted as to take into account two concepts: (1) an act of judgment as a multiple relation and (2) the division of reality into what is directly given (sense‑data) and physical objects. I show, contrary to Russell’s assurances, that the content and the role of the principle is not clear, and its acceptance leads to a paradox. Having discovered that consequence, Russell abandoned the dualistic division of reality and with the help of the method of logical constructions, sought a position that embraced phenomena
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Authors and Affiliations

Wiesław Heflik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. KEN w Krakowie, Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii, ul Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków
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Abstract

Environmental ethics draws on the belief that nature is an object of moral worth; i.e. that we have certain moral duties with respect to the natural environment. This article is intended as a defense of this belief. According to the proposal I set forth here, targeting nature as an object of moral worth is grounded on a specific esthetic experience. This conception is based, on the one hand, on Ralph Waldo Emerson’s ideas; on the other hand – it makes use of Roman Ingarden’s concept of esthetic experience.

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Magdalena Kiełkowicz-Werner
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Abstract

Shipowner’s insurance plays an important role in modern maritime relations. This paper deals with the issues of cargo, fuel and crew insurance. The discussed issue has not found proper reflection in maritime insurance literature, although the history of insurance in maritime transport dates back to the 18th century. The first maritime insurances covered the ship and its cargo and only then the need to introduce the insurance of civil liability for damages caused by sea navigation was noticed. The author’s aim is to draw attention to the variety and complexity of shipowner's insurance both in the subjective and personal sphere.
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Dominika Wetoszka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wyższa Szkoła Administracji i Biznesu w Gdyni
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Abstract

This paper takes into account questions formulated by the Holy Mother. Her thought and consideration on the revealed word serves as pattern of theological thinking and key to understanding of the relationship between theology and other sciences. This study is based on the Church’s magisterial documents, papal teaching, as well as theological and philosophical statements. The matter of theology determines its principles, start point and methods. Its criteria consider the universal requirements of reason but, unlike in other sciences, are deeply and indispensably enrooted in ecclesial community. The purpose also distinguishes theology in the scientific world and confers particular meaning concerning its pragmatism, benefits and importance.
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Izabella Smentek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
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Abstract

Kirchengeschichte. Gegenstand - Methode - Historiografie

Zusammenfassung

Der Begriff der Kirchengeschichte hängt von der Auffassung von der Kirche ab. Nach der katholischen Ekklesiologie gehört die Kirche zu den Geheimnissen des Glaubens. Als mystischer Leib Christi, als Gemeinschaft des Glaubens und der Gnade, ist sie eine theologische Wirklichkeit. Als Volk Gottes des Neuen Bundes, als eine sichtbare, institutionalisierte Gemeinschaft, ist sie zugleich eine geschichtliche Realität.

Auch die Geschichte als die Wissenschaft von den Menschen der Vergangenheit bleibt für uns ein Geheimnis, weil der Ursprung und das Ziel des Menschen und der Menschheit im Dunkel liegen. Der Historiker ist nicht imstande, den Anfang und das Ende der Geschichte zu erforschen. Das Wissen um diese Dinge kann uns nur der Glaube geben. Die Geschichte ist nicht nur die Vergangenheit, sie reicht in die Gegenwart, daher muss der Historiker sehr vorsichtig mit der Geschichte und dem Geschehenen umgehen. Die Aufgabe der Historiografie ist es, uns die Menschengenerationen der Vergangenheit näher zu bringen, um sie verstehen zu können und in einen Dialog mit ihnen zu kommen.

Der Gesichtspunkt, unter dem die Geschichte der Kirche untersucht werden sollte, ist mit der wichtigsten Aufgabe der Kirche und dem Ziel, das ihr der Gründer setzte, verbunden: möglichst alle Menschen zu Jüngern Christi zu machen und zum ewigen Leben hinzuführen. Die kirchliche Historiografie sollte zeigen, wie diese Aufgabe in den vergangenen Jahrhunderten verstanden und ausgeführt wurde. Das ist zugleich als Kriterium für die Auswahl des Erzählten und als Kennzeichen der wichtigen Ereignisse in der Geschichte der Kirche anzusehen.

Für die Erforschung dieses Gegenstandes muss der Kirchenhistoriker alle historisch-kritischen Methoden anwenden, d. h., er muss zunächst sorgfältig alle Quellen sammeln und diese kritisch analysieren. Die Analyse durch eine genaue Beschreibung ist die am häufigsten benutzte Methode, weil die Geschichte zu den beschreibenden Wissenschaften gehört. Ein nächster wichtiger Schritt ist die Interpretation, bei der der Kirchenhistoriker einer Theorie der Geschichte bedarf, welche die gesammelten Quellen zu verstehen erlaubt. Solche Theorie setzt Folgendes voraus: 1/ die Identität der Kirche während ihrer zweitausendjährigen Geschichte; sie wird im Wandel bewahrt, die Kirche bleibt dieselbe, obwohl nicht die gleiche (wie das wachsende Senfkorn); 2/ die göttliche Vorsehung, die in die Geschichte eingreift; 3/ die heilsgeschichtliche Aufgabe der Kirche; 4/ die religiösen Bewegkräfte im Bewusstsein der Menschen. Angesichts dieser Voraussetzungen scheint die Kirchengeschichte eher eine theologische als eine rein humanistische Disziplin zu sein.

Die Einteilung der Geschichte der Kirche in Epochen berücksichtigt die verschiedenen Kulturkreise, in denen sich das Christentum verbreitete, und die europaÈischen Ideologien, mit denen sich die Kirche auseinandersetzen musste.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ks. Kazimierz Dola
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Abstract

This paper presents the ‘precepts of perception’ of buildings observed in the space of the landscape that were described in one of the first Polish-language handbooks on architecture and construction published in Krakow in 1812 by Sebastian Alojzy Sierakowski (1743–1824)—a clergyman, architect and scientist, as well as a statesman holding important public positions during the turn of the nineteenth century in what was becoming historical Poland. Sierakowski’s principles of building perception—described in suggestive and colourful language—created a kind of original set of rules referring to optics, perspective and composition, that deserve careful analysis and re-reading in the present times of ongoing discourse on the condition of the Polish landscape and city planning system.
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Bibliography

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LEGAL ACTS
Rozporządzenie Ministra Infrastruktury oraz Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji w sprawie warunków technicznych dla znaków i sygnałów drogowych, Dz. U., 2019, poz. 454 z późn. zm.
Ustawa z dnia 24 kwietnia 2015 roku o zmianie niektórych ustaw w związku ze wzmocnieniem narzędzi ochrony krajobrazu, Dz. U., 2015, poz. 774.

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Katalog lokalizacji anten nadawczych stacji radiowych nadających w Polsce, https://radiopolska.pl/wykaz/obiekt/672 (accessed: 3.2021).
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Oleński
1

  1. Miejska Pracownia Planowania Przestrzennego i Strategii Rozwoju w Warszawie
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Abstract

The paper attempts to place John Rawls’s social theory in an ontological frame of ideas. Józef M. Bocheński’s theory of systems was chosen to describe social reality without prejudging its role in the adequate theory. By adopting this approach the author presents several issues one by one: the characteristics of political philosophy and its relation to the ontology of social reality, Bocheński’s systems theory, the analysis of the industrial enterprise as a model example of a heterogeneous, dynamic and organic system, and Rawls’s structure of society. All this is done in terms of systems theory. The resulting outcome provides, among other things, a formal definition of Rawls’s basic social structure expressed in the language of systems theory, and it supports the thesis that the synthetic entity responsible for social functioning, such as the state, is correlated with the principles of justice as proposed by Rawls.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Kaczmarek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Łódzki, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Lindleya 3/5, 90-131 Łódź

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