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Abstract

The theoretical basis for the indirect measurement approach of mean heat transfer coefficient for the packed bed based on the modified single blow technique was presented and discussed in the paper. The methodology of this measurement approach dedicated to the matrix of the rotating regenerative gas heater was discussed in detail. The testing stand consisted of a dedicated experimental tunnel with auxiliary equipment and a measurement system are presented. Selected experimental results are presented and discussed for selected types of matrices of regenerative air preheaters for the wide range of Reynolds number of gas. The agreement between the theoretically predicted and measured temperature profiles was demonstrated. The exemplary dimensionless relationships between Colburn heat transfer factor, Darcy flow resistance factor and Reynolds number were presented for the investigated matrices of the regenerative gas heater.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Butrymowicz
Jarosław Karwacki
Roman Kwidziński
Kamil Śmierciew
Jerzy Gagan
Tomasz Przybyliński
Teodor Skiepko
Marek Łapin
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Abstract

Author’s aim is to highlight problems related to the course of regulatory processes in the structures of the living organism. In this research area the question arises what is the task of causal factors and mechanisms governing regeneration processes, including building new parts of the body. Despite the vast knowledge already gained in this field, the way to restore the functional regeneration of some structures of the organism is still to be discovered.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz A. Szkutnik
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Abstract

The article deals with the possibilities of regenerating operating fluids, assessing the composition of new, used, and regenerated oils by evaluating their toxicity and proposing the environmentally friendly regeneration method. The focus lies on two methods of regeneration of waste operating fluids: distillation and electrostatic cleaning. Oil samples, regenerated through these methods, were analyzed using gas chromatography with mass detection. The variance in composition among new, used, and regenerated oils depends on the method of regeneration. Properties of hydrocarbons exhibiting ecotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, and other effects were identified using safety data sheets and databases like Pubchem, ChemicalBook. Analyzing HLP 46 oil (samples of new, unused, used and regenerated oil) revealed that the most toxic hydrocarbons (acetane, heptacosane, nonacosane) were absent after regeneration through electrostatic cleaning. Comparing the composition of operating fluids before and after regeneration, it was established that the most environmentally favorable regeneration method is electrostatic cleaning, which maintains the original properties of the operating fluids intended for use. Operating fluids regenerated via electrostatic cleaning contain fewer toxic hydrocarbons, making them more favorable concerning human health and the environment.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Helena Hybská
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eszter Turčániová
1
ORCID: ORCID
Martin Krempa
2
Pavel Timár
3
ORCID: ORCID
Ladislav Štibrányi
4
ORCID: ORCID
Tamás Rétfalvi
5
ORCID: ORCID
Martina Mordáčová
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University in Zvolen, Slovakia
  2. Hireco Fluid s.r.o., Bytča, Slovakia
  3. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
  4. Department of Organic Chemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
  5. Institute of Environment and Nature Protection, University of Sopron, Sopron, Hungary
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Abstract

Chitosan (CS) is a polysaccharide readily used in tissue engineering due to its properties: similarity to the glycosaminoglycans present in the body, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, antibacterial character and owing to the fact that its degradation that may occur under the influence of human enzymes generates non-toxic products. Applications in tissue engineering include using CS to produce artificial scaffolds for bone regeneration that provide an attachment site for cells during regeneration processes. Chitosan can be used to prepare scaffolds exclusively from this polysaccharide, composites or polyelectrolyte complexes. A popular solution for improving the surface properties and, as a result enhancing cellbiomaterial interactions, is to coat the scaffold with layers of chitosan. The article focuses on a polysaccharide of natural origin – chitosan (CS) and its application in scaffolds in tissue engineering. The last part of the review focuses on bone tissue and interactions between cells and chitosan after implantation of a scaffold and how chitosan’s structure affects bone cell adhesion and life processes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Kołakowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Gadomska-Gajadhur
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Ruśkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Tests were performed on example tools applied in hot die forging processes. After withdrawal from service due to excessive wear, these tools can be regenerated for re-use through machining and hardfacing. First, analysis of worn tools was carried out for the purpose of identifying tool working conditions and wear mechanisms occurring in the surface layer of tools during forging. Testing of worn tools included observations under a microscope, surface scanning and microhardness measurement in the surface layer. The results indicate very diverse work conditions, which suggest the application of different materials and hardfacing tool regeneration technology in individual die forging processes.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Widomski
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kaszuba
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Krawczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Nowak
2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Lange
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Sokołowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Gronostajski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Department of Metal Forming, Welding and Metrology, 7-9 Lukasiewicza Str., 50-371, Wroclaw, Poland
  2. CEO, Kuźnia Jawor S.A. Poland
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Abstract

The aim of this work was the determination of the influence of the size of grain moth eggs on qualitative characteristics of Trichogramma evanescens (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from the second to the seventh generations. The indicators of T. evanescens determine its ability to provide effective plant protection. Using selected large eggs of grain moth T. evanescens reproduction was carried out. As controls, eggs that had only been cleaned were used. These studies were performed with T. evanescens from second to seventh generations. The correlation between the size of grain moth eggs and indicators of T. evanescens such as the level of search ability, the level of regeneration of individuals, the relative number of females, the level of deformed individuals, the lifespan and the fecundity of females were determined. The influence of the size of grain moth eggs on the T. evanescens class was determined. It was found that the use of large grain moth eggs for the production of T. evanescens allowed for maintaining its first class quality from the second to the seventh generations. Trichogramma evanescens from grain moth eggs, which had only been cleaned, had first class quality only up to the fourth generation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Gennadii Golub
1
Oleh Marus
1

  1. Department of Tractors, Automobiles and Bioenergy System, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Abstract

The small scale green areas, urban parks, urban forests or natural green areas are vital components of the urban structure of cities. This paper, using examples from Bratislava, analyzes the successful and lost opportunities to apply the concept of green space as a strategy for urban regeneration and development, and discusses the ways to incorporate this concept in the teaching and educational practices in the fields of urbanism and landscape architecture.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarína Kristiánová
Ľubica Vitková
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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of biomaterial in the binder composition on the quality of reclaim from furan no-bake sands. The biomaterial is introduced into the moulding sand in order to accelerate the biodegradation of post-regeneration dust and thus to reduce the amount of harmful waste from foundries in landfills. This addition, however, can’t deteriorate the technological properties of the moulding sand, including its ability to mechanical regeneration. Chemically bonded moulding sands are characterized by high ability to mechanical regeneration, which reduces the consumption of the raw material and costs related to their transport and storage. A side effect of the regeneration process is the formation of a large amount of post-regeneration dusts. According to the tendencies observed in recent years, moulding processes must meet high requirements connected to environmental protection including problems related to the disposal of generated wastes. A partial replacement of synthetic binding materials with biomaterials may be one of scientific research directions on the production of innovative foundry moulding and core sands. The conducted regeneration tests presented in this paper initially proved that biomaterial slightly decreases the quality of reclaim from moulding sand with its addition. However, its ability to regeneration increases with time of the process. In previous research authors tested biodegradability of the dust remaining after the regeneration process. The tests proved that moulding sand with biomaterial added at the stage of the production process is characterized by about three times better biodegradability than the same moulding sand without additive.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Major-Gabryś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Skrzyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Iwona Stachurek
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Zakopianska 73, 30-418 Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

Waterfront regeneration of port districts emerge as a tool for prestigious development of cities in urban re-imaging and growth. Creation of prestigious housing in these areas are part of a broader strategy of mixed-use and property-led development, but in absence of a holistic approach in planning and design, the urban landscapes may be developed merely on basis of the real estate frameworks. This article looks at how development trends of port cities can take an unintended stance in property-led regeneration of port districts, creating gated communities and failing to succeed in achieving the pre-determined objectives in urban planning. The discussion, which will address to issues of place-making, commodification of public space and planning policies, will take the port city of Izmir as the case. It is suggested that the adoption of a holistic approach to urban planning should guide the regeneration processes and design should take place-making into consideration.

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Authors and Affiliations

Şebnem Gökcen
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Abstract

Art. 52 sec. 1 of the Regeneration Act of 9 October 2015 allowed municipalities which, at the time of its entry into force, did not have a valid revitalization program, to carry out revitalization activities on the basis of a revitalization program other than the municipal revitalization program. The choice of procedure was left by the legislature of the municipality, assuming that at the initial stage of the implementation of the law, only the municipality should test its instrument, referring to the nature and scale of its needs. The ROP Managing Authority in Małopolska as the only one in the country introduced the requirement of developing municipal revitalization programs for all municipalities that did not have a current revitalization program at the time of the entry into force of the Act. Therefore, these municipalities, in order to benefi t from EU funding under ROP WM 2014-2020 for revitalization activities planned in the programs, were not able to rely on the derogation contained in art. 52 sec. 1 of the Act. Regardless of the size of the municipality and the nature of revitalization needs, they were compelled to develop a document complying with the statutory procedure, the fi rst stage being the delimitation of the degraded area and the revitalization area and confi rmation by the resolution of the municipality council. As a result Małopolskie Voivodeship has become Poland’s largest laboratory of methodology of delimitation of these areas and development of revitalization programs. The aim of the article is to present the diversity of applied methodological approaches to the delimitation of revitalization areas in Małopolskie Voivodeship and to describe the most noteworthy, as well as to indicate the most common errors in the designation of these areas.

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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Jadach-Sepioło
Katarzyna Spadło
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Abstract

Regeneration – an integrated process of activities undertaken in the spatial, social and economic dimensions – should lead to the improvement of the living conditions of inhabitants of degraded urban areas. The European Union in 2007- 2013 allocated financial resources for this purpose in the form of JESSICA initiative which is based on financial engineering mechanism. Experiences gained so far allow conclusions to be drawn that JESSICA is a highly fi nancially-effi cient instrument but, however, not always delivers the desired outcomes in the spatial and social sphere. The scope of projects often is limited to infrastructural investments and does not reflect the complexity of regeneration process. In the article the authors analyse experiences of the five Polish regions with the use of JESSICA, point out main problems and formulate recommendations for sustainable urban policy.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ida Musiałkowska
Piotr Idczak
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Abstract

JESSICA initiative as a financial engineering instrument was introduced to enhance and accelerate investments in disadvantaged urban areas. The novel aspect of JESSICA is that this instrument should not only support and promote sustainable urban development but also provide incentives that lower risk capital investments and consequently allow to overcome existing market failures. Thus, the paper aims to identify whether JESSICA projects have contributed to generating positive market effects, as well as to indicate the factors that were most responsible for the occurrence of these phenomena. The results show that 75% out of all projects generated positive market effects in form of new jobs, services or products. The generation of revenues by particular project was the most influential factor determining the capacity of a given project to create positive markets effects.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Idczak
Ida Musiałkowska
Karol Mrozik
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Abstract

One of the problems in Russia Power Sector strategy until 2035 is the technologies development for mitigation of harmful emissions by the heat and power production industry. This goal may be reached by the transition to environmentally friendly generation units such as oxy-fuel combustion power cycles that burn organic fuels in pure oxygen. This paper provides the results of research on one of the most efficient oxy-fuel combustion power cycle, which was modified by the usage of nitrogen for turbine cooling. The computer simulation and parametric optimization approaches are described in detail. The net efficiency of the oxy-fuel combustion power cycle in relationship to the carbon dioxide turbine exhaust pressure is shown. Moreover, the influence of the regenerator scheme and modeling parameters on heat performance is obtained. Particularly, it was found that the transition to a scheme with five two-threaded heat exchangers decrease cycle efficiency by 4.2% compare to a scheme with a multi-stream regenerator.

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Authors and Affiliations

Vladimir Kindra
Andrey Rogalev
Olga Vladimirovna Zlyvko
Alexey Zonov
Matvey Smirnov
Ilya Kaplanovich
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Abstract

In this study, the removal of imidacloprid (IMD) pesticide onto activated carbon produced from nut shells of hazelnut (HAC), and walnut (WAC) has been investigated. The prepared activated carbons were characterised by total carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen content, surface areas and pore volume. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were studied before and after adsorption experiments. Effects of adsorbent dose (0.02–0.2 g), contact time (10–120 min), initial imidacloprid concentration (10–100 mg∙dm –3), and pH (1–8), and temperatures (25–50°C) on the removal of IMD pesticide by HAC and WAC in the batch mode were studied. The removal percentage of imidacloprid pesticide by HAC and WAC was 93.79% and 94.72%, respectively. The study showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model fitted well for both activated carbons. Moreover, adsorption isotherm results were evaluated using Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models. The adsorption results correlated well with the Langmuir isotherm model ( R2 = 0.987 and 0.964) with maximum adsorption capacities of 76.923 and 83.333 mg∙g –1 for HAC and WAC, respectively, and an equilibrium time within 120 min. The nature of the adsorption of imidacloprid pesticide onto HAC and WAC is exothermic, spontaneous and physical in nature. The two prepared activated carbons (HAC, WAC) were successfully regenerated for three cycles and could be used as an effective and low-cost adsorbent for the removal of IMD pesticide from aqueous solutions. The production of the activated carbons of HAC and WAC will provide minimisation of these wastes in the environment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Somaia Gaber Mohammad
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ahmed A. El-Refaey
2

  1. Agricultural Research Center, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, 12618, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
  2. Matrouh University, Faculty of Desert and Environmental Agriculture, Soil and Water Science Department, Matrouh, Egypt
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to use regenerated activated carbon to adsorb phenol from a river. Coconut shell activated carbon was derived from used tap water filter cartridges. The activated carbon was carbonised and then activated with KOH at 200°C, under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting adsorbent was characterised on the basis of nitrogen adsorption by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and point of zero charge (pH PZC). The study of periodic adsorption included kinetic and equilibrium modelling, determined the effect of solution pH on efficiency and the possibility of regeneration and reuse of the adsorbent. The efficiency of phenol removal from model water was evaluated, followed by the possibility of their adsorption from a polluted river in Silesia Province. Phenol adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorbents showed high adsorption abilities, as determined by the Langmuir isotherm model. The model fits the experimental data well. The concentration of phenol in the river was in the range of 0.45–0.77 mg∙dm– 3, which means that its value was at least five times higher than the standard values. The use of regenerated activated carbon from waste filter cartridges removed phenol from the river by 78% using optimal test parameters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Marszałek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Puszczało
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Konarskiego St, 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Catalytic reforming is an important intermediate in the processing of crude (naphtha in particular) to obtain gasoline. The catalyst used in the process (platinum) is quite expensive and may negatively impact the business if not used judiciously. The aforesaid not only refers to the reduction in loss of the catalyst per unit of gasoline produced but also to the manufacturing of an environmentally friendlier product alongside which is the need of the planet and also a necessity to meet the increasingly strict government norms. In order to meet the above requirements, various refineries around the world use various well-known conventional methods which depend on the quality and quantity of crude manufactured by them.
This paper focuses on highlighting recent advancements in methods of catalytic regeneration (CR) in the reforming unit of petroleum industries to produce high octane gasoline, without any major replacements in their existing setup. Research papers formulated by the application of methodologies involving non-linear models and real-time refinery data have only been considered to avoid any deviations/errors in practical applications. In-depth analysis of these papers has led to the origin of some ideas which have been included as suggestions and can be considered as subjects of further research. In all, the objective of the paper is to serve as a reference for researchers and engineers working on devising optimum methods to improve the regeneration of reforming catalysts.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aviral Gupta
1
S.K. Gupta
1

  1. Harcourt Butler Technical University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kanpur-208002, India
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Abstract

The cyclic Electrothermal Temperature Swing Adsorption (ETSA) process in a fixed-bed column with Supersorbon K40 activated carbon (AC) was applied to remove propan-2-ol (IPA) from air. The bed was electrothermally regenerated using direct resistive heating method. The tests were performed in the range of operating parameters: IPA loading 0.18-0.26 kg/kg, voltage 19.5 V, set-point temperature 393–403 K, nitrogen flow rate 0.12 m3/h.

The analysis revealed, that raising the bed temperature resulted in an increase of desorption degree of adsorbate, reduction of regeneration time and an increase in the energy consumption. The application of insulation enabled reduction of energy consumption and regeneration time by 27% and 10%, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Kowalski
Elżbieta Gabruś
Dorota Downarowicz
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Abstract

The gold recovery from cyanidation tailings was only 4.01% with the general flotation process, the surface analyses of flotation products were performed, and the results showed that the poor gold recovery with general flotation process was due to the passive films covering the surface of the gold bearing pyrite. These films are mainly hydrophilic hydroxides of Ca, Fe and Mg, at the same time, the depression of CN– to pyrite flotation in the flotation slurry was also a main contributing factor. With the surface repair regeneration procedures, it was proven that sulfuric acid pretreatment plays a dominant role in the removing and cleaning of passive films, while destroying free cyanides in the slurry. Sodium carbonate was then used as a buffering pH modifier and as a slurry dispersant after sulfuric acid pretreatment. The gold recovery was as high as 93.41%, compared to the original gold recovery of 4.01%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Huang Zhongsheng
1 2 3
Yang Tianzu
1

  1. School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
  2. State Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Low-Grade Refractory Gold Ores, Xiamen 3361101, Fujian, China
  3. Zijin Mining Group Company Limited, Shanghang 364200, Fujian, China
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Abstract

The text outlines a project of research on modernism in Poland, of which the key element is the heuristic model as the effect of the social reaction to the processes of modernisation. On the one hand, they caused the belief about their negative impact on European civilisation; on the other hand, they triggered the need for a comprehensive regeneration of humanity and its living space.
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Bibliography

Bolecki Włodzimierz, Modalności modernizmu. Studia, analizy, interpretacje, Warszawa 2012.

Griffin Roger, Modernism and Fascism. The Sense of a Beginning under Mussolini and Hitler, Basingstoke 2007.

Juszkiewicz Piotr, Cień modernizmu, Poznań 2013.

Modernism. Designing a New World. 1914–1939, red. Christopher Wilk, London 2006.

Szczerski Andrzej, Transformacja. Sztuka w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej po 1989 roku, Kraków 2018.

The Cambridge History of Modernism, red. Vincent Sherry, Cambridge 2016.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Juszkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, Poznań
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Abstract

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of industrial wastewater on the concentration of methanol in the considered section of the Ob River basin, present proposals for the implementation of a new treatment system and analyse the implementation results. On the basis of the results of the analysis of the known methods for reducing the concentration of methanol in water, a new technological scheme for post-treatment of effluents using biological treatment with methylotrophic Methylomonas methanica Dg bacteria was proposed. The calculation of the dilution of treated wastewater using the “NDS Ecolog” program was carried out on the basis of the detailed calculation method of Karaushev, the results of which showed a decrease in the concentration of methanol in the control section to 0.0954 mg∙dm –3 (permissible concentration is 0.1 mg∙dm –3). During the period of the flood of the Glukhaya channel, it ceases to be a separate water body and, in fact, becomes part of the flood channel of the Ob River. Certain parts of the flooded areas, due to elevation changes, communicate with the channel only during a short period of time when the water level rises, i.e. 3–5 weeks during the flood period, and in fact remain isolated reservoirs for the rest of the time, potentially acting as zones of accumulation and concentration of pollutants.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrey Ivanov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Alexey Strizhenok
1
ORCID: ORCID
Gabriel Borowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Saint-Petersburg Mining University, Faculty of Mining Engineering, 21st Line of Vasilyevsky island, 2, 199106, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
  2. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Poland
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Abstract

The method of the ongoing assessment of the reclaim quality originating from the mechanical reclamation is described in this paper. In the process, the triboelectric system of measuring amounts of dust in the dedusting part of a reclamation device was applied. Based on the online measurements of the amounts of dust generated in the spent sand-reclamation process and the post-process determinations of the ignition losses and granular structures of the removed dust, the proper work parameters of the experimental reclaimer were selected. The allowable value of the ignition losses as well as the main fraction of the reclaimed matrix being similar to fresh sand was assumed as the main criteria of the positive assessment of the process. Within the presented investigations, a periodically operating device for rotor-mechanical reclamation was developed. The possibility of changing the intensity and time of the reclamation treatment as well as the triboelectric system of the dust-amount measuring were applied in this device. Tests were performed for the spent moulding sand with phenol-resol resin Carbophen 5692 hardened by CO2. This sand represents the moulding sand group with a less harmful influence on the surroundings for which the recovery of the quartz matrix utilising the reclamation requires stricter control of the parameters of the reclamation process and reclaim quality.
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Bibliography

[1] Boenisch, D. (1991, March). Reclamation of spent sands containing bentonite. Guidelines for an economical leading to minimized waste. Giesserei 77, nr 19, 1990. In and AFS International Sand Reclamation Conference, Conference Proceedings, Novi/MI (p. 211).
[2] Dańko, J., Dańko, R., Łucarz, M. (2007). Processes and devices for the matrix regeneration of spent molding sands. Akapit. 291. (in Polish).
[3] Dańko, R. (2007). Development of energetic model for dry mechanical reclamation process of used foundry sands. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 20(4), 228-232.
[4] Dańko, R. (2012). Strength model of self-setting moulding sands with synthetic resins in an aspect of the of the integrated matrix recycling process. Gliwice: Archives of Foundry Engineering.
[5] Łucarz, M. & Dereń, M. (2017). Conditions of thermal reclamation process realization on a sample of spent moulding sand from an aluminum alloy foundry plant. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(2), 197-201.
[6] Leidel, D. S. (1993). Low temperature sand reclamation for dramatically improved quality and reduced cost. Transactions-Japan Foundrymen’s Society. 12, 1-1.
[7] Lewandowski, L. (1997). Materials for foundry molds. Akapit. (in Polish).
[8] Siddique, R., Kaur, G. & Rajor, A. (2010). Waste foundry sand and its leachate characteristics. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 54(12), 1027-1036.
[9] Svidro, J.T. (2010). The effect of sulphur content in chemical bonded sand moulds on the mechanism of penetration. International Foundry Research. 62(4), 32-41.
[10] Polzin, H., Nitsch, U., Tilch, W. & Flemming, E. (1997). Regenerierung anorganisch gebundener Altsande mit einer mechanisch arbeitender Pilotanlage. Giesserei-Praxis. 23, 500-507.
[11] Vijayakumar, S., Srinivasan, M.V. & Govindaraju, M. (2021). Reduction of waste in furan molding process from cast iron foundry. Materials Today: Proceedings. 46, 5032-5035.
[12] Wang, J.N. & Fan, Z.T. (2010). 'Freezing–mechanical'reclamation of used sodium silicate sands. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 23(5), 257-263.
[13] Wang, L.C., Jiang, W.M., Gong, X.L., Liu, F.C. & Fan, Z.T. (2019). Recycling water glass from wet reclamation sewage of waste sodium silicate-bonded sand. China Foundry. 16(3), 198-203.
[14] Cruz, N., Briens, C. & Berruti, F. (2009). Green sand reclamation using a fluidized bed with an attrition nozzle. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 54(1), 45-52.
[15] Dungan, R.S., Huwe, J. & Chaney, R.L. (2009). Concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs in spent foundry sands. Chemosphere. 75(9), 1232-1235.
[16] Zitian, F., Fuchu, L., Wei, L. & Guona, L. (2014). A new low-cost method of reclaiming mixed foundry waste sand based on wet-thermal composite reclamation. China Foundry. 11(5).
[17] Ghormley, S., Williams, R. & Dvorak, B. (2020). Foundry Sand Source Reduction Options: Life Cycle Assessment Evaluation. Environments. 7(9), 66.
[18] Holtzer, M. & Kmita, A. (2020). Mold and Core Sands in Metalcasting: Chemistry and Ecology. Sustainable Development. Springer, Cham.

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Dańko
1
A. Pietrzak
1
D. Gruszka
1

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Foundry, ul. Reymonta 23, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The analysis of after reclamation dusts generated during the reclamation treatment of test portions of two kinds of polydispersive material in the Regmas device, is presented in the hereby paper. For the comparative purpose the fresh moulding sand marked as quartz sand „Sibelco” –1K 0.40/0.32/0.20, J88, >14000C, WK = 1.20 (acc. PN-83/H-11077), as well as the spent moulding sand, which was previously subjected to the primary reclamation and to dedusting, were used. Conditions of the process treatment were forced by the frequency of supplying the vibratory drive motors being successively 40, 50 and 60Hz for 5, 10 and 15 min. and by causing a diversified material flow through the functional system of the device (charging hopper, abrasive chamber acting as a buffer space). Two states of the process treatment, when a material was flowing through the chamber, were applied. In the first one, an intergranular surface abrasion of grains occurred as a result of the granular material circulation in the chamber forced by the vibratory drive. In the second one, the forced material flow was performed in the presence of crushing elements (steel balls), additionally introduced into the abrasive chamber. Analyses of the device influence were performed by determinations of the amount of dusts separated in the pneumatic classifier and analysis of their grain sizes by means of Analysette 22NanoTec.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Skrzyński
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Abstract

This work investigates adsorption of n-hexane on activated tyre pyrolysis char (ATPC) and granular activated carbon (GAC) as a reference material in a fixed-bed column. Microwave-assisted regeneration is also considered. The adsorbed amount of n-hexane on ATPC is in the range of 37–58 mg/g. Microwave-assisted desorption of ATPC samples enables the recovery of up to 95% of adsorbed n-hexane in this non-optimized microwave setup with the efficiency of microwave energy conversion into heat of only 5–6%. For the 50% breakthrough time, ATPC and GAC are able to purify the n-hexane gas volumes in the ranges of 20–90 and 935–1240 cm3/g, respectively. While adsorption kinetics is not satisfactorily described by pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic models, it is very well reflected by a family of dynamic adsorption models, which are modelled with a single logistic function. Internal diffusion is likely the rate limiting step during adsorption on ATPC, while external and internal diffusion likely plays a role in adsorption to GAC. Although microwave-assisted regeneration is performed in a general purpose microwave reactor, both adsorbents show excellent performance and are very good candidates for the adsorption process. Preliminary results show that magnetite can further reduce microwave energy consumption.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Kotkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Robert Cherbański
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eugeniusz Molga
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Chemical and Process Engineering Department, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Warynskiego 1, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland

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