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Number of results: 14
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Abstract

Several national rice centers in Indonesia have used acetolactate synthase herbicide inhibitors for years, especially in several regions of Lampung and West Java provinces. This practice has led to the failure of the application of bensulfuron-methyl herbicide to control Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl. The purposes of this study were to confirm that the failure of herbicide application in several areas of the provinces of Lampung and West Java was caused by weed resistance, and to determine the level of resistance. A resistance test of M. vaginalis was performed using the whole plant pot test method and split plot design with three replications. Monochoria vaginalis which indicated resistance was sampled from several regions, namely Sapto Mulyo, Ramadewa, Sarijaya, and Kalentambo. The susceptible samples of M. vaginalis as a control were taken from Cibodas and Sumberagung. The six levels of doses of herbicide bensulfuron-methyl used were: 0, 80, 160, 320, 640 and 1,280 g ha–1. The experimental results show that M. vaginalis from Sapto Mulyo, Ramadewa, Kalentambo and Sarijaya was confirmed to have developed into weeds resistant to bensulfuron-methyl herbicide. Monochoria vaginalis from Saptomulyo, Kalentambo and Sarijaya were included in the high resistance category with a resistance ratio of more than 12, while M. vaginalis from Ramadewa was included in the moderate resistance category with a resistance ratio of 9.39.
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Authors and Affiliations

Denny Kurniadie
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ryan Widianto
2
Dedi Widayat
1
Uum Umiyati
1
Ceppy Nasahi
3

  1. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
  2. Graduate student, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
  3. Department of Pest and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Abstract

In vitro embryogenic callus is a critical factor for genetic transformation of rice, especially for indica varieties. In this study, we investigated the relationship between polyamines, including putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), and callus browning, and we studied the effect of exogenous Put on callus regeneration and on the content of endogenous polyamines. In addition, the expression levels of arginine decarboxylase gene (Adcl) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene (Samdc) in embryogenic callus were studied by quantitative Real-time PCR analysis. The results showed that the contents of endogenous Put and Spd in the browning callus were significantly lower than those in normal callus. Exogenous Put could effectively improve the growing state of callus of indica rice and enhance the development of embryogenic callus. The content of endogenous polyamines in embryogenic callus, especially Spd and Spm, was increased after addition of exogenous Put. Additionally, exogenous Put also had an obvious impact on the expression levels of Adcl but partial effect on the expression levels of Samdc gene. This study could increase the knowledge of both embryogenic callus induction and polyamine catabolism in callus in indica rice.

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Authors and Affiliations

YP Tan
W Hu
X Xu
J Zhou
CT Wang
XQ Liu
G Cheng
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Abstract

Weed competition in southern Brazil is one of the main limiting factors for Oryza sativa L. (flooded rice) yield. Echinochloa spp. (barnyardgrass) occurs at a high frequency. Although the potential for weed interference in this cereal is well known, there is little information available about the impact of nutrient competition on rice. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the increase of the barnyardgrass population and the development and nutrition of flooded rice plants at different stages of development. The treatments consisted of growing populations of barnyardgrass competing with the crop from stage V4, which were: 0, 1, 6, 13, 100 and 200 plants · m−2. The experimental design was randomized blocks with two replications, and the experimental units were plots 1.53 m wide by 5 m long. Plant biomass, nutrient uptake and loss of productivity were determined with three replications. An increase in the barnyardgrass population reduced the dry mass of rice leaves and stems, regardless of the evaluation period and the vegetative or reproductive period. Barnyardgrass plants had a significant impact on the reduced grain yield of a flooded rice crop, mainly due to high nutrient competitiveness, especially N in the vegetative period and K in the reproductive period. Barnyardgrass caused a loss of yield by unit · m−2 of 1.13%. The competition for N between rice and barnyardgrass plants was higher in the vegetative period, while for K, Ca and Mg the highest competition occurred in the reproductive period.

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Authors and Affiliations

André da Rosa Ulguim
Roberto Avila Neto
Filipe Selau Carlos
Nereu Augusto Streck
Gean Leonardo Richter
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Abstract

Zeolite has been successfully synthesized from clay and rice husk ash in the form of powder by using the hydrothermal method with variations in chemical compositions of alkaline solution and the amount of rice husk ash. The clay raw material was obtained from the Sidrap area of South Sulawesi and rice husk ash is obtained from the burning pile of rice husks. Sidrap clay and rice husk ash were activated using an alkaline solution of NaOH and varied rice husk ash and the addition of AlCl3. The addition of AlCl3, an alkaline solution of NaOH and H2O was used in the amount of 25.5 grams and variations of rice husk ash were 2.5 grams and 6.5 grams. Meanwhile, without the addition of AlCl3, an alkaline solution of NaOH and H2O was used for 20.5 grams and variations of rice husk ash from 2.5 grams and 6.5 grams. Then the mixture was then put into an autoclave with a temperature of 100°C for 3 hours. The basic material used in the manufacture of zeolite is carried out by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) characterization to determine the constituent elements of basic material, which showed the content of SiO2 was 45.80 wt% in the clay and 93.40% in the rice husk ash. The crystalline structure of the zeolite formed was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). It was found the resulting zeolite were identified as Zeolite-Y, Hydrosodalite, and ZSM-5. The microstructure properties of the resulting zeolite were determined by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Armayani
1
ORCID: ORCID
Musdalifa Mansur
1
ORCID: ORCID
Reza Asra
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muh Irwan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dhian Ramadhanty
1
ORCID: ORCID
Subaer Subaer
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
3
ORCID: ORCID
Ikmal Hakem A. Aziz
3
ORCID: ORCID
B. Jeż
4
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nabiałek
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidenreng Rappang, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Jl. Angkatan 45 lt. Salo No. 1A Macarowalie Rappang 91651, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Negeri Makassar, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jl. Mallengkeri Raya Parang Tambung Kec Tamalate Kota Makassar 90224, Indonesia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlish (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Physics, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Salt stress causes severe reduction in the growth and yield of rice plants. The ability to maintain cellular ion homeostasis is of importance to help the plant survive under salt stress. Salt overly sensitive 1 (SOS1), a plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter, has been proven to play critical roles in Na+ exclusion out of the cell, hence contributing to salt tolerance in plants. In this study, we analyzed the natural nucleotide polymorphisms occuring within the entire coding sequence as well as the upstream region of the OsSOS1 gene by comparing the sequences of two contrasting rice genotypes, namely, Nipponbare (salt-sensitive) and Pokkali (salt-resistant). In total, six nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the coding sequence, and 44 nucleotide substitutions, 225-bp-insertion and 65-bp-deletion were observed in the upstream region of the OsSOS1 gene. Futher in silico analysis revealed that two out of six nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding sequence were non-synonymous (A1600G, G2204A) which led to two amino acid substitutions (T534A, S735N, respectively) positioned in the C-terminal domain of OsSOS1 transporter, but caused no effect on protein properties. In the upstream region of OsSOS1 gene, 44 single nucleotide polymorphisms and two INDELs were identified, in which nucleotide substitutions at position -1392, -1389, -822, -583, +57 and an insertion at position -1035 caused change in cis-regulatory elements. Analysis of OsSOS1 expression revealed that salt induced the expression of the gene in the roots, but not in the leaves in both investigated rice cultivars.
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Authors and Affiliations

Phuc Thi Do
Hoa Quynh Pham
Ha Manh Nguyen
Diep Hong Le
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Abstract

Rice blast is one of the most destructive rice diseases known to cause considerable yield losses globally. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are closely associated with rice plants and improve plant growth and health. To determine how isolated bacteria trigger rice growth, an assessment of phosphate solubilization and auxin production mechanisms was carried out in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the interactions between PGPR and Rhizophagus irregularis were evaluated in wildtype and CYCLOPS mutant plants to provide a sustainable solution against blast disease and reduce the amount of yield loss. Importantly, Bacillus subtilis UTSP40 and Pseudomonas fluorescens UTSP50 exhibited a suppressive effect on AMF colonization which shows the probable existence of a functional competition between AMF and PGPR to dominate the rhizosphere. On the other hand, R. irregularis decreased the biocontrol activity of B. subtilis UTSP40 in wild type, although this reduction was not significant in mutant plants. Results showed that the same defense-related genes were induced in the roots of wild type colonized by B. subtilis UTSP40 and R. irregularis. Therefore, plant cell programs may be shared during root colonization by these two groups of beneficial microorganisms.

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Authors and Affiliations

Samira Peighami Ashnaei
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Abstract

In two field experiments, the effect of some weed control treatments (citric acid at the rate of 10, 15 and 20%, acetic acid at the rate of 20, 30 and 40%, oxadiargyl, oxyflurfen, rice straw mulch, hand hoeing and an unweeded check control treatment) on weed growth and onion productivity in sandy soils at the Agricultural Experimental Station of the National Research Centre, Egypt was studied. The results indicated that all weeded treatments reduced the dry weight of broadleaf, grassy and total weeds as compared with the weedy check. Oxadiargyl, followed by two hand hoeing, rice straw mulch and acetic acid 40% recorded the greatest weed control efficiency. Insignificant differences were noticed between these treatments. Applying rice straw mulch increased bulb length, bulb diameter, bulb weight and onion yield by 67.52, 57.55, 45.74 and 66.22% over the weedy check, respectively. The highest values of N, P and K were obtained from rice straw mulch treatment followed by hand hoeing, oxadiargyl and acetic acid 40% treatments. It may be concluded that farmers can certainly depend on mulching or acetic acid at 40% instead of using chemical herbicides especially in organic farm systems for controlling onion weeds.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ibrahim El-Metwally
Shehata Shalaby
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Abstract

Surface coating technology, as the main technology to improve the fatigue life of mechanical systems, has been well applied in mechanical equipment. The present study aimed to explore low-cost surface coating preparation technology using inexpensive rice husk as the research object, and the pyrolysis process behavior of rice husk was analyzed. The Ni60/SiO 2 coating was prepared on the surface of the 45# steel substrate using the pyrolysis product SiO 2 fiber as the reinforcing phase and supersonic plasma-spraying equipment. The results showed no defects such as cracks, pores, and inclusions in the prepared coating. The nanohardness of the Ni60/SiO 2 coating reached 6506 μN, and the average friction coefficient reached 0.42. In the friction-and-wear experiment, the Ni60/SiO 2 coating was manifested as an abrasive wear mechanism.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chunxue Wei
1
Hongbing Li
1

  1. Henan Light Industry Vocational College, Zhengzhou, 450002, P.R. China
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of the Ti10V2Fe3Al alloy crack resistance assessment using the Rice’s J-integral technique as a function of morphology and volume fraction of α-phase precipitates. Titanium alloys characterized by the two-phase structure α + β are an interesting alternative to classic steels with high mechanical properties. Despite the high manufacturing costs and processing of titanium alloys, they are used in heavily loaded constructions in the aerospace industry due to its high strength to density ratio. The literature lacks detailed data on the influence of microstructure and, in particular, the morphology of α phase precipitates on fracture toughness in high strength titanium alloys. In the following work an attempt was made to determine the correlation between the microstructure and resistance to cracking in the Ti10V2Fe3Al alloy.

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Bogucki
M. Basiaga
A. Żyra
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Abstract

Leaf scald, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Monographella albescens, is one of the main threats to rice (Oryza sativa L.) around the world. This disease decreases yields in rice by up to 30% because of dead leaf tissue, damaged seeds, and sterile flowers. Currently, there is limited knowledge about the molecular mechanisms involved in rice plant resistance against this pathogen. For this purpose, six commercial cultivars of rice were primarily screened for M. albescens infection and development. Dasht and Salari were found to be the most resistant and susceptible to M. albescens infection, respectively. The plants were kept in a greenhouse at 29 ± 2°C during the day and 26 ± 2°C at night with a relative air humidity of 85 ± 5%. Forty-five days after sowing, the plants with three biological replications were inoculated by transferring a PDA disc (0.3 cm2) containing M. albescens mycelia to the middle third of the 7th, 8th, and 9th completely open leaves. The leaves were collected 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hai. Leaf samples were also collected from the non-inoculated plants (0 h) to serve as controls. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) showed rapid induction and significant accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) responsive genes such as lipoxygenase (LOX), allene oxide synthase 2 (Aos2), jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (JMT1) and ACC synthase 1 (ACS1) in the resistant Dasht cultivar after infection with M. albescens. Furthermore, the transcripts of salicylic acid (SA) responsive phenyl alanine ammonia lyase 1 (PAL1) and nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) genes were induced in the incompatible interaction. The activities of the defense enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and glutathione reductase (GR) increased strongly in Dasht in response to M. albescens infection. In addition, there was an increase in the H2O2 levels in the leaves of the Dasht cultivar during the infectious period of M. albescens associated with the enhancement of catalase (CAT) activity as well as higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). This is the first study on the interaction between rice and M. albescens at the molecular level. It can contribute to understanding how rice responds to pathogen infection, as well as assist with future research plans of molecular breeding regarding the tolerance to leaf scald disease.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dariush Ebadi Almas
Atefeh Rahmani Kamrodi
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Abstract

Arsenic is one of the most harmful pollutants in groundwater. In this paper, the Nepali bio sand filter (BSF) was modi-fied with different bio-adsorbents, and proved to be an efficient method for arsenic removal from groundwater. Three dif-ferent bio-adsorbents were used to modify the Nepali BSF. Iron nails and biochar BSF, ~96% and ~93% arsenic removal was achieved, within the range of WHO guidelines. In iron nails, BSF and biochar BSF ~15 dm3∙h–1 arsenic content water was treated. In the other two BSFs, rice-husk and banana peel were used, the arsenic removal efficiency was ~83% of both BSFs. Furthermore, the efficiency of rice-husk and banana peel BSFs can be increased by increasing the surface area of the adsorbent or by reducing the flow rate.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ghulam S. Keerio
1
Hareef A. Keerio
2
ORCID: ORCID
Khalil A. Ibuphoto
3
Mahmood Laghari
1
Sallahuddin Panhwar
4
Mashooque A. Talpur
5

  1. Sindh Agriculture University, Department of Energy and Environment, Tandojam, Pakistan
  2. Hanyang University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul, South Korea
  3. Sindh Agriculture University, Department of Farm Structures, Tandojam, Pakistan
  4. Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, US-Pakistan Centers for Advanced Studies in Water, Jamshoro, Pakistan
  5. Sindh Agriculture University, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Tandojam, Pakistan
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Abstract

This study compares the mechanical properties of recycled high-density polyethylene (r-HDPE)/rice husk (RH) composites from a twin-screw extruder and a heated two-roll mill, and the effect of different filler loadings using different melt blending processes on the mechanical properties of r-HDPE/RH composites. Polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (MAPE) acts as the coupling agent to enhance interfacial bonding between the fibre and the polymer matrix. The filler loading used was in the range of 10-40 wt. %. In this work, r-HDPE/RH blends were prepared using a twin-screw extruder and a heated two-roll mill. The ratio of 70/30 twin-screw extruder compounded composites significantly showed higher tensile based on improved to about 45.5% at 11 MPa compared to those compounded in the heated two-roll mill. The same ratio showed an increment almost up to 9% of elongation at break. It has also been verified that the higher filler loading used reduced the tensile strength and elongation at break, while the Young’s modulus increased. The result was evidenced by the increase in water absorption and longer burning time as the filler loading increased.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohd Nazry Salleh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Roslaili Abdul Aziz
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Chen Ruey Shan
4 2
ORCID: ORCID
Luqman Musa
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Fairul Sharin Abdul Razak
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabiałek
5
ORCID: ORCID
Bartłomiej Jeż
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, TechnologyKompleksPusatPengajian Taman Muhibah, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Advanced Polymer Group, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence for Biomass Utilization (COEBU), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied Physics, Material Science Programme, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  5. Częstochowa University of Technology, Department of Physics, 21 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Malaysia’s construction industry is experiencing rapid growth, translating into increased demand for cement. However, cement production pollutes the air to the detriment of the climate via CO2 emission, making research into a cementitious replacement in concrete a necessity. This paper details an experimental study of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with partial replacement of cement by rice straw ash (RSA), which is expected to result in environmental preservation due to the green materials being used in cement production. The physicomechanical properties of the SCC with RSA replacement were determined via its compressive strength, water absorption, self-workability, and fire resistance (residual strength after exposure to high temperatures). The proportion of RSA replacement used were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, and all passed the slump flow test, except the 20% and 25% samples. The SCC samples with 15% of RSA replacement reported the highest compressive strength at 7 and 28 curing days and the highest residual strength post-exposure to high temperatures. The lowest percentage of water absorption was reported by the 15% of RSA replacement, with a density of 2370 kg/m3.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafiza Abd Razak
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Yi Qin Chin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
3 2
ORCID: ORCID
Zarina Yahya
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mokhzani Khair Ishak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sebastian Garus
4
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabiałek
5
ORCID: ORCID
Warid Wazien Ahmad Zailani
6
ORCID: ORCID
Khairil Azman Masri
7
ORCID: ORCID
Andrei Victor Sandu
8
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Śliwa
9
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech)
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
  5. Department of Physics, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
  6. UniversitiTeknologi MARA, School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, 40450 ShahAlam, Selangor, Malaysia
  7. 1 Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia
  8. Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 71 D. Man-geron Blv., 700050 Iasi, Romania
  9. Division of Materials Processing Technology and Computer Techniques in Materials Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The concrete-filled section of columns has been widely in construction used due to its structural elements. As a result, the usage of composite columns has recently increased all over the world. However, using foamed concrete alone does not result in much improvements in strength. Therefore, this paper examines the use of foamed concrete containing fibre to improve the strength of composite columns. Specifically, this study aims to determine the bond strength of concrete-filled hollow section (CFHS) with modified fibrous foamed concrete. Two types of fibre are used in this work, namely, steel fibre and polypropylene fibre, with rice husk ash (RHA) as a sand replacement to improve the compressive strength of foamed concrete. The CFHS with modified fibrous foamed concrete is tested by using the push-out method, and the results show that CFHS with steel fibre has a highest bond strength.

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Authors and Affiliations

S.A.A. Khairuddin
N.A. Rahman
N. Jamaluddin
Z.M. Jaini
A. Elamin
R.H.M. Rum

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