A ccording to the Polish Geological and Mining Law the granting of a concession for the exploration of a hydrocarbon deposit and the production of hydrocarbons from a deposit, or a concession for the production of hydrocarbons from a deposit in Poland is proceeded according to a tender procedure or open door procedure (upon a request of an entity). O n June 28, 2018 the Polish Minister of the Environment announced 5 tender areas. These areas (promising for discoveries of conventional and unconventional oil and gas deposits) were selected by the geologists of the Polish Geological Institute-NRI and Department of Geology and Geological Concessions of the Ministry of the Environment based on the geological data resources stored in the National Geological Archive. These are: Bestwina-Czechowice, Królówka, Pyrzyce, Złoczew i Żabowo. The main exploration target on the areas located in central and north-western Poland (Pyrzyce, Żabowo and Złoczew) is related to Permian Rotliegend sandstones and carbonates of the Zechstein/Main Dolomite. The Bestwina-Czechowice and Królówka areas (southern Poland) are prospective for conventional and hybrid-type accumulations of gas in the Miocene of the Carpathian Foredeep below the Carpathian Overthrust and in the Paleozoic-Mesozoic basement. The beginning of the 4th bidding round for hydrocarbon concessions is planned in Q4 2019. The entity can also choose the area and apply for a license submitting an application to the Ministry of the Environment. The area indicated by the entity cannot be the subject of a tender or any other concession, and the maximum acreage is 1,200 km2.
Hydrocarbon production under certain geological conditions of these deposits can cause surface subsidence and deformation of the terrain surface. Such deformations appear as subsidence troughs of considerable range and the magnitude of the subsidence depending on the total thickness of the reservoir, compaction properties of reservoir and on the number of other factors. In the past there have been widely recognized magnitudes of the subsidence up to 9 meters. The stress zones in the subsidence trough may affect the buildings and surface structures. However there have been well known some cases of destroyed boreholes or pipelines belonging to the gas or oil mine. Therefore there is a requirement to analyze the possibility of occurrence unfavorable phenomenon on the ground surface, to monitor surface deformations during production and to protect surface infrastructure located in the range of mining influences. In the paper the issue of surface subsidence caused by hydrocarbon production has been presented. The cause - effect relationship between the compaction of thereservoir rock and the subsidence of surface area has been assumed. The prediction model base on the influence function and on the superposition of elementary influences. For the purpose of building damage protection a new model of risk assessment has been developed. This model base on the elements of fuzzy logicallows to incorporate in the analysis the quantitative and qualitative factors that contribute to the risk of building damage. Use of the fuzzy logic made it possible to obtain one value which clearly discriminate the risk of buildings damage. However, risk analyzes of damage to the large number of buildings has been required additional tools. The spatial analysis has been made by using GIS. The subjects of the paper have been illustrated with a practical example.
Najnowsze metody badań, takie jak rentgenowska tomografia komputerowa, są pomocne w poszukiwaniach złóż ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego. A zastosowanie nowoczesnych metod obliczeniowych pozwala określić rodzaj złoża oraz jego zasobność.
The article compares the management of energy resources in Poland and Ukraine over the period 2000–2017. The analysis took changes in the volume of coal, oil and natural gas resources into consideration. The indicators of supplies of these fuels for Poland and Ukraine have additionally been compared with selected EU countries. In order to assess energy security of Poland and Ukraine, the changes in the primary energy consumption have been analyzed in general in first order, then the possibilities of meeting the demand for natural gas, coal and oil have been determined based on the domestic extraction of individual energy resources. Such a comparison indicates the dominant role of coal in Poland while the extraction of oil and natural gas meets the domestic demand to a greater extent in Ukraine. Over the period 2000-2017, trends in primary energy consumption were different; a 17% increase was noted in Poland, while a nearly 40% decline was noted in Ukraine. The main factors responsible for radical changes in fuel and energy management in Ukraine have been identified: military operations in the east of the country and the annexation of Crimea, demographic changes. These events had a negative impact especially on the volume of hard coal mining in Ukraine; the significant increase in imports from 5.36 to 19.14 million tons in 2011-2017 was necessary for balancing. The balance of foreign exchange for electricity was also compared. Over the past years, this comparison has been favorable for Ukraine, where the dominance of electricity exports over imports is noticeable, which generated revenues of over USD 200 million in 2017.
Oil can be produced from reservoirs by use of primary methods that use natural reservoir drive, secondary methods, involving a physical displacement of oil and tertiary (enhanced), in which additional types of energy support oil recovery. About 25-35% of original oil in place for light and medium oil and about 10% heavy oil could be extracted by primary and secondary methods. Injection of CO2 into the oil fields (CO2-EOR) is one of the tertiary oil recovery method. Carbon dioxide is used for increasing oil extraction due to the fact that: to maintain reservoir pressure, reduces the oil viscosity and facilitates its movement in the reservoir, reduces density and increase the volume of oil, interacts with rocks. Depending on the oil composition and the reservoir pressure and temperature injected carbon dioxide can displace oil from the reservoir miscible or immiscible. Additional 10-20% of the oil extraction over primary and secondary methods recovery can be obtained under the miscibility conditions, in immiscibility condition additional oil production is lower. EOR method selection depends on many geological, reservoir and economic parameters. These include: density, viscosity and composition of the oil, minimum miscibility pressure, the recovery factor and vertical and horizontal reservoir variability. Using the above criteria appropriate EOR method for given oil field can be selected. The five parameters: the reservoir depth, the oil density, pressure and temperature of the reservoir is used for the selection of oil fields suitable for miscible oil displacement.