Love is the most widespread phenomenon at the individual, social and cultural level. Our knowledge of love comes both from our individual experiences and the social and cultural models that depict the nature of love in that particular era. There are a number of tools for measuring individual attitudes, feelings, manifestations, and behaviours relating to love. The Individual Representations of Love Scale is based on the fact that representations of love are created at the point where the individual intersects with the culture. The psychometric parameters of the Individual Representations of Love Scale were verified on a sample of 755 young people aged 18-35. Cultural resources and differentiation ability with regard to religious status, gender, and multiple partner relationship characteristics are taken into account. The results show that there are five factors of individual representations of love: 1. biological and selfcentred love, 2. spiritual love, 3. physical love, commitment, searching and building, 4. strength and positive benefits of love, and 5. reverse side of love. The cultural resources of these five factors and the scale’s differentiation ability are discussed.

The display of affection in romantic relationships and its concomitants still require more scientific attention. Despite some studies addressing the topic of affection display, the literature does not provide a psychometrically reliable self-descriptive tool to measure this construct. Therefore, we conducted three studies among Polish adults to develop and validate a psychological tool for comprehensively identifying and measuring the display of emotional affection. Study 1 ( N = 894) aimed to develop and validate the Public and Private Romantic Display of Affection Scale (PPRDAS). It proved to be a valid psychological scale, as the theoretically assumed structure was supported by the results of the empirical analysis. Study 2 ( N = 343) confirmed the convergence validity of the PPRDAS using items of emotional expression from the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1989). In Study 3 ( N = 204 couples), we further verified the external validity of the PPRDAS using an assessment of affection displayed by one's partner in the relationship. Individuals’ self-estimates of their private and public displays of affection were confirmed by their romantic partners. In all studies, display of feelings was positively correlated with sexual and relationship satisfaction. Negative correlations with age and the duration of the romantic relationship were also observed.