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Abstract

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most important protozoa zoonotic diseases worldwide. The present study describes the clinical, seroprevalence findings with ocular toxoplasmosis and the outcome of medicinal treatment of these cats. This study was carried out on 105 cats with various ocular signs, no historical evidence of ocular trauma or drug/vaccine exposure for at least 3 months prior to admission, and without clinical or laboratory evidence of other systemic diseases. Complete case history, physical and ophthalmic examinations were carried out. The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies was determined using the Toxoplasma Ab Rapid Test and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Out of 105 examined cats with ocular lesions, 60 cats representing 57.14% were seropositive to T. gondii. Out of these 60 cats, 15 cats (25%) had bilateral ocular abnormalities, 25 cats (41.67%) had right-sided ocular disease, and 20 cats (33.33%) had left-sided ocular disease. There were 38 cats (63.33%) with anterior uveitis, 12 cats (20%) with posterior segment involvement, 5 cats (8.33%) with anterior uveitis and anterior chamber abnormalities, 3 cats (5%) with corneal abnormalities and 2 cats (3.34%) with anterior uveitis with concurrent corneal involvement. There was a significant difference in the index values of IgM and IgG between seropositive and seronegative cats with T. gondii antibodies (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the different ages, genders and breeds of cats with seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies as well as between the age and total number of cats with seropositive and seronegative T. gondii. Out of 60 treated cats, 28 cats (46.7%), 25 cats (41.7%) and 7 cats (11.6%) showed complete, partial and poor response to treatment, respectively. In conclusion, cats showing ocular signs without obvious etiology should be examined serologically for toxoplasmosis and the seropositive cats should be treated with both specific topical and systemic treatments.
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Authors and Affiliations

K.M. Ali
1
A.M. Abu-Seida
1
M. Abuowarda
2

  1. Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, PO: 12211, Egypt
  2. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, PO: 12211, Egypt
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Abstract

Health status of Polish goat population in regard to the viral diseases remained mostly unknown. In order to determine serological status of Polish goats for selected emerging ruminant viruses, 365 serum samples collected between 2017 and 2019 in 36 districts within 10 of Polish provinces, were tested. No antibodies specific to Peste de Petite Ruminants Virus (PPRSV) and capripoxviruses (CaPV) were found in any of the tested animals. Only single individual (0.27%) was seropositive to Blutongue Virus (BTV). Antibodies directed to Schmallenberg Virus (SBV) were detected in 46 goats which represented 12.6% of the tested population. No association between seropositivity to SBV and year of sampling, province of origin, gender and age was found. In conclusion, among studied viral pathogens, currently only SBV seemed to be important for epidemiological status of Polish goats.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Larska
1
W. Socha
1
J. Rola
1

  1. Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Abstract

The equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) is one of the most serious equine diseases worldwide. There is scarce information on the epizootiology of equine infectious anaemia (EIA) in Saudi Arabia. Given the importance of the equine industry in Saudi Arabia, this cross- -sectional study aims to provide information about the prevalence of EIAV based on serological surveillance of the equine population in the country. A total of 4728 sera samples were collected (4523 horses and 205 donkeys) between December 2017 and November 2019. All samples were tested using commercially available EIAV ELISA. All tested samples showed negative results for EIAV antibodies with a 95% confidence interval. The results provided evidence that Saudi Arabia’s equine populations (horses and donkeys) are currently free of EIAV. The results also suggest the need for continuous monitoring of EIAV and strict regulation when importing horses from other countries.
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Bibliography


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Bolfa P, Jeon I, Loftis A, Leslie T, Marchi S, Sithole F, Beck C, Lecollinet S, Zientara S, Hans A, Issel CJ (2017) Detection of west nile virus and other common equine viruses in three locations from the Leeward Islands, West Indies. Acta Trop 174: 24-28.
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Nagarajan MM, Simard C (2007) Gag genetic heterogeneity of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) in naturally infected horses in Canada. Virus Res 129: 228-235.
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Oliveira FG, Cook RF, Naves JHF, Oliveira CHS, Diniz RS, Freitas FJC, Lima JM, Sakamoto SM, Leite RC, Issel CJ, Reis JKP (2017) Equine infectious anemia prevalence in feral donkeys from Northeast Brazil. Prev Vet Med 140: 30-37.
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Reis JK, Diniz RS, Haddad JP, Ferraz IB, Carvalho AF, Kroon EG, Ferreira PC, Leite RC (2012) Recombinant envelope protein (rgp90) ELISA for equine infectious anemia virus provides comparable results to the agar gel immunodiffusion. J Virol Methods 180: 62-67.
Sellon DC, Fuller FJ, Mcguire TC (1994) The immunopathogenesis of equine infectious anemia virus. Virus Res 32: 111-138.
Sharav T, Konnai S, Ochirkhuu N, Ts EO, Mekata H, Sakoda Y, Umemura T, Murata S, Chultemdorj T, Ohashi K (2017) Detection and molecular characterization of equine infectious anemia virus in Mongolian horses. J Vet Med Sci 79: 1884-1888.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Kasem
1 2
O. Hashim
1
A. Alkarar
1
A. Hodhod
1 3
A. Elias
1
M. Abdallah
1
A. Al-Sahaf
1
A. Al-Doweriej
1
I. Qasim
1
A.S. Abdel-Moneim
4

  1. Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdulaziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia
  2. Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, El Geish Street, 33516, Egypt
  3. Animal Health Research Institute – Virology Department – Damanhur Branch – Egypt
  4. Microbiology Department, Virology Division, College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract

Classical swine fever (CSF) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) are responsible for major economic losses and represent a threat to the swine industry worldwide. Routine surveillance serology for CSF and PRRS viruses is critical to maintaining the health status of sow farms in Hunan Province, which is one of the top pig production provinces in China. The aim of our study was to investigate the serological statistics of CSF virus (CSFV) and PRRS virus (PRRSV) in Hunan Province. The cohort serum samples were collected from vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs. Our findings showed that the average rates of CSFV and PRRSV antibody seropositivity were 82.2% (95% CI: 80.1-84.3) and 84.8% (95% CI: 82.5-87.1), respectively, in the immunized group and that these rates were higher than those in the unvaccinated group (58.6% for CSFV and 47.8% for PRRSV). Additionally, the level of CSFV antibody in piglet serum declined gradually with age, whereas PRRSV-specific antibody level increased initially (1 to 2 weeks old) and then declined with age (2 to 4 weeks old). In summary, we investigated the difference in CSFV/PRRSV antibody levels among piglets at various weeks old (1 to 4 weeks) to further establish the duration of maternal immunity in piglets. In addition, routine monitoring of CSFV/PRRSV antibodies in immunized pigs was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination.
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Bibliography


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Chae C (2021) Commercial PRRS Modified-Live Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 9: 185.
Deka D, Barman NN, Deka N, Batth BK, Singh G, Singh S, Agrawal RK, Mukhopadhyay CS, Ramneek (2021) Sero-epidemiology of por-cine parvovirus, circovirus, and classical swine fever virus infections in India. Trop Anim Health Prod 53: 180.
Farsang A, Lévai R, Barna T, Fábián K, Blome S, Belák K, Bálint Á, Koenen F, Kulcsár G (2017) Pre-registration efficacy study of a novel marker vaccine against classical swine fever on maternally derived antibody positive (MDA+) target animals. Biologicals 45: 85-92.
Gao JC, Xiong JY, Ye C, Chang XB, Guo JC, Jiang CG, Zhang GH, Tian ZJ, Cai XH, Tong GZ, An TQ (2017) Genotypic and geographical distribution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses in mainland China in 1996-2016. Vet Microbiol 208: 164-172.
Gong W, Li J, Wang Z, Sun J, Mi S, Lu Z, Cao J, Dou Z, Sun Y, Wang P, Yuan K, Zhang L, Zhou X, He S, Tu C (2019) Virulence evalua-tion of classical swine fever virus subgenotype 2.1 and 2.2 isolates circulating in China. Vet Microbiol 232: 114-120.
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Han M, Yoo D (2014) Engineering the PRRS virus genome: updates and perspectives. Vet Microbiol 174: 279-295.
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Montaner-Tarbes S, Del Portillo HA, Montoya M, Fraile L (2019) Key Gaps in the Knowledge of the Porcine Respiratory Reproductive Syndrome Virus (PRRSV). Front Vet Sci 6: 38.
Stoian AM, Rowland RR (2019) Challenges for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Vaccine Design: Reviewing Virus Glycoprotein Interactions with CD163 and Targets of Virus Neutralization. Vet Sci 6: 9.
Suradhat S, Damrongwatanapokin S, Thanawongnuwech R (2007) Factors critical for successful vaccination against classical swine fever in endemic areas. Vet Microbiol 119: 1-9.
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Zhang H, Leng C, Tian Z, Liu C, Chen J, Bai Y, Li Z, Xiang L, Zhai H, Wang Q, Peng J, An T, Kan Y, Yao L, Yang X, Cai X, Tong G (2018) Complete genomic characteristics and pathogenic analysis of the newly emerged classical swine fever virus in China. BMC Vet Res 14: 204.
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Authors and Affiliations

H. Yu
1
L. Zhang
1
Y. Cai
1
Z. Hao
2
Z. Luo
3
T. Peng
1
L. Liu
N. Wang
1
G. Wang
1
Z. Deng
1
Y. Zhan
1

  1. Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), and Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
  2. Yongzhou Animal Husbandry and Aquatic Affairs Center, Yongzhou, Hunan 425000, China
  3. Dingcheng Animal Husbandry and Aquatic Affairs Center, Changde, Hunan 415100, China

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