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Abstract

In Poland, in recent years, there has been a rapid accumulation of sewage sludge – a by-product in the treatment of urban wastewater. This has come about as a result of infrastructure renewal, specifically, the construction of modern sewage treatment plants. The more stringent regulations and strategic goals adopted for modern sewage management have necessitated the application of modern engineering methodology for the disposal of sewage sludge. One approach is incineration. As a consequence, the amount of fly ash resulting from the thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge has grown significantly. Hence, intensive work is in progress for environmentally safe management of this type of waste. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the possibility of using the fly ash that results from municipal sewage sludge thermal treatment (SSTT) as an additive to hardening slurries. The article presents the technological and functional parameters of hardening slurries with an addition of fly ash obtained by SSTT. Moreover, the usefulness of these slurries is analyzed on the basis of their basic properties, i.e., density, contractual viscosity, water separation, structural strength, volumetric density, hydraulic conductivity, compressive and tensile strength. The research on technological and functional properties was carried out, the aim of which was to determine the practical usefulness of the hardening slurries used in the experiment. Subsequently, leaching tests were performed for heavy metals in the components, the structure of the hardening slurries. An experiment showed leaching of hazardous compounds at a level allowing their practical application. The article presents the potential uses of fly ash from SSTT in hardening slurry technology.
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Bibliography

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  10. Falaciński, P. & Szarek, Ł. (2016).Possible Applications of Hardening Slurries with Fly Ash from Thermal Treatment of Municipal Sewage Sludge in Environmental Protection Structures. Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics, 63, 1, pp. 47–61. DOI: 10.1515/heem-2016-0004
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  32. Szarek, Ł. (2020). Leaching of heavy metals from thermal treatment municipal sewage sludge fly ashes. Archives of Environmental Protection, 46, 3, pp. 49-59, DOI:10.24425/aep.2020.134535.
  33. Szarek, Ł., Falaciński P. & Wojtkowska, M. (2018). Immobilization of selected heavy metals from fly ash from thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge in hardening slurries, Archives of Civil Engineering, 64, 3, pp.131-144. DOI:10.2478/ace-2018-0034.
  34. Szarek, Ł. & Wojtkowska, M. (2018). Properties of fl y ash from thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge in terms of EN 450-1. Archives of Environmental Protection 44, 1, pp. 63–69. DOI:10.24425/118182.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Falaciński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Wojtkowska
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw
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Abstract

Sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants is currently a serious environmental problem, given its diversity due to the variability of time and heavy metal content. Current research on the monitoring of heavy metals is based on the determination of Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, Zn, Cu and Cr. This makes any thallium content data difficult to access. The study estimated the degree of contamination of sewage sludge with thallium. The sludge samples came from a sewage treatment plant located in Poland. The results are presented for the total concentration of thallium and its mobile forms. These samples were analyzed by differential pulse voltammetry. The results showed that the average thallium content was 0.203 μg/g and its mobile form was 0.025 μg/g. The conducted research shows that almost 13% of thallium from sewage sludge can be gradually released into the environment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bożena Karbowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Włodzimierz Zembrzuski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joanna Zembrzuska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poland
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to estimate the effect otthe composting process in the container technology Kneer on E. coli inactivation. The bacteria placed in the special carriers were introduced into the composted material. The elimination rate of E. coli differed depending on both the carriers· location in the biomass and the thermal conditions. The most effective hygienization, nr the material was noticed in summer - after 48 h in the middle layer, 6 days in the top layer and 10 days in the bottom layer. In spring and autumn, the bacteria survived the longest in the bottom layer - 85 and 45 days, respectively. Apart from the high temperature, the research points out the action of other factors such as competition, antagonism and antibiosis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Szala
Zbigniew Paluszak
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Abstract

Przedmiotem dwuletnich badań było poznanie dynamiki rozwoju wybranych grup drobnoustrojów (mikroorganizmy oligotroficzne, kopiotroficznc, proteolityczne, celulolityczne, rozpuszczające fosforany) w glebie nawożonej komunalnymi osadami ściekowymi. Celem przeprowadzonego doświadczenia było wyjaśnienie możliwości zachwiania równowagi biologicznej gleby, przejawiającej się wzmożonym i długotrwałym rozwojem analizowanych grup drobnoustrojów w glebie, po wprowadzeniu do niej materii organicznej w formic osadów ściekowych, w różnych dawkach. W doświadczeniu zastosowano cztery obiekty badawcze: kontrola-gleba + NPK, 2 Mg s.m. osaduha+rok' + NPK, 4 Mg s.m. osadu-hal-rok' + NPK oraz 8 Mg s.m. osaduhatrok' + NPK). Fosfor i potas stosowano przedsiewnie pod orkę, natomiast azot: część przedsiewnie i drugą część pogłównie. Osady ściekowe stosowano przedsiewnie. Poletka glebowe, na których przeprowadzono badania obsiano żytem odmiany Wibro (2003 r.) oraz obsadzono ziemniakami odmiany Bila (2004 r.). Wykazano, że zastosowane dawki osadów ściekowych nic wpływały istotnie statystycznie na namnażanie się mikroorganizmów glebowych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz mikrobiologicznych stwierdzono, że w badanym okresie (2003-2004) liczebność oznaczonych grup drobnoustrojów ulegała wahaniom, zależnym od terminu pobierania próbek glebowych. Próbki glebowe, niezbędne do przeprowadzenie analiz, pobierane były w lenninach związanych z kolejnymi fazami rozwojowymi roślin. Kolejnym czynnikiem wpływającym na dynamikę rozwoju mikroorganizmów glebowych był gatunek rośliny użytej w doświadczeniu. Żyto uprawiane w 2003 r. stymulowało rozwój większości grup drobnoustrojów (mikroorganizmów oligotroficznych, kopiotroficznych, proteolitycznych, rozpuszczających fosforany). Z kolei ziemniaki w okresie rozwoju generatywnego ( 16.07- 28.08.2004) spowodowały silniejszy rozwój mikroorganizmów celulolitycznych.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka
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Abstract

This work presents results of the release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from granules composed of fly ashes, which are the product of hard and coal combustion and sewage sludge. 3 types of granulates by a weight ratio of ash to sludge 3:7 and 1: 1 were used. The research of PAH leaching was conducted within a simulated period of 24 months, with the examination of PAH washing out every three months. The highest amounts of PAH (297 - 330 μg/kg dw.) were obtained_from granulates containing 7 parts by weights of sewage sludge (3 times higher in comparison with the granulate containing ash and sludge in ratio of I: 1 ). The maximum PAH release from all the examined granulates took place in the 9th month of the research. Benzo(k)fluoranthene revealed the highest fraction (67.4-76.0%) of all examined compounds.
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Authors and Affiliations

Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
ORCID: ORCID
Urszula Karwaczyńska
Tomasz Ciesielczuk
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The main objective of presented research work was the assessment of the impact of reduced straw content, as organic carbon source, on the course of sewage sludge composting process. During the research work performed in industrial conditions, the composting process going in periodically overturned windrows differing in proportion of dehydrated sludge, straw and structural material being 4:1:1 and 8:1:2 respectively, was observed. The consequence of increase of sludge concentration with relation to straw was decrease of C:N ratio in the input material from 11.5 to 8.5. The following parameters were analyzed as indicators for the assessment of the composting process: contents of fulvic acids (FA), humic acids (HA), lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose as well as absorbance in UV/VIS (λ=280, 465 and 665 nm) range. The results obtained have indicated that the increase of sludge content extends the elevated temperature (T>50°C) period from 42 days to approximately 65 days. Our tests did not confirm that limitation of straw content added to sewage sludge had any adverse effect on the course of composting. PI index (HA/FA), which qualifies the compost as mature in the first case – No 1, exceeds limit value of 3.6 on the 83rd day whereas, in the second case No 2, on the 48th day.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Sidełko
1
Bartosz Walendzik
1
Małgorzata Smuga-Kogut
1
Beata Janowska
1
Kazimierz Szymański
1
Anna Głowacka
2
Aleksandra Leśniańska
1

  1. Koszalin University of Technology, Poland
  2. West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Poland
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Abstract

The paper contains a micobiological characteristic of sewage sludge composted in controlled conditions together with bio-wastes (straw, sawdust, bark). An experiment was carried out in which the composted material was mixed up in adequate weight proportion and placed in biorcactor chambers with a constant air flow. The composting process aimed at defining the development dynamics and the survival of pathogenic microorganisms in the sewage sludge composted with different additions in a cybernetic bioreactor. Samples of compost necessary for microbiological analyses were taken at the same time, in reference to the actual temperature value. Bacteriological studies were carried out on selected substrates by plate method determining the number of pathogenic bacteria from the species: Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, as well as from Enterobacteriaccac family. In the experiments, the presence of living eggs or intestinal ATT pathogens was determined by floatation method, as well. Il was found that the sewage sludge used in composting process did not contain any Salmonella spp. bacteria or any living eggs of intestinal ATT pathogens. Composting process completely eliminated the number or bacteria from Enterobactcriaccae family, bul it did not contribute lo the elimination of Clostridium perfringens bacteria. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that the elimination of the studied groups of microorganisms, in all studied composts took place with the increase of temperature. In the case or Enterobacteriaceae, it was found that their complete removal from the composted material took place in chamber K3, while in the remaining chambers, it followed 48 hours later. Elimination ofthe vegetative forms ofC!oslridium perfringens bacteria followed after 96 hours of composting, in all composts at the same time. The obtained composts met the sanitary norms according lo the regulations of the EC Commission No. I 85/2007 of February 20, 2007 which changed the regulation of WE No. 809/2003 and WE No. 810/2003 referring to the extension of the validity period of transitional means for composting plants and biogas producing plants according to the instruction orWE No. 1774/2002 of European Parliament and Council and according to the instruction of the Minister for Agriculture and Country Development (2004).
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka
Jacek Dach
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Abstract

The goal of the study was to determine the risk posed to soil, groundwater and plants by the application of sewage sludge from a mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plant of nominal capacity of 46 000 m3/d. as fertilizer. Soil samples were collected from an agricultural and vegetable production farm. The leaching experiment was carried out in PCV lizymeters (with percolation water outlet). With respect to the chemistry and biology, the analyzed sludge meets the standards set up for sludge used for agricultural purposes. After 8, 16 and 24 weeks of simulated leaching with atmospheric precipitation, the lecheate from lizymeters showed changes in pH (increasing tendency), electrolytic conductivity (decreasing tendency) as well as slightly lowering content of heavy metals. Heavy metal speciation in sewage sludge showed that they occur in forms of compounds sparingly releasable to the soil solution (fractions III, IV, V). The analysis of sequential chemical extraction carried out in soil with applied sewage sludge, after 24 weeks treatment with simulated atmospheric precipitation doses showed similar heavy metal occurrence tendency as in the case of pure sludge. The total heavy metal content in fractions I-III amounted from 18,6% for Cr to 44,8% for Zn. The remaining content of heavy metals was basically bound with fraction V, which is completely unavailable for plants.
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Authors and Affiliations

Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
ORCID: ORCID
Mirosław Mikszta
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Abstract

Agricultural utilization of appropriately stabilized sewage sludge appears to be the most rational method of its utilization, even though there is no agreement among scientists as to the impact that these wastes can exert on the maintenance of the soil biological balance. That is why the objective of the performed field-laboratory experiments was to determine the developmental dynamics of selected groups of microorganisms in a grey-brown podzolic soil fertilized with acceptable and unacceptable doses of sewage sludge and farmyard manure. Numbers of six groups of microorganisms were determined at various dates associated with the development of spring barley (total bacterial number, number of actinomycetes, fungi, bacteria from the Azotobacter genus and Pseudomonas j/uorescens) as well as pathogenic bacteria from the Sa/111011ella genus. The selected groups of microorganisms were determined on selective media by the plate method. The obtained research results showed that, in the majority of cases, the applied levels of organic fertilization did not have a significant impact on the numbers of microorganisms in the soil. Therefore, it can be said that the application of both acceptable and unacceptable doses of sewage sludge in the form of fertilizers failed to disturb the biological balance of the examined soil. In addition, the results of the performed experiments indicated that the agricultural utilization of sewage sludge should be forestalled by a sanitation process (e.g. composting) in order to get rid of' pathogenic bacteria, especially bacteria from the Salmonella genus.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka
Aleksandra Sawicka
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Abstract

The paper presents microbiological characteristics of sewage sludge derived from the mechanicalbiological sewage treatment plant and farmyard manure as well as composts manufactured from them. In the performed experiment, four types of composts were analyzed. The first of them comprised the sewage sludge alone, the second one - was made up only of farmyard manure, while the remaining composts were prepared by mixing the above-mentioned bio-wastcs in the following proportions: 75% sewage sludge+ 25% farmyard manure and 50% sewage sludge + 50% farmyard manure. The next stage of experiments involved analyses of the composts incubated with soil. The following assays were carried out in the experimental composts and mixtures of soil and composts: counts of Salmonella sp., E. coli, Clostridium perfringens, total counts of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes on selective media employing the plate method. The performed investigations revealed that the composting process resulted in complete riddance of the Salmonella sp. and reduction in the numbers of the remaining groups of microorganisms. Therefore, it can be said that the composted sewage sludge was suitable for the utilization for agricultural purposes in accordance with the Directive of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development of October 2004. Moreover, it was found that, as early as 60 days after the introduction of composts into the soil, counts of the majority of the analyzed groups of microorganisms (with the exception of actinornycctcs and E. coli), including pathogenic bacteria from the C. perfringens genus, were found reduced. The obtained research results proved that the introduction of bi o-wastes into the soil may decrease survivability in the natural environment of certain pathogens; hence it is a good method of utilization of this organic material.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka
Jacek Czekała
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Abstract

Deposits used as fertilizer bring to soil both biogens necessary for plant growth and other ingredients such as metals. including heavy metals. Knowledge of quantities and rate in which heavy metals are to be released to soil from granulates is important because of their toxic influence on plants (in the case of high metals concentration). This paper presents results of investigation of elution of Cu. Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb. and Cr from granulates prepared from municipal sewage sludge, hard coal ash and brown coal ash. Elution to water solution was carried out in static conditions with single-stage and tree-stage extraction. Heavy metal a component of sludge-ash granulates eluted in various quantities, i.e. from trace for cadmium to 9.26-9.53 mg/kg of d.m. for zinc. Among the soluble forms of metals the most mobile are (in decreasing sequence): Cu > Pb> Zn> Ni in granulates containing brown coal ash and Cu> Pb> Ni> Zn in granulates contain hard coal ash.
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Authors and Affiliations

Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Głowala
Urszula Karwaczyńska
Jolanta Robak
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Abstract

The present work focuses on problems connected with the location and sampling method for pecton (biofilm) in sewage treatment plants. We also discuss the amount and quantity of pecton necessary to compose a representative sample. Comparisons of other selected contamination indicators in place of pecton sampling, are also presented. Research carried out at the WWTP "Hajdow" demonstrated that everything (starting from grid chambers), coming into contact with sewage surfaces is covered with biofilm This biological formation does not cause any significant changes in sewage quality due to its relatively small surface compared to the sewage flux. As presented in the following analysis, pecton can be used for bioindication of sewage quality. This is possible because the organisms forming these communities use substances contained in flowing sewage as nutritional substrates. In such cases the wastewater purification level in biological sewage treatment plants can, in a way similar to rivers, be determined based on bioindication methods using existing similarities between the prevailing processes and organisms.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Łagód
Henryk Sobczuk
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The induction of phytoremediation by addition of complex substrates, such as sewage sludge (e.g.

from the food industry), allows for better conditions of plant growth, however, it also increases the risk of chemical compounds leaching to the soil solution. Biogenic compounds occurring in sludge such as nitrogen, organic

carbon and phosphorus when migrating with soil solution down the soil profile can lead to underground water

contamination. The paper assesses the effect of sewage sludge inducted phytoextraction of Zn, Cd and Pb with

the use of Sinapis alba L. (White mustard), Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa) and Trifolium resupinatum L. (Persian

clover) as well as the migration of biogenic compounds (nitrogen, organic carbon and phosporus) in soil solution. Research was conducted in controlled conditions of a phytotronic chamber in which the lysimetric experiment was carried out in order to monitor the changes of total nitrogen, ammonia, phosphates, organic carbon

and pH every 3 weeks during the 112 days of the entire experiment. Based on the obtained results it was found

that there is no risk of underground water contamination by investigated substances present in sewage sludge,

because there was no indication of increased ammonia and carbon migration to the deeper parts of the soil

profile.The only exception was the migration of nitrogen compounds other than ammonia (possibly nitrates and

nitrites). Due to sewage sludge application the highest concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (211 mgN-NH4

l

-1), total nitrogen (299 mg N l-1) and organic carbon (200 mg TOC l-1) were noted at a layer of 30 cm (from top

of the column/lysimeter) after 3 weeks of the conducted process. With time a decrease of ammonium nitrogen

as well as organic carbon concentration in all columns was noted. There was no indication of phosphates in the

soil solution during the entire experiment, which was due to the high cation exchange capacity of the soil matrix.

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Authors and Affiliations

K. Fijałkowski
K. Rosikoń
A. Grobelak
M. Kacprzak
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of preliminary studies on the properties of products made by vitrification of waste containing fly ashes from sewage sludge incineration. The performed tests of hazardous substances leached from the ashes, as well as the results of other laboratory tests confirmed the efficacy of vitrification. It has been found that the resulting products (sinters) could be used as a substitute aggregate for road foundations.

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Authors and Affiliations

G. Borowski
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Abstract

The paper presents the investigations aimed at the determination of the effect of time and wavelength of ultrasound field on the value of capillary suction time (CST), sludge thickening and dry matter of the excess sludge subjected to the process of stabilization.

The investigations were carried out on the excess sludge which comes from communal waste treatment plant. The sludge was exposed to ultrasound field, using ultrasound generator with power of 1500 W, frequency of 20 kHz and amplitude 39.42 μm (which corresponded to the amplitude of 100%). Sonication of the sludge was carried out for different amplitudes and sonication times. The non-conditioned sludge and the sludge initially conditioned with ultrasound field were subjected to the process of stabilization in laboratory flasks (V = 0.5 dm3) for the period of 10 days. On each day, sludge thickening and dewatering capacities were determined.

The sludge subjected to the effect of ultrasound field exhibited elevated levels of CST. However, the sonication time had positive effect on the increase in the degree of thickening for each of the amplitudes studied. Also, the process of stabilization positively affected final thickening and dewatering of the sludge.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Wolski
I. Zawieja
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Abstract

The purpose of the investigation was to assess the suitability of sewage sludge, brown coal and a

mix of sewage sludge and brown coal to be used for fertilizing a light soil with an increased content of lead (I0

)

and slightly contaminated with cadmium (II0

). The subject of tests were soil and plant samples taken from a pot

experiment conducted during the years 2007-2009. The tests determined the effect of the type of fertilization

on the pH and sorption properties of the soil, the contents of heavy metals in the soil and in the plants, and the

volume of crops. The fertilization types applied had an effect of slightly increasing the soil pH. The application

of sewage sludge, brown coal and the mix of sewage sludge with brown coal to the soil resulted in an improvement of the sorption properties of the soil. In the soil treated with sewage sludge and the mix of sewage sludge

with brown coal, an increase in the contents of Cd, Zn and Pb was found. This increase was, however, small and

did not change the degree of soil contamination with heavy metals. In the above-ground parts of plants fertilized

with brown coal the concentration of heavy metals was lower than in biomass from plants cultivated on the

control combination. The application of sewage sludge and the mix of sewage sludge with brown coal generally resulted also in a reduction of metal contents in the above-ground parts of the plants. This was the effect of

enriching the soil with an organic substance that improves the sorption properties. From among the fertilization

combinations tested, the application of either sewage sludge or the mix of sewage sludge with brown coal had

the most favourable effect on the crop volume. It resulted in a twofold increase in the yield compared to the

control combination.

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Authors and Affiliations

E. Ociepa
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Abstract

The motivation of this work was to define the reburning potential of sewage sludge gasification gas (syngas). Numerical simulation of co-combustion process of syngas in hard coal-fired boiler has been done. All the calculations were performed using the Chemkin program. Plug-Flow Reactor model was used. The calculations were modelled using GRI-Mech 2.11 mechanism. The highest NO conversions are obtained at the temperature of about 1000-1200 K. The highest reduction efficiency was achieved for the molar flow ratio of syngas equal to 15%. The combustion of hard coal with sewage sludge - derived syngas reduces NO emissions and the amount of coal needed to produce electricity and heat. Advanced reburning, which is a more complicated process gives efficiency of up to 80%. The calculations show that the analyzed syngas can yield better results.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sebastian Werle
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Abstract

Waste disposal is imposed by the European Union under Treaty of Accession concerning waste management order. One of the waste disposal methods is thermal utilisation. The paper presents an investigation of sewage sludge briquettes used as a fuel in combustion process. The research study was carried out on samples taken from the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in Bochnia. Briquettes with lime were formed. The analysis of the elementary chemical composition of municipal sewage sludge, the composition of the ash and thermogravimetric analysis were carried out. The results indicate that the prepared briquettes had sufficient fuel properties.

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Authors and Affiliations

Aneta Magdziarz
Małgorzata Wilk
Bogdan Kosturkiewicz
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Abstract

Whereas the use of biofuels has attracted increasing attention, the aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of using sewage sludge as biofuel. Preparation of untreated and stabilised sludge with natural additives is described, as well as combusting method applied and experimental results of combusting are presented based on the assessment of composition of emitted pollutants and their concentrations in the exhaust gas. NOx formation in the exhaust gas has been analysed in depth. The results of investigations have shown that the use of dried sewage sludge possesses a positive energy balance. Therefore, the sludge may be used as fuel. The obtained experimental results demonstrate that during combustion, pollutant concentrations vary depending on oxygen content (O2), while formation of nitrogen oxides is strongly influenced by fuel-bound nitrogen. Also, a generalized equation of calculating fuel bound nitrogen conversion into NOx is presented.

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Authors and Affiliations

Nora Turkienė
Aušra Zigmontienė
Kęstutis Buinevičius
Raminta Plečkaitienė
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Abstract

The aim of this work was to determine the influence of liming on the process of pyrolysis. Three samples of sludge from two wastewater treatment plants were selected for this study on pyrolysis: sludge without liming and limed sludge from the Central Wastewater Treatment Plant in Ostrava and sludge from the Wastewater Treatment Plant in Sviadnov. The samples had different content of calcite (CaCO3). The limed sludge contained 7% of CaCO3, sludge without liming 3.8% and sludge without liming from WWTP Sviadnov contained 0.5% of calcite. The results of laboratory pyrolysis proved that limed sludge released the maximum amount of carbon - 55.46 %, while sludge without liming from WWTP Sviadnov released only 48.92%. Calcite produces during its decomposition CaO and the product influences the pyrolysis process because it supports cracking of volatile organic compounds

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Authors and Affiliations

Adéla Čížková
Dagmar Juchelková
Helena Raclavská
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Abstract

In the present paper changes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content were evaluated during composting of sewage sludge stabilized with coal fly ash. The content of PAHs in sewage sludge used for composting was I 0385 μg/kg (±830). In fly ash only three PAHs were determined (phenanthrene - 0.9 μg/kg, anthraccnc - 1.9 μg/kg and chrysenc - 2.7 μg/kg). Addition of fly ash to composted sewagesludge had various - dependent on its share - effect on PAHs mineralization. Relatively best degradation (66.3%) was noted when sewage sludge was mixed with fly ash in amount 20% (w/w). In composted sewage sludge and sludge with 30% addition of fly ash a decrease of PAH content was also observed (38 and 32.4% respectively). Relatively "best" mineralization was noted for 3-ring PAHs. Estimated half-lives of all investigated compounds depended on individual PAHs properties and ranged from 59 to 1164 days.
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Authors and Affiliations

Patryk Oleszczuk
Stanisław Baran

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