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Abstract

The paper describes experimental research of slab-column connections examined on specimendesigned as a part of reinforced concrete structure with flat slabs. The aim of the research wasto verify the efficiency of slab reinforcement concept against punching shear by increasing slab’smechanical reinforcement ratio by applying additional external reinforcement in the form of carbonfiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips.

The capacity enhancement in comparison to unstrengthened slab obtained 36%.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Urban
J. Tarka
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Abstract

The proposition of a method to verify the punching resistance for very large supports based on the EN 1992-1-1 standard is described in this paper. The present standard guidelines for the calculation of the punching resistance for large supports are also summarised. The proposed direct method is compared with other standard methods using an example taken from design practice. This method consists of a direct check of the shear forces at specific locations of the control perimeter with the permissible shear force calculated from the EC2 standard. The method showed very good agreement with the experiment while remaining practical for applications. The method presented takes into account the actual distribution of shear forces in the vicinity of the support, taking into account the influence of non-uniform loads, irregular floor geometry, the concentration of internal forces at the corners of the support and the influence of the stiffness of the head used. The paper provides scientists, engineers, and designers new method (called the direct method) for estimation of the punching load-bearing capacity outside the shear cap.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Grabski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Ambroziak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Maciej Grabski Engineering, 94B/1 Leszczynowa Street, 80-175 Gdansk, Poland
  2. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gabriela Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

Reinforced concrete composite slab consists of a thin prefabricated slab in which span reinforcement is located and of concrete joined with the slab, with such concrete being laid on site.

The existence of a joint of two concretes in such floors is interpreted as introducing a contact layer into a monolithic slab. In the paper parameters of two models are estimated. The first is a model of a contact layer and the second is a model of a composite slab with a single degree of freedom. The models consider that the contact has elastic properties and inelastic properties causing energy dissipation. Experimental investigations are discussed further based on which the parameters values of the contact layer model were determined.

Delamination was experienced for the slabs characterised by low contact layer stiffness after applying a maximum load. In addition, the strains of a contact layer having low stiffness are accompanied by lower energy dissipation than of a layer with high stiffness.

The smaller stiffness of composite floors, as compared to monolithic floors, occurs as a consequence of the existence of a joint. Such decrease for a composite slab is interpreted in the model with a single degree of freedom as the serial connection of stiffness of a monolithic slab and an element considering the existence of a contact layer.

The stiffness of an element considering the existence of a contact layer decreases along with a load, and the elements corresponding to the higher stiffness of the contact layer are characterised by higher energy dissipation.

The aforementioned results of the investigations confirm the assumptions of the contact layer model and a composite slab model with a single degree of freedom. The findings made represent a basis for establishing a method of evaluating the condition of a joint in composite slabs according to statistical investigations.

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Authors and Affiliations

K. Gromysz
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Abstract

The results of experimental test of nine thickset reinforced concrete slabs in punching are presented in the this paper. The aim of the tests was verifi cation of the Eurocode EC 2 procedure, by which the ultimate shear stresses vRd,c depend on the slenderness of the slab. Besides of the performed tests results, the analysis of the foreign investigation of the fundaments is also included. The test results, as well as other tests, show the correctness of the function assumed in Eurocode 2, which gives correlation between ultimate stresses vRd,c and shear slenderness.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Urban
M. Gołdyn
J. Krakowski
Ł. Krawczyk
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Abstract

The presented analysis concerns deflections of the reinforced concrete slab in the fire-fighting water storage tank with volume of 950 m3. It was built on human-altered soil which led to deflection of the tank. When water was pumped out from the tank, rectification was performed. The tank and its slab foundation were non-uniformly elevated by means of hydraulic jacks. These jacks were installed under the slab, on foundation made of concrete block stacks, which were pressed into the ground. The computational analysis was conducted for displacements and deflections of the slab supported on the jacks. The number of jacks under the slab and stiffness of jack supports on the stacks were the variable parameters of the model. Stiffness of the jack supports was found to have non-significant impact on deflections of the foundation slab of the rectified tank. On the other hand, the number of jacks under the tank affected both deflections of the slab and displacements of the whole tank. The greatest deflection of the tank slab supported on three jacks was 15.233 mm, and the smallest one was 10.435 mm at 32 jacks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Gromysz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Paper presents the issue related to the selection of slab formwork taking into account the criteria that are currently the most important The in the process of the construction project execution. The analysis included selected, modern system solutions, which significantly accelerate the tempo of reinforced concrete works and, as a consequence, increase the effectiveness of the construction project execution. The innovative system of drop heads, which the analysed slab formwork is equipped with, is offered by various formwork producers. The offered solutions, however, differ not only in the construction of the drophead itself, but also in the arrangement and variety of other system elements, as well as the scheme of their operation, which may ultimately significantly affect the effectiveness of their application. For that reason, the choice of formwork for specific buildings should be made from among carefully analysed several variants of the wide market offer. The paper presents the results of analysis and evaluation of formwork systems with dropheads according to the proposed methodology, including multi-criteria analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Radziejowska
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Sobotka
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

In the paper the problem of strengthening of flat slabs against punching shear was discussed. Selected methods verified on the basis of experimental tests such as increasing size of the support, applying post-installed shear reinforcement or increasing the main reinforcement by installing additional steel flat bars, were presented. The previous studies demonstrated, that the last method allows for an increase in punching shear resistance of up to 90%, depending on the longitudinal reinforcement ratio. The example of the application of such strengthening technique in the real structure was described. The use of steel flat bars located in the vicinity of the columns and additionally anchored to the slab made possible to compensate for the load capacity deficiencies that occurred due to execution errors (lowering of the main reinforcement within the support zones).
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Urban
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Gołdyn
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Krawczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Department of Concrete Structures, al. Politechniki 6, 93-590 Łódz, Poland
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Abstract

The overall efficiency of a construction of a deep excavation urban project does not depend only on the duration of the construction but also on its influence on the urban environment and the traffic [9, 10]. These two things depend greatly on the excavation method and the construction stages defined during the design process. This paper describes the construction stages of three metro stations (two stations in Warsaw and one in Paris) and discusses their advantages and disadvantages including among other things its impact on neighbouring infrastructure and the city’s traffic. An important conclusion drawn from this analysis is that the shape of the slabs used can considerably affect the design and the construction stages. For example, a vaulted top slab allows an almost immediate traffic restoration and a vaulted bottom raft allows a much shorter dewatering period.
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Bibliography

[1] A. Stańczyk, “Doświadczenia z budowy stacji metra "Ratusz" i "Marymont" w Warszawie”, Inżynieria i Budownictwo, 5, pp. 244–247, 2008.
[2] Daktera, T., Bourgeois, E., Schmitt, P., Jeanmaire, T., Delva, L., & Priol, G., “Design of deep supported excavations: comparison between real behavior and predictions based on the subgrade coefficient method”, Proceedings of the XVII European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, pp. 2608–2615, 2019.
[3] Daktera T. “Amélioration des méthodes de calcul des écrans de soutènement à partir du retour d'expérience de grands travaux récents » PhD Thesis, Univ Gustave Eiffel, (to be published) 2020.
[4] M. Graff, “Subway in Warsaw”, Transport systems, 12, pp. 25–35, 2018.
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[7] M. Mitew-Czajewska, “Geotechnical investigation and static analysis of deep excavation walls – a case study of metro station construction in Warsaw”, Ann. Warsaw Univ. Life Sci. – SGGW, Land Reclam. 47 (2), pp. 163–171, 2015. http://doi.org/10.1515/sggw-2015-0022
[8] A. Sieminska-Lewandowska, “Budowa obiektu a obudowa wykopu – niełatwe zależności”, Nowoczesne Budownictwo Inżynieryjne, marzec kwiecień, pp. 64–71, 2010.
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[10] G. Kacprzak, S. Bodus, “The modelling of excavation protection in a highly urbanised environment”, Technical Transactions, Vol. 1, pp. 133–142, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.19.009.10049
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Kacprzak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Daktera
2
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Stańczyk
3
ORCID: ORCID
Urszula Tomczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seweryn Bodus
3
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Werle
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Soletanche Bachy International 280 Avenue Napoléon Bonaparte, 92500 Rueil Malmaison, France
  3. Warbud S.A.
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Abstract

This paper conducts research based on the hollow slab members in the reconstruction and expansion project of expressways, two types of numerical finite element models with and without considering bond-slip relationship of reinforcement and concrete are established, and verified by tests. The distribution characteristics of crack spacing in reinforced concrete beams are studied. The results show that the bond-slip characteristics of reinforced concrete have little effect on the load-deflection characteristics of 8m hollow slab beam. Due to the influence of the bond-slip relationship of reinforced concrete, the load-deflection curve is partially serrated, while without considering the bond-slip relationship of reinforced concrete, the load-deflection curve is smooth. In the numerical model without considering the bond-slip characteristics, almost all damage occurs in the longitudinal direction, and the distribution characteristics of cracks can’t be accurately determined. Regardless of whether the bond-slip is considered or not, the macroscopic characteristics of the stress distribution is: smaller near the support and larger at the mid-span. As secondary flexural cracks expand, models with and without consideration of bond-slip characteristics can’t calculate crack spacing based on the stress distribution characteristics of the reinforcement.
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Authors and Affiliations

Songtao Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dawei Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Shandong High-speed Group Co., Ltd., No.0, Longding Road, Jinan, China
  2. Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center of Shandong University, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan, China
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Abstract

Rubberized concrete is made up of scrap tyre rubbers where the fine aggregate is partially replaced by it, as the waste rubber is being a threat to the environment. It is estimated that only 4% of the waste tyre is used in the application of civil engineering and also there is shortage of fine aggregates. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the preliminary concrete properties of M25 and M30 concretes. The fine aggregate is replaced by pre-treated crumb rubber with 10, 15 and 20 % of total weight. Various tests are conducted on the rubberized concrete specimens such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and slump test. The investigation is carried out to determine the impact load behavior of hybrid rubberized composite slabs. In addition 0%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% of replacement of rubber fibers for total weight of coarse aggregate is also made. The specimen of size 300 mm x 300 mm x 50 mm thickness is subjected to drop hammer test to find its performance against the impact loads. The number of blows for the first crack and complete failure of slab was found and the characteristics were studied.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Subashree
R. Thenmozhi
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Abstract

The list of potential hazards related to concrete elements and structures prestressed with the use of unbonded tendons, including the flat slabs, is long and fairly well recognized. In addition to the standard accidental events this list includes: mishandling during construction, small fire, local corrosion, loss of bond at the anchorage, second order effects, brittle fracture of elements, etc. Despite of these hazards related to unbonded post-tensioning, this type of structures are extensively promoted and used in practice thanks to the possibility of the large span floors and innovative character of this technology. The paper presents a proposal for the application of risk analysis to assess the robustness of structures with flat slabs prestressed with unbonded tendons. The adoption of variables that determine risk and robustness as fuzzy numbers assigned to linguistic variables are proposed. Numerical example is presented to demonstrate risk and robustness assessment of building structure with unbonded posttensioned slabs supported directly on columns.
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Bibliography

[1] F. Knoll, T. Vogel, Design for Robustness. Structural Engineering Documents No11. Zurich: IABSE, 2009, ISBN 978-3-85748-120-8.
[2] Santa Fe Institute, RS-2001-009, Working definitions of robustness, 2001. [Online].Available: http://discuss.santafe.edu/robustness/sories.
[3] E.A.P. Liberati, C.G. Nogueira, E.D. Leonel, “Nonlinear formulation based on FEM, Mazars damage criterion and Fick’s law applied to failure assessment of reinforced concrete structures subjected to chloride ingress and reinforcements corrosion”, Engineering Failure Analysis, 2014, vol. 46, pp. 247–268, DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.09.006.
[4] N.C. Lind, “Measures of vulnerability and damage tolerance”, Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 1995, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 1–6.
[5] D.M. Frangopol, J.P. Curly, “Effects of damage and redundancy on structural realibility”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 1987, vol. 113, no. 7, pp. 1533–1549.
[6] S. Woo, D.L. O’Neal, “Reliability design and case study of mechanical system like a hinge kit system in refrigerator subjected to repetitive stresses”, Engineering Failure Analysis, 2019, vol. 99, pp. 319–329, DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.02.015.
[7] I.W. Baker, M. Schubert, M.H. Faber, “On assessment of robustness”, Journal of Structural Safety, 2008, vol. 30, pp. 253–267.
[8] ISO Standard 19902, Petroleum and natural gas industries – Fixed steel offshore structures, 2008.
[9] T. Vrouwenvelder, et al., Eds. Risk assessment and risk communication in civil engineering. CIB Report, 259. Rotterdam: CIB General Secretariat, 2001.
[10] EN 1991-1-7, Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1–7: General actions – Accidental actions.
[11] A. del Caño, M. Pilar de la Cruz, D. Gómez, M. Pérez, “Fuzzy method for analysing uncertainty in the sustainable design of concrete structures”, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 2016, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 924–935, DOI: 10.3846/13923730.2014.928361.
[12] S. Boral, I. Howard, S.K. Chaturvedi, K. Mc Kee, V.N.A. Naikan, “An integrated approach for fuzzy failure modes and effects analysis using fuzzy AHP and fuzzy MAIRCA”, Engineering Failure Analysis, 2020, vol. 108, ID Article: 104195, DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.104195.
[13] Sz.Wolinski, “Defining of the structural robustness”, Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Technical Sciences, 2013, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 137–144, DOI: 10.2478/bpasts-2013-0012.
[14] H. Bandamer, S. Gottwald, Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Methods with Applications. Chichester: J.Wiley & Sons, 1995.
[15] EN 1990:2004 Eurocode- Basis of structural design.
[16] G. Harding, J. Carpenter, “Disproportional collapse of Class 3 buildings: the use of risk assessment”, The Structural Engineering, 2009, vol. 87, no. 15-16, pp. 29–34.
[17] Bai Yu, Hou Jian, Huang Yuan, “Progressive collapse analysis and structural robustness of steel-framed modular buildings”, Engineering Failure Analysis, 2019, vol. 104, pp. 643–656, DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal. 2019.06.044.
[18] G. Milani, M. Valente, “Comparative pushover and limit analyses on seven masonry churches damaged by the 2012 Emilia-Romagna (Italy) seismic events: Possibilities of non-linear finite elements compared with pre-assigned failure mechanisms”, Engineering Failure Analysis, 2015, vol. 47, Part A, pp. 129–161, DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.09.016.
[19] Sz. Wolinski, T. Pytlowany, “Analysis of the state of prestressed structure using data collection simulation technique”, MATEC Web of Conferences, 2019, vol. 262, DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201926208006.
[20] Sz. Wolinski, T. Pytlowany, “Risk and robustness assessment for floor slabs prestressed with unbonded tendons”, in Konstrukcje betonowe i stalowe, (in Polish). Bydgoszcz: University of Science & Technology, 2015, pp. 137–144.
[21] Sz. Wolinski, “Robustness and vulnerability of slab structures”, Procedia Engineering, 2017, vol. 193, pp. 88–95, DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.190.
[22] JCSS: Probabilistic Model Code, The Joint Committee on Structural Safety. [Online]. Available: https://www.jcss-lc.org/jcss-probabilistic-model-code/.
[23] E.A.P. Liberati, C.G. Nogueira, E.D. Leonel, “Nonlinear formulation based on FEM, Mazars damage criterion and Fick’s law applied to failure assessment of reinforced concrete structures subjected to chloride ingress and reinforcements corrosion”, Engineering Failure Analysis, 2014, vol. 46, pp. 247–268, DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.09.006.
[24] B. Rodowitz, M. Schubert, M. Faber Havbro, “Robustness of Externally and Internaly Post Tensioned Bridges”, Beton und Stahlbetonbau, 2008, vol. 103, pp. 16–22, DOI: 10.1002/best.200810111.
[25] B. Rodowitz, Robustheit von Balkenbrucker mit externer und interner Vorspannung. Institut fur Massivbau und Baustofftechnologie, Abtailung Massivebau. Karlsruhe: Universitat Karlsruhe, 2007 (in German).
[26] A. Setareh, H. Saffari, J. Mashhadi, “Assessment of dynamic increase factor for progressive collapse analysis of RC structures”, Engineering Failure Analysis, 2018, vol. 84, pp. 300–310, DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.11.011.
[27] I. Skrzypczak, L. Buda–Ozóg, T. Pytlowany, “Fuzzy method of conformity control for compressive strength of concrete on the basis of computational numerical analysis”, Meccanica, 2016, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 383–389, DOI: 10.1007/s11012-015-0291-0.
[28] Sz. Wolinski, T. Pytlowany, “Parametric Analysis of the Sensitivity of a Prestressed Concrete Beam Using the DOE Simulation Technique”, Archives of Civil Engineering, 2019, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 97–112, DOI: 10.2478/ace-2019-0049.
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Authors and Affiliations

Szczepan Woliński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Pytlowany
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszów University of Technology, The Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Powstanców Warszawy 12, 35-084 Rzeszów, Poland
  2. Carpathian State College in Krosno, Politechnik Institutution, Dmochowskiego 12, 38-400 Krosno, Poland
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Abstract

RC flat slabs are one of the most popular and effective methods of shaping plates in buildings. Although failures of entire structures are relatively rare, they cannot be excluded from the occupancy cycle of the facility. The research analysis presented in this paper is an attempt to understand more precisely the phenomena that occur in the RC flat slab system and to assess the influence of the additional protection of the flat slabs against progressive collapse in the case of failure of one of the supports. The results were obtained from destructive experimental investigations of a flat reinforced concrete slab made in scale 1:3. The collapse in the analysed model was simulated by removing three edge columns and additional loading by means of hydraulic actuator. In place of the columns removed, differential tie reinforcement was applied. The results obtained confirm that the structure achieved a much higher ultimate load than the one resulting from the design calculations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Lidia Buda-Ożóg
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joanna Zięba
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Sieńkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Damian Nykiel
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Building Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Poznańska 2, Rzeszow 35-084, Poland
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Abstract

The prefabricated hollow-core slab bridge is a common bridge. In prefabricated hollow-core slab bridges, joints play an important role in connecting prefabricated slabs and ensuring the integrity of the bridge. However, as the service time of the bridge increases, conventional joints have a large number of typical diseases that affect the safety and durability of bridges. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model of the entire construction phase is established to investigate the development difference of shrinkage and creep between joints and hollow-core slabs. The effects of vehicle load and temperature gradient on joints were analysed, the failure mechanism of joints was explored, and a novel joint was proposed. The results of a nonlinear analysis showed that the novel joint can effectively improve the mechanical performance of joints and cracks can be effectively controlled. Moreover, the novel joint solves the problem in that the conventional novel joint cannot be vibrated effectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yujun Cui
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xingwei Xue
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hao Yao
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xudong Hua
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yuanming Huang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Transportation and Surveying Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
  2. Guangzhou Communications Investment Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Abstract

The growth in high-rise building construction has increased the need for hybrid reinforced concrete and steel structural systems. Columns in buildings are the most important elements because of their seismic resistance. Reinforced concrete (RC) columns and steel columns were used herein to form hybrid structural systems combining their distinct advantages. Eleven 3D building models subjected to earthquake excitation with reinforced concrete beams and slabs of 12 floors in height and with different distributions of mixed columns were analyzed by the SAP2000 software in order to investigate the most suitable distributions of a combination of reinforced concrete and steel columns. Top displacements and accelerations, base normal forces, base shear forces, and base bending moments were computed to evaluate the selected hybrid structural systems. The findings are helpful in evaluating the efficiency of the examined hybrid high-rise buildings in resisting earthquakes.

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Authors and Affiliations

D.P.N. Kontoni
A.A. Farghaly

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