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Number of results: 406
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Abstract

The steel pipe umbrella is a widely used technology when tunnelling in weak soils in order to create pre-support ahead of the tunnel face. The design of steel pipes is frequently done through simplified analytical approaches which are easy to apply but require proper assessment of the loads acting on the pipe. To provide information on this key design aspect, the results of the comparison between a three-dimensional numerical model developed with the code FLAC 3D and an analytical model based on the approach of a beam on yielding supports is presented and discussed. The comparison refers to a shallow tunnel with an overburden of three times its diameter for two different types of weak rock masses. The obtained results provide suggestions about the load that has to be applied in the analytical model for the design phase.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Peila
C. Marchino
C. Todaro
A. Luciani
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Abstract

Cold-formed structure connections utilizing gusset plates are usually semi-rigid. This paper investigates the behaviours of rectangular gusset plates in cold-formed connections of elements whose columns and beams are made with lipped back-to-back C-sections. Methods of calculating strength and stiffness are necessary for such semi-rigid joints. The main task of this paper is to determine a method capable of calculating these characteristics. The proposed analytical method could then be easily adapted to the component method that is described in part 1993-1-8 of the Eurocode. This method allows us to calculate both the strength and stiffness of rectangular gusset plates, assuming that the joint deforms only in plane. This method of design moment resistance calculation was presented taking into account that an entire cross-section shall reach its yield stress. A technique of stiffness calculation was presented investigating the sum of deformations acquired at the bending moment and from shear forces which are transmitted from each beam bolt group. Calculation results according to the suggested method show good agreement of laboratory experimental results of specimens with numerical simulations. Two specimens of beam-to-column connections were tested in the laboratory. Lateral supports were used on the specimens to prevent lateral displacements in order to better investigate the behaviour of the rectangular gusset plate in plane. Experiments were simulated by modelling rectangular gusset plates using standard finite element software ANSYS Workbench 14.0. Three-dimensional solid elements were used for modelling and both geometric and material nonlinear analysis was performed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ž Bučmys
A. Daniūnas
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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to present an assessment of the slip influence on the deflection of the steel plate-concrete composite beams, which are a new type of a design concept. The proposed method is based on the procedure included in the PN-EN 1992-1-1, which has been modified with taking into consideration interface slip. The theoretical analysis was verified by experimental studies.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Kisała
K. Furtak
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Abstract

Heating of steel or structural aluminum alloys at a speed of 2 to 50 K/min – characterizing the fire conditions – leads to a reduction in mechanical properties of the analyzed alloys. The limit of proportionality fp, real fy and proof f₀₂ yield limit, breaking strength fu and longitudinal limit of elasticity E decrease as the temperature increases. Quantitative evaluation of the thermal conversion in strengths of structural alloys is published in Eurocodes 3 and 9, in the form of dimensionless graphs depicting reduction coefficients and selected (tabulated) discrete values of mechanical properties. The author’s proposal for an analytical formulation of code curves describing thermal reduction of elasticity modulus and strengths of structural alloys recommended for an application in building structures is presented in this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Gwóźdź
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Abstract

Assessment of the flexural buckling resistance of bisymmetrical I-section beam-columns using FEM is widely discussed in the paper with regard to their imperfect model. The concept of equivalent geometric imperfections is applied in compliance with the so-called Eurocode’s general method. Various imperfection profiles are considered. The global effect of imperfections on the real compression members behaviour is illustrated by the comparison of imperfect beam-columns resistance and the resistance of their perfect counterparts. Numerous FEM simulations with regard to the stability behaviour of laterally and torsionally restrained steel structural elements of hot-rolled wide flange HEB section subjected to both compression and bending about the major or minor principal axes were performed. Geometrically and materially nonlinear analyses, GMNA for perfect structural elements and GMNIA for imperfect ones, preceded by LBA for the initial curvature evaluation of imperfect member configuration prior to loading were carried out. Numerical modelling and simulations were conducted with use of ABAQUS/Standard program. FEM results are compared with those obtained using the Eurocode’s interaction criteria of Method 1 and 2. Concluding remarks with regard to a necessity of equivalent imperfection profiles inclusion in modelling of the in-plane resistance of compression members are presented.

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Authors and Affiliations

M.A. Giżejowski
R.B. Szczerba
M.D. Gajewski
Z. Stachura
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Abstract

This study focuses to develop a new hybrid Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) and assesses the performance of a new hybrid ECC based on the steel short random fiber reinforcement. This hybrid ECC aims to improve the tensile strength of cementitious material and enhance better flexural performance in an RC beam. In this study, four different mixes have been investigated. ECC with Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) fiber and PolyPropylene (PP) fiber of 2.0% volume fraction are the two Mono fiber mixes; ECC mix with PVA fiber of 0.65% volume fraction hybridized with steel fiber of 1.35% volume fraction, PP fiber of 0.65% volume fraction hybridized with steel of 1.35% volume fraction are the two additional different hybrid mixes. The material properties of mono fiber ECC with 2.0 % of PVA is kept as the reference mix in this study. The hybridization with fibers has a notable achievement on the uniaxial tensile strength, compressive strength, Young’s modulus, and flexural behavior in ECC layered RC beams. From the results, it has been observed that the mix with PVA fiber of 0.65% volume fraction hybrid with steel fiber of 1.35% volume fraction exhibitimprovements in tensile strength, flexural strength, andenergy absorption. ThePP fiber of 0.65% volume fraction hybridized with steel of 1.35% volume fraction mix has reasonable flexural performance and notable achievement in displacement ductility overthe reference mix.

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Authors and Affiliations

A.R. Krishnaraja
Dr.S. Kandasamy
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Abstract

The study presents the summary of the knowledge of energy-active segments of steel buildings adapted to obtain electrical energy (EE) and thermal energy (TE) from solar radiation, and to transport and store TE. The study shows a general concept of the design of energy-active segments, which are separated from conventional segments in the way that allows the equipment installation and replacement. Exemplary solutions for the design of energy-active segments, optimised with respect to the principle of minimum thermal strain and maximum structural capacity and reliability were given [34]. The following options of the building covers were considered: 1) regular structure, 2) reduced structure, 3) basket structure, 4) structure with a tie, high-pitched to allow snow sliding down the roof to enhance TE and EE obtainment. The essential task described in the study is the optimal adaptation of energy-active segments in large-volume buildings for extraction, transportation and storage of energy from solar radiation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Kowal
M. Siedlecka
R. Piotrowski
K. Brzezińska
K. Otwinowska
A. Szychowski
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Abstract

The paper evaluates two approaches of numerical modelling of solidification of continuously cast steel billets by finite element method, namely by the numerical modelling under the Steady-State Thermal Conditions, and by the numerical modelling with the Traveling Boundary Conditions. In the paper, the 3D drawing of the geometry, the preparation of computational mesh, the definition of boundary conditions and also the definition of thermo-physical properties of materials in relation to the expected results are discussed. The effect of thermo-physical properties on the computation of central porosity in billet is also mentioned. In conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of two described approaches are listed and the direction of the next research in the prediction of temperature field in continuously cast billets is also outlined.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Tkadlečková
K. Michalek
M. Strouhalová
M. Saternus
T. Merder
J. Pieprzyca
J. Sviželová
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Abstract

In paper is presented technology of bimetallic layered castings based on founding method of layer coating directly in cast proces so-called method of mould cavity preparation. Prepared castings consist two fundamental parts i.e. bearing part and working part (layer). The bearing part of bimetallic layered casting is typical foundry material i.e. ferritic-pearlitic unalloyed cast steel, whereas working part (layer) is plate of austenitic alloy steel sort X2CrNi 18-9. The ratio of thickness between bearing and working part is 8:1. The aim of paper was assessed the quality of the joint between bearing and working part in dependence of pouring temperature and carbon concentration in cast steel. The quality of the joint in bimetallic layered castings was evaluated on the basis of ultrasonic non-destructive testing, structure and microhardness researches.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Wróbel
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Abstract

In paper is presented technology of bimetallic layered castings based on founding method of layer coating directly in cast process so-called method of mould cavity preparation. Prepared castings consist two fundamental parts i.e. bearing part and working part (layer). The bearing part of bimetallic layered casting is typical foundry material i.e. unalloyed cast steel, whereas working part is plate of austenitic alloy steel sort X2CrNi 18-9. The ratio of thickness between bearing and working part is 8:1. The aim of paper was assessed the quality of the joint between bearing and working part in dependence of pouring temperature and carbon concentration in cast steel. The quality of the joint in bimetallic layered castings was evaluated on the basis of ultrasonic non-destructive testing, structure and microhardness researches.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Cholewa
T. Wróbel
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Abstract

Results of investigations of wear resistant of two species of cast steel were introduced in the article (low-alloyed and chromium cast steel) on the background of the standard material which was low alloy wear resistant steel about the trade name CREUSABRO ®8000. The investigations were executed with two methods: abrasive wears in the stream of loose particles (the stream of quartz sand) and abrasive wears particles fixed (abrasive paper with the silicon carbide). Comparing the results of investigations in the experiments was based about the counted wear index which characterizes the wears of the studied material in the relation to the standard material.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Studnicki
J. Szajnar
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Abstract

This research paper shows the influence of a repeated SPD (Severe Plastic Deformation) plastic forming with the DRECE technique (Dual Rolls Equal Channel Extrusion) on hardening of low carbon IF steel. The influence of number of passes through the device on change of mechanical properties, such as tensile strength TS and yield stress YS, of tested steel was tested. The developed method is based on equal channel extrusion with dual rolls and uses a repeated plastic forming to refinement of structure and improve mechanical properties of metal bands [1-2]. For the tested steel the increase of strength properties after the DRECE process was confirmed after the first pass in relation to the initial material. The biggest strain hardening is observed after the fourth pass.

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Authors and Affiliations

K. Kowalczyk
M. Jabłońska
S. Rusz
I. Bednarczyk
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Abstract

Heavy steel castings deoxidized with aluminium are sometimes brittle intercrystalline failed during their service along primary grain boundaries what is initiated by aluminium nitrides and so called conchoidal fractures are formed. The tendency to forming the conchoidal fractures depends in particular on cooling rate (the casting modulus), aluminium and nitrogen contents in steel. During deoxidation, when manufacturing heavy castings, the elements with high affinity to nitrogen, zirconium or titanium, are added to steel that would decrease nitrogen activity by the bond on stable nitrides. The formation of stable nitrides should reduce the tendency of steel to the formation of conchoidal fractures. Deoxidation was thermodynamically analyzed at presence of the mentioned elements. For particular conditions a probable course of deoxidation was estimated at test castings. The deoxidation course was checked by microanalysis of deoxidation products (inclusions). For service and experimental castings the anticipated composition of inclusions was compared. It has been proved that in heavy castings with high aluminium contents in steel under studied conditions neither the addition of zirconium nor of titanium nor of rare earth metals will prevent the formation of conchoidal fractures.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Senberger
J. Cech
A. Zadera
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Abstract

Weld metal deposit (WMD) was carried out for standard MMA welding process. This welding method is still promising mainly due to the high amount of AF (acicular ferrite) and low amount of MAC (self-tempered martensite, retained austenite, carbide) phases in WMD. That structure corresponds with good impact toughness of welds at low temperature. Separate effect of these elements on the mechanical properties of welds is well known, but the combined effect of these alloy additions has not been analyzed so far. It was decided to check the total influence of nickel with a content between 1% to 3% and molybdenum with content from 0.1% up to 0.5%.

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Authors and Affiliations

B. Szczucka-Lasota
T. Węgrzyn
A. Kurc-Lisiecka
J. Piwnik
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Abstract

Steel and cast-iron products, due to their low price and beneficial properties, are the most widely used among metals; their consumption has become an indicator of the economic development of countries. The characteristics of iron raw materials, in relation to current metallurgical requirements, are presented in the present this article. The globalization of the trade and development of steelmaking technologies have caused significant changes in the quality of raw materials in the last half-century forcing improvements in processing technologies. In many countries, standard concentrates (at least 60% Fe) are almost twice as rich as those processed in the mid-20th century. Methods of quality assessment have been improved and quality standards tightened.

The quality requirements for the most important raw materials ‒ iron ores and concentrates, steel scrap, major alloy metals, coking coal, and coke, as well as gas and other energy media ‒ are reviewed in the present paper. Particular attention is paid to the quality testing methodology. The quality of many raw materials is evaluated multi-parametrically: both chemical and physical characteristics are important. Lower-quality parameters in raw materials equate to significantly lower prices obtained by suppliers in the market.

The markets for these raw materials are diversified and governed by separate sets of newly introduced rules. Price benchmarks (e.g. for standard Australian metallurgical coal) or indices (for iron concentrates) apply. Some raw materials are quoted within the framework of the commodity market system (certain alloying components and steel scrap). The abandonment of the long-established system of multi-annual contracts has led to wide fluctuations in prices, which have reached a scale similar to that of other metals.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Krzak
Andrzej Paulo
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Abstract

Steel loss related to the formation of scale is a parameter that is of great importance in the charge heating process. The value of steel loss determined by the thickness of the scale layer affects the intensity of the heat transfer process in the heating furnace, but also constitutes a significant element in the heat-material balance. Reducing the loss of steel during charge heating has a positive effect on heat consumption and material losses, which is extremely important in the context of energy and resource savings, the main elements of sustainable development processes. The methodology of determining the loss of steel to scale in an industrial heating furnace is presented in the paper. The results of calculations for various charge temperatures at the entrance to the furnace are presented. The influence of furnace operating conditions on steel loss is discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Boryca
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Wyleciał
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Urbaniak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

The aim of this study is to compare the corrosion resistance of X37CrMoV5-l tool steel after nanostructurization and after a conventional heat treatment. The nanostructuring treatment consisted of austempering at 300°C, which produced a microstructure composed of nanometric carbide-free bainite separated by nanometric layers of retained austenite. The retained austenite occurred also in form of blocks which partially undergo martensitic transformation during final cooling. For comparison, a series of steel samples were subjected to a standard quenching and high tempering treatment, which produced a microstructure of tempered martensite. The obtained results showed that the corrosion resistance of steel after both variants of heat treatment is similar. The results indicate that the nanocrystalline structure with high density of intercrystalline boundaries do not deteriorate the corrosion resistance of steel, which depends to a greater extent on its phase composition.

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Authors and Affiliations

E. Skołek
J. Kamiński
S. Marciniak
W.A. Świątnicki
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Abstract

In present work, two nuclear grade steel (P91, P92) are joined using the arc welding process. The welded joints were subjected to the heat treatment in order to restore the mechanical properties and overcome the heterogeneity across the joints. The weldments were studied for microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior under different condition of heat treatment. The variation in mechanical behavior obtained for the welded joints were tried to relate the microstructural evolution. After the normalizing based heat treatment, homogeneity with negligible δ ferrite across the welded joints was observed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sachin Sirohi
Chandan Pandey
Amit Goyal
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Abstract

Both the steel loss to scale and the scale adhesion are very important parameters of the heating process. High values of steel loss (large thickness of the scale layer) reduce the heat exchange intensity in the furnace chamber, which results in higher energy consumption. A low adhesion value adversely affects the operation of heating furnaces, while too high value causes the scale to roll into a steel product and deteriorate its purity and quality.
The paper presents the research methodology and the results of measurements of steel loss and scale adhesion. The effect of the excess air combustion ratio values on loss of steel and scale adhesion for constant furnace efficiency is discussed. This influence was described by mathematical dependencies. The tests were carried out for traditional technology and rational technology, enabling the reduction of steel losses to scale and energy consumption.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Wyleciał
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Boryca
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Urbaniak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Production Management,19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
  2. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Thermal Machinery, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

In Eurocode 5, the stiffness equation for bolted steel-wood-steel is stated as a function ofwood density and fastener diameter only. In this research, an experimental study on various configurations of tested bolted steel-wood-steel (SWS) connections has been undertaken to predict the initial stiffness of each connection. In order to validate the Eurocode 5 stiffness equation, tests on 50 timber specimens (40 glued laminated timbers and 10 laminated veneer lumbers (LVL)) with steel plates were undertaken. The number of bolts was kept similar and the connector diameter, timber thickness, and wood density were varied. The results obtained in the experimental tests are compared with those obtained from the Eurocode 5 stiffness equation. From the analysis, it is signified that the stiffness equation specified in Eurocode 5 for bolted SWS connections does not adequately predict the initial stiffness. The results from Eurocode 5 stiffness equation are very far from the experimental values. The ratio of stiffness equation to experimental results ranges from 3.48 to 4.20, with the average at 3.77, where the equation overpredicted the experimental stiffness value for the connection. There is a need to consider or incorporated other parameters such as geometric configurations in Eurocode 5 stiffness equation to improve the ratio with the experimental data.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nur Liza Rahim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Gary Raftery
3
ORCID: ORCID
Pierre Quenneville
3
ORCID: ORCID
Doh Shu Ing
4
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabiałek
5
ORCID: ORCID
Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya
4 6
ORCID: ORCID
Norlia Mohamad Ibrahim
1 7
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
8 6
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Śliwa
9
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia
  2. 2Sustainable Environment Research Group (SERG), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar Perlis, Malaysia
  3. University of Auckland, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand
  4. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
  5. Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
  6. Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar Perlis, Malaysia
  7. Sustainable Environment Research Group (SERG), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar Perlis, Malaysia
  8. University Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia
  9. Division of Materials Processing Technology and Computer Techniques in Materials Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The column is one of the most significant structural elements, which is designed to support mainly the compressive load. Strengthening of existing reinforced concrete columns is required to enhance ductility and increase load capacity to sustain the overload as sometimes there may be a change in use. Ten rectangular concrete columns were constructed and tested. H/b ratio was kept constant and equals 6 for all columns The aim of this work is to study the behaviour and efficiency of RC columns strengthened with steel jackets subjected to axial load. An experimental study of the behaviour of ten strengthened concrete columns with slenderness ratio (t / b) equals 6 was carried out. Variables such as aspect ratio ( H / b), the volume of steel batten plates, and spacing of steel batten plates at centres ( S) were considered. The results showed that using this method of strengthening is very effective and an increase in the axial load capacity of the strengthened columns is obtained.
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Authors and Affiliations

Abd Rahman Mujahid Ahmed Ghoneim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mahmoud Ahmed Mohamed Mohamed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kader Haridy
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hazem Ahmed
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohmmad Pyram
2
ORCID: ORCID
Abdu Khalf
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Assiut, P.O. Box 71515, Egypt
  2. Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Engineering-Qena, Civil Engineering Department, 83513, Egypt
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Abstract

Steel is a versatile material that has found widespread use because of its mechanical properties, its relatively low cost, and the ease with which it can be used in manufacturing process such as forming, welding and machining. Regarding to mechanical properties are strongly affected by grain size and chemical composition variations. Many industrial developments have been carried out both from the point of view of composition variation and grain size in order to exploit the effect of these variables to improve the mechanical proprieties of steels. It is also evident that grain growth are relevant to the mechanical properties of steels, thus suggesting the necessity of mathematical models able to predict the microstructural evolution after thermo cycles. It is therefore of primary importance to study microstructural changes, such as grain size variations of steels during isothermal treatments through the application of a mathematical model, able in general to describe the grain growth in metals. This paper deals with the grain growth modelling of steels based on the statistical theory of grain growth originally developed by Lücke [1] and here integrated to take into account the Zener drag effect and is therefore focused on the process description for the determination of the kinetics of grain growth curves temperature dependence.
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Authors and Affiliations

G. Napoli
A. Di Schino
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Abstract

To figure out the reason causing ladle nozzle clogging during CC (continuous casting) of a non-oriented electrical steel with high silicon (or HNO for short) and get a method to address it, this paper studied the theoretical calculation of flow rates during CC, the inclusions around the slide gate where ladle nozzle clogging happened, and Ca-treatment at the end of RH for decreasing ladle clogging of the electrical steel both theoretically and practically. The results showed that: The bigger diameter of a nozzle or less nozzle clogging can guarantee an enough flow rate for reaching the target casting speed. Ladle nozzle clogging can be predicted by comparing the percentage of slide gate opening. Al2O3 and its composite inclusions were the main reason that caused the ladle nozzle clogging of the electrical steel. Higher [Al] or TO will increase the amount of Pure Ca wires for Ca-treatment. The results of the verification tests fit the thermodynamic calculation, and Ca-treatment using pure Ca wires could prevent ladle nozzles from clogging without affecting the magnetic properties of the electrical steel.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wei Kong
Da-Qiang Cang
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Abstract

The presented results of investigations are part of a larger study focused on the optimization of the flow and mixing of liquid steel in the industrial tundish of continuous casting machine. The numerical simulations were carried out concern the analysis of hydrodynamic conditions of liquid steel flow in a tundish operating in one of the national steelworks. Numerical simulations were performed using the commercial code ANSYS Fluent. The research concerns two different speeds of steel casting. In real conditions, these speeds are the most commonly used in the technological process when casting two different groups of steel. As a result of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations, predicted spatial distributions of velocity and liquid steel turbulence fields and residence time distribution (RTD) curves were obtained. The volume fractions of different flows occurring in the tundish were also calculated. The results of the research allowed a detailed analysis of the influence of casting speed on the formation of hydrodynamic conditions prevailing in the reactor.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Warzecha
T. Merder
P. Warzecha
A.M. Hutny

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