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Abstract

Subsidence process in the rock mass disturbed by mining can be complicated and can be faster or slower depending on the geological structure and physical and mechanical properties of the rock mass, changes in exploitation geometry, and changes in the rate of exploitation. The most frequently, the subsidence process develops over years in a way that is difficult to observe over a short period (days). It has been proven in practice of coal mines in Poland that Knothe’s model describes subsidence process with high accuracy. It is based on treating the rock mass as a stochastic medium and describing subsidence with stochastic equations.

It can be assumed that, the complicated stress field as a result of mining activities induce a series of displacements of different sizes in rock mass. The inelastic deformation in rock mass is accompanied by a microseismicity that can be recorded and processed. We assumed that seismic noise with weak seismic events is a low-energy part of the microseismicity. We proposed an analytical solution to examine the distribution of the energy of the seismic noise during subsidence process development based on Knothe’s model. In general a qualitative method of subsidence process assessment by the registration of the seismic noise was described.

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Authors and Affiliations

Henryk Marcak
Zenon Pilecki
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Abstract

Mining activity influence on the environment belongs to the most negative industrial influences. Land subsidence can be a consequence of many geotectonic processes as well as due to anthropogenic interference with rock massif in part or whole landscape. Mine subsidence on the surface can be a result of many deep underground mining activities. The presented study offers the theory to the specific case of the deformation vectors solution in a case of disruption of the data homogeneity of the geodetic network structure in the monitoring station during periodical measurements in mine subsidence. The theory of the specific solution of the deformation vector was developed for the mine subsidence at the Košice-Bankov abandoned magnesite mine near the city of Košice in east Slovakia. The outputs from the deformation survey were implemented into Geographic Information System (GIS) applications to a process of gradual reclamation of whole mining landscape around the magnesite mine. After completion of the mining operations and liquidation of the mine company it was necessary to determine the exact edges of the Košice-Bankov mine subsidence with the zones of residual ground motion in order to implement a comprehensive reclamation of the devastated mining landscape. Requirement of knowledge about stability of the former mine subsidence was necessary for starting the reclamation works. Outputs from the presented specific solutions of the deformation vectors confirmed the multi-year stability of the mine subsidence in the area of interest. Some numerical and graphical results from the deformation vectors survey in the Košice-Bankov abandoned magnesite mine are presented. The obtained results were transformed into GIS for the needs of the self-government of the city of Košice to the implementation of the reclamation works in the Košice-Bankov mining area.
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Authors and Affiliations

Vladimir Sedlák
Jaroslav Hofierka
Michal Gallay
Jan Kaňuk
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Abstract

An analysis of the impact of mining with caving on the surface shows that a type of rock mass strata seems to be one of the critical factors affecting the process. Correlating the values of mining-induced surface deformation with the rock mass structure and the state of its disturbance is of crucial importance. Therefore, if other mining conditions are left unaffected, then those factors exert the key influence on a course and distribution of subsidence and rock mass deformation. A proper description of rock mass type and properties also seems rational for a proper determination of prediction parameters, especially in the case of a multi-seam coal mining, and/or the exploitation carried out at considerable depths. A general outcome of the study discussed in this paper is the development of the methodology and model practices for determining the rock mass type and, as a result, for selecting the optimal values of parameters for predicting the values of surface subsidence in relation to particular geological and mining conditions. The study proves that the type of rock mass may be described by such factors as the influence of overburden strata, the influence of Carboniferous layers, the disturbance of rock mass and the depth of exploitation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Kryzia
Tadeusz Majcherczyk
Zbigniew Niedbalski
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Abstract

This paper presents the impact of salinisation on the aquatic mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsidences in the Karvina region (Czech Republic). The results of the previous research on salinity in flooded mine subsidences show that some of them contain a high content of dissolved inorganic substances (above 1000 mg·l-1). These substances can affect the vegetation and animals occurring in the water and the surrounding area. The phylum of Mollusca was selected as a model group for the fieldwork as it includes species with the proven bioindication potential.

The occurrence of aquatic mollusc species was studied at 10 sites. The sites were selected based on the content of dissolved substances (the salinity gradient from <500 to >1000 mg·l-1. A total of 12 aquatic mollusc species were found, including one species identified as a potential bioindicator of the negative effect of salinisation on aquatic biota.

The analysis showed statistically significant positive correlations between the content of dissolved inorganic substances and the presence of alien species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray, 1843). The gradient of salinity significantly affects the species composition of the mollusc fauna in flooded mine subsidences and may affect the biodiversity of this group.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kamila Kašovská
Łukasz Pierzchała
Edyta Sierka
Barbara Stalmachová
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Abstract

The impact of caulking of goafs after mining exploitation of a hard coal seam with caving is expressed as the change in value of a a exploitation coefficient which, as defined, is the quotient of the maximum reduction in the surface height of a complete or incomplete trough to the thickness of the exploited seam. The basis for determining the value of the exploitation coefficient was geological and mining data combined with the results of the measurement of subsidence on the surface – measuring line 1222-1301 – of the Ruda mine. There, mining was carried out between 2005 and 2019, with a transverse longwall system and the caulking of goafs. The research team used two methods to determine the impact of the caulking applied in the goafs on the value of the exploitation coefficient. In the first method the goafs are filled evenly along the whole longwall, and in the second method unevenly and on a quarterly basis. The determination of the values of the exploitation coefficients for selected measuring points was preceded by the determination of the parameters of the Knothe-Budryk theory, which was further developed by J. Białek. The obtained dependencies are linear and the values of the correlation coefficients fall between –0.684 and –0.702, which should be considered satisfactory in terms of experimental data. It is possible to reduce the value of the exploitation coefficient by caulking the goafs by about 18%, when filling the goafs to 0.26% of the height of the active longwall.
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Bibliography

[1] J. Białek, Opis nieustalonej fazy obniżeń terenu górniczego z uwzględnieniem asymetrii wpływów końcowych. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej (1), 1991.
[2] J. Białek, Algorytmy i programy komputerowe do prognozowania deformacji terenu górniczego. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej 2003.
[3] Y. Jiang, R. Misa, K. Tajduś, A. Sroka, A new prediction model of surface subsidence with Cauchy distribution in the coal mine of thick topsoil condition. Archives of Mining Sciences 65 (1), 147-158 (2020), doi: 10.24425/132712
[4] S. Knothe, Prognozowanie wpływów eksploatacji górniczej. 1984 Wydawnictwo Śląsk, Katowice.
[5] A. Kowalski, Deformacje powierzchni terenu górniczego kopalń węgla kamiennego. 2020 Wydawnictwo Głównego Instytutu Górnictwa, Katowice.
[6] H . Kratzsch Bergschadenkunde, 2008 Deutscher Markscheider-Verein e.v., Bochum.
[7] M. Mazurkiewicz, Z. Piotrowski, Grawitacyjne podsadzanie płytkich zrobów zawiesiną popiołów lotnych w wodzie. Ochrona Terenów Górniczych 66, 6-8 (1984).
[8] M. Mazurkiewicz, Technologiczne i środowiskowe aspekty stosowania stałych odpadów przemysłowych do wypełniania pustek w kopalniach podziemnych. Zeszyty Naukowe AGH, Górnictwo nr 152, (1990).
[9] T. Niemiec, Porowatość zrobów a współczynnik eksploatacyjny. Sbornik referatu XVIII, Konference SDMG, 161- 167 (2011).
[10] W . Piecha, S. Szewczyk, T. Rutkowski, Ochrona powierzchni dzielnicy Wirek w świetle dokonanej i prowadzonej podziemnej eksploatacji górniczej. Przegląd Górniczy (2) 55-66, (2019).
[11] Z . Piotrowski, M. Mazurkiewicz, Chłonność doszczelnianych zrobów zawałowych. Górnictwo i Geoinżynieria 30 (3), 37-45 (2006).
[12] F. Plewa, Z. Mysłek., G. Strozik, Zastosowanie odpadów energetycznych do zestalania rumowiska skalnego. Polityka Energetyczna XI (1), 351-360 (2008).
[13] P. Polanin, A. Kowalski, A. Walentek, Numerical simulation of subsidence caused by roadway system. Archives of Mining Sciences 64 (2), 385-397 (2019), doi: 10.24425/1286090
[14] E . Popiołek, Z. Niedojadło, P. Sopata, T. Stoch, Możliwości wykorzystania pogórniczych niecek obniżeniowych do oszacowania objętości pustek w zrobach poeksploatacyjnych. (2014).
[15] T. Rutkowski, Ocena wpływu podsadzania zrobów zawałowych na obniżenia powierzchni terenu w warunkach górnośląskiego zagłębia węglowego. Główny Instytut Górnictwa, praca doktorska, Katowice, 2019.
[16] R. Ślaski, Warunki zatapiania kopalni „Morcinek”. Materiały konferencyjne SITG Oddział Rybnik. Ochrona środowiska na terenach górniczych podziemnych i odkrywkowych zlikwidowanych zakładów górniczych w subregionie zachodnim województwa śląskiego, (2010).
[17] Subsidence Engineers’ Hand book, National Coal Board Mining Department, 1975.
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[19] P. Strzałkowski, Doszczelnianie zrobów zawałowych a deformacje powierzchni terenu. Materiały Konferencyjne Szkoły Eksploatacji Podziemnej. Centrum Podstawowych Problemów Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN , 27-40 (1995).
[20] D .N. Whittaker, D.J Reddish, Subsidence. Occurrence, Prediction and Control, 1989 Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, Tokyo.
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[22] H . Zhu, F. He, S. Zhang, Z. Yang, An integrated treatment technology for ground fissures of shallow coal seam mining in the mountainous area of southwestern China a typical case study. Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi- Mineral Resources Management (34), 119-138 (2018), doi: 10.24425/118641
[23] J. Zych, R. Żyliński, P. Strzałkowski, Wpływ doszczelniania zrobów zawałowych na wielkość deformacji powierzchni. Materiały Konferencji naukowo-technicznej II Dni Miernictwa Górniczego i Ochrony Terenów Górniczych, 307-311 (1993).
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Kowalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Białek
2
ORCID: ORCID
Tadeusz Rutkowski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Central Mining Institute, 1 Gwarków Sq., 40-166 Katowice, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, 2A Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  3. PGG S.A. KWK Ruda, Ruda Śląska, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents a methodology for determining the value of the expansion coefficient of a reconsolidated caving zone in the context of forecasting the rise in underground mine water levels and consequent surface subsidence caused by the process of flooding the closed coal mines. The paper also provides a brief characterisation of analytical predictive models regarding surface subsidence during the process of flooding coal mines. In order to describe the vertical deformation of the reconsolidated porous rock mass in the caving zone, a linear-elastic medium of Biot was utilised. The conducted theoretical calculations demonstrate a high agreement with the results obtained through the identification of the expansion coefficient parameter based on the analysis of in-situ subsidence measurements in Dutch and German mining areas. The proposed methodology was applied to a real case study involving the forecasting of the impact of the flooding process on the underground workings of the German Ibbenbüren mine. The article constitutes a significant contribution to the field of forecasting the rise in underground mine water levels and surface subsidence during the process of flooding closed coal mines. The presented methodology and obtained results can be valuable for researchers, engineers, and decision-makers involved in the planning and management of mining areas.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Misa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Dudek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anton Sroka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Tajduś
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dawid Mrocheń
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Strata Mechanics Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Krakow, Poland
  2. AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The main problem of tunnelling with use of TBM in highly dense urban areas is to assign the range of subsiding trough and the impact of tunnelling works on existing buildings and underground or road infrastructure. The paper presents the results of settlements calculations over twin tube metro tunnel using analytical, empirical methods. The tunnel external diameter is 6,5 m ; the overburden vary from 5 m to 8 m ; the distance between tunnel axis is 14 m. Because of quaternary soils and high water table level the TBM type EBP was chosen as the method of tunnel construction. At the length of 502 m of tunnel the monitoring system was carried out in 22 cross sections. The results of settlements monitoring were compared with the values of analytical calculations.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Siemińska-Lewandowska
R. Kuszyk
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Abstract

The impact of TBM EPB tunnelling was assessed with respect to the observed values of settlements as the results of extensive monitoring system of the subsoil and ground surface. The aim of the analysis using empirical methods was to determine the real scale of impact and to determine the formula for the asymmetric subsidence trough observed during the passage of two TBMs in quaternary cohesive soils. Based on field measurements, authors propose the polynomial formulation for the depth and shape of the asymmetric subsidence trough prediction over twin tube TBM tunnel.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Kuszyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Siemińska-Lewandowska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Ph.D., Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Prof., DSc., PhD., Eng., Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Rehabilitation treatments applied to a local road prone to terrain subsidence from mining excavation should be designed considering cost-efficient and effective reinforcement solutions. In the analysed case, a glass-fibre mesh was applied under asphalt concrete layers in 2008, in one lane while another was left without the reinforcement. The main objective of this paper was to investigate the effectiveness of reinforcement by analysing the amount of produced on the pavement and the influence on pavement deflection. It was found that the reinforcement retracted the number of cracks, however, did not affect the bearing capacity. The influence of the applied geosynthetic was manifested in the values of the radius of curvature. The overall technical state of the road requires immediate treatment and the applied reinforcement proved obsolete because in this particular case of road located in the mining active terrain the glass fiber mesh did not prolong the life of the pavement.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Kałuża
Mirosław Kotasiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joanna Bzówka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Geodesic measurements of mining area deformations indicate that their description fails to be regular,

as opposed to what the predictions based on the relationships of the geometric-integral theory suggest.

The Knothe theory, most commonly applied in that case, considers such parameters as the exploitation

coefficient a and the angle of the main influences range tgβ, describing the geomechanical properties of the

medium, as well as the mining conditions. The study shows that the values of the parameters a = 0.8 and

tgβ = 2.0, most commonly adopted for the prediction of surface deformation, are not entirely adequate in

describing each and every mining situation in the analysed rock mass. Therefore, the paper aims to propose

methodology for determining the value of exploitation coefficient a, which allows to predict the values

of surface subsidence caused by underground coal mining with roof caving, depending on geological and

mining conditions. The characteristics of the analysed areas show that the following factors affect surface

subsidence: thickness of overburden, type of overburden strata, type of Carboniferous strata, rock mass

disturbance and depth of exploitation. These factors may allow to determine the exploitation coefficient a,

used in the Knothe theory for surface deformation prediction.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Kryzia
Tadeusz Majcherczyk
Zbigniew Niedbalski
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Abstract

The geodetic measurements optimization problem has played a crucial role in the mining areas affected by continuous ground movement. Such movements are most frequently measured with the classical geodetic methods such as levelling, tachymetry or GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System). The measuring techniques are selected with respect to the dynamics of the studied phenomena, surface hazard degree, as well as the financial potential of the mining company. Land surface changes caused by underground exploitation are observed with some delay because of the mining and geological conditions of the deposit surroundings. This delay may be considerable in the case of salt deposits extraction due to slow convergence process, which implies ground subsidence maximum up to a few centimeters per year. Measuring of such displacements requires high precision instruments and methods. In the case of intensely developed urban areas, a high density benchmark network has to be provided. Therefore, the best solution supporting the monitoring of vertical ground displacements in the areas located above the salt deposits seems to be the Sentinel 1-A radar imaging satellite system. The main goal of the investigation was to verify if imaging radar from the Sentinel 1 mission could be applied to monitor of slow ground vertical movement above word heritage Wieliczka salt mine. The outcome of the analysis, which was based on DInSAR (Differential SAR Interferometry). technology, is the surface distribution of annual subsidence in the period of 2015-2016. The comparison of the results with levelling confirmed the high accuracy of satellite observations. What is significant, the studies allowed to identify areas with the greatest dynamics of vertical ground movements, also in the regions where classical surveying was not conducted. The investigation proved that with the use of Sentinel-1 images sub centimeters slow vertical movements could be obtained.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Malinowska
Artur Guzy
Ryszard Hejmanowski
Wojciech Tomasz Witkowski
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Abstract

Underground mining extraction causes the displacement and changes of stress fields in the surrounding rock mass. The determination of the changes is extremely important when the mining activity takes place in the proximity of post-flotation tailing ponds, which may affect the stability of the tailing dams. The deterministic modeling based on principles of continuum mechanics with the use of numerical methods, e.g. finite element method (FEM) should be used in all problems of predicting rock mass displacements and changes of stress field, particularly in cases of complex geology and complex mining methods. The accuracy of FEM solutions depends mainly on the quality of geomechanical parameters of the geological strata. The parameters, e.g. young modulus of elasticity, may require verification through a comparison with measured surface deformations using geodetic methods. This paper presents application of FEM in predicting effects of underground mining on the surface displacements in the area of the KGHM safety pillar of the tailing pond of the OUOW Żelazny Most. The area has been affected by room and pillar mining with roof bending in the years 2008-2016 and will be further exposed to room-and-pillar extraction with hydraulic filling in the years 2017–2019.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Warchała
Anna Szostak-Chrzanowski
Paweł Stefanek
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Abstract

The rim of a post-exploitation basin is a particularly dangerous zone for buildings. This is due to the impact of mining on the nearby buildings, which persists even after exploitation activities are finished. The rim of the basin remains constantly deformed. This paper presents numerical analyses of buildings located in Marklowice (Silesian Voivodeship, Poland). They are located in an area that was exploited for mining, above the initial exploitation edge on the rim of the basin. The area of the analysed buildings was geodetically monitored during mining works. The results of the measurements allowed the observation of changes in terrain deformation indicators, together with the determination of the settlement’s final values after the operation was completed. Knowledge of the results enabled the preparation of numerical analyses of buildings with the use of the finite element method (FEM), the purpose of which was to determine the residual stresses in the structures after the end of the exploitation. The results are presented in the form of stress maps, which show changes in the internal forces in buildings left by mining operations. Specific examples are used. Two residential two-storey buildings were analysed; they were built using traditional brick methods, with a single-storey outbuilding. All of the analysed buildings are located in the mining commencement zone, in which the deformation of the surface has not faded away.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Szojda
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kapusta
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Structural Engineering, Akademicka 5,44-100, Gliwice, Poland
  2. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Geomatics and Renewable Energy, 7 Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego Av., 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

This article presents a comparison of the real amount of structural bending of a traditional residential building on curved mining ground with the bending results from an elastic model of the system: building + ground. Thanks to surveying measurements conducted during the exploitation front, the relationship between the curvature of the building and the curvature of the area in its direct vicinity was determined. The measurement work lasted one and a half years. Observation results collected in nature verify the deformation results of the modelled structure in the approach proposed by the guidelines for designing buildings in mining areas in Poland. Building Research Institute Instructions, Guidelines, Guidance 416 (2006) allows the adoption of an elastic model for the structure, and for the ground, it allows the adoption of linear elastic features characteristic of Winkler elastic ground. The main purpose of the work was to determine the overestimation of stress in the modelled building resulting from the use of a simplified, computational engineering approach.

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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Szojda
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kapusta
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Understanding the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of grabens rich in lignite is important in the context of the accumulation of ~40–650 m of peat, as well as the exploitation of later formed lignite seams with a thickness of ~20–250 m. Six such areas were selected for a detailed palaeotectonic analysis: the Gostyń, Szamotuły, Legnica, Zittau, Lubstów, and Kleszczów grabens. During the analysis, borehole data were used, taking into account the compaction of peat at the transition to lignite, in order to reconstruct the magnitude of the total subsidence. This made it possible to distinguish between regional (covering areas also outside the grabens) and local (occurring only in the grabens) tectonic movements, and among the latter, tectonic and compactional subsidence. The hypothetical palaeosurface of the mires was reconstructed based on the lignite decompaction. As a result, it was possible to determine whether the examined peat/lignite seams underwent post-depositional uplift and/or subsidence. Between one (Gostyń Graben) and four (Zittau Basin and Kleszczów Graben) stages of tectonic subsidence were distinguished in the studied lignite-bearing areas. In the case of the Zittau Basin, as well as the Lubstów and Kleszczów grabens, post-depositional stages of tectonic uplift were also indicated. Like the boundaries of lithostratigraphic units, the successive stages of the Cenozoic tectonic development of the examined grabens are diachronic.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Widera
1

  1. Institute of Geology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Krygowski 12, 61-680 Poznań, Poland
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Abstract

One of the most important and urgent problems is constructing roads in difficult soil conditions, ensuring their strength, reliability, and normal operation. To create an efficient and competitive transport infrastructure in Kazakhstan, the State Programme of Infrastructural Development “Nurly Zhol” for 2020–2025 was developed. Its main objectives are to improve the technological, scientific, and methodological base, provide resources, and to attract “Big Transit”. The paper presents the details of the survey carried out in one of road construction areas. Irrigation canals and periodic and permanent watercourses represent the hydrographic network of the construction site. The analysis of these features and field tests were included in the research. Stamp tests were performed to analyse mechanical properties of embankment soil to provide more reliable information on the mechanical properties of the soil. Structural and technological solutions were adopted based on the field tests and surveys of hydrological conditions. A numerical simulation was used to determine the stability of the road embankment, the results of which showed maximum deformations of 4.5 mm during the operation of road transport. Geosynthetic material was used to reinforce the subgrade. The results of the study have shown that the analysis of factors affecting the stability of engineering structures on difficult soil conditions helps to achieve some improvement.
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Authors and Affiliations

Assel Tulebekova
1
ORCID: ORCID
Askar Zhussupbekov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aizhan Zhankina
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aliya Aldungarova
2
ORCID: ORCID
Gulnaz Mamyrbekova
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Department of Civil Engineering, Satpayev St, 2, 010008 Astana, Kazakhstan
  2. D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University, School of Architecture, Construction and Energy, D. Serikbayev St, 19, 070004, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
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Abstract

In order to analyze the relationship between the configuration characteristics, variable mass permeability characteristics and the catastrophe mechanism of falling column process, The influence of the permeability was studied by diffraction instrument, And using the seepage test system of the fall column, The seepage instability process of variable mass broken rock mass is analyzed, The findings suggest that, The proportion of coarse particles accounted for 89.86%, Fine particles accounted for 10.14%, Broken rock particles is better, Low compression performance; The fall column, under strong hydrodynamic conditions, Due to its strong characteristics of migration and loss with water flow, It is easy to induce the subsidence column protrusion water disaster; As the ratio between coarse and fine aggregates increases, Porosity and permeability are both increased; When the axial displacement does not change, With the increasing circumference pressure, The permeability of the broken rock samples is decreasing; The fitting of the seepage velocity of the broken rock mass to the pore pressure gradient follows the Forchheimer relationship, The seepage of the broken rock mass belongs to the category of non-Darcy flow under the triaxial stress; The instability of the subsidence column fracture rock mass presents three seepage instability forms: initial seepage stage, seepage mutation stage and piping stage in different stages.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jie Suo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Qirong Qin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhenhua Li
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
  2. School of Energy Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
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Abstract

According to the requirements of green mine construction and the coordinated development of environmental protection regulations, the existing filling technologies in China are compared and analysed. Several types of technologies are discussed, including the dry filling technology for gangue, grouting and filling for separated strata zones in overburden, grouting and filling technology for caving gangue fissures, paste and paste-like filling, high-water and ultra-high-water filling, and continuous mining and continuous filling. Then, the characteristics of these individual technologies are analysed. Through the analysis and comparison of these technologies, considering the requirements of green mine construction and coordinated development of environmental protection regulations, it was found that continuous mining and continuous filling technology is a feasible mean for constructing green mines and protecting the environment. In this study, the application of continuous mining and continuous filling technology in the Yuxing coal mine is introduced. Results show that surface subsidence was less than 80 mm, and the recovery rate of the working face reached 95%. This indicates that continuous mining and continuous filling technology can solve the problems of surface subsidence, environmental damage, and coal resource waste. Finally, the development prospects of continuous mining and continuous filling technology are proposed, providing theoretical and technical support for similar mining.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Dongmei Huang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Daqian Xing
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Xikun Chang
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Yingying Zhu
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Chunjing Gao
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Shandong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laborat ory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  2. Shandong University of Science and Technology, College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Qingdao 266590, China
  3. Shandong University of Science and Technology, College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Qingdao 266590, China
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Abstract

The Semarang-Demak plain has experienced intense human intervention over the last 40 years, thereby causing land subsidence. This study aims to assess long-term conditions in the study area using the drivers-pressuresstate- impacts-response (DPSIR) framework to mitigate land subsidence. Methods include analysis of land subsidence, socioeconomic, surface, and subsurface data, as well as spatial analysis. Results show that rapid population growth and economic activities are major driving forces, manifesting as pressures exerted from overexploitation of groundwater, increasing building and infrastructure loads, and decreasing non-built areas. Groundwater overexploitation reduced the artesian pressure in the 1980s, forming depression cones of the groundwater level from 5 to 30 m below mean sea level. From 1984 to the present, the constructed areas have increased more than tenfold, with Semarang City possessing the most densely built area. Based on our findings, we propose responses consisting of surface water utilization, spatial building regulation, and rigorous groundwater and land subsidence monitoring. Moreover, we encourage the strengthening of law enforcement and inter-sectoral management to ensure the successful land subsidence mitigation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dwi Sarah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Asep Mulyono
2
ORCID: ORCID
Nugroho Aji Satriyo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eko Soebowo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Taufiq Wirabuana
3

  1. Research Centre for Geological Disaster, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gedung B.J Habibie, Jl. M.H. Thamrin no. 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
  2. Research Centre for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia
  3. Center for Groundwater and Environmental Geology, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Bandung, Indonesia
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Abstract

Coal is the main energy source in China, but its underground mining causes surface subsidence, which seriously damages the ecological and living environments. How to calculate subsidence accurately is a core issue in evaluating mining damage. At present, the most commonly used method of calculation is the Probability Integral Method (PIM), based on a normal distribution. However, this method has limitations in thick topsoil (thickness > 100 m), in that the extent of the calculated boundary of the subsidence basin is smaller than its real extent, and this has an undoubted impact on the accurate assessment of the extent of mining damage. Therefore, this paper introduces a calculation model for surface subsidence based on a Cauchy distribution for thick topsoil conditions. This not only improves the accuracy of calculation at the subsidence basin boundary, but also provides a universal method for the calculation of surface subsidence.

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Authors and Affiliations

Yue Jiang
Rafał Misa
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Tajduś
ORCID: ORCID
Anton Sroka
ORCID: ORCID
Yan Jiang
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Abstract

The article presents numerical analysis of a typical residential building in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, which was erected in the early twentieth century and was not protected against mining ground deformations. The greatest impact of ground deformation on buildings are ground horizontal strain ε and ground curvature K. Numerical calculations included the building and the ground to take into account the effect of soilstructure interaction. The structure of the analysed building was made of masonry with wooden ceiling and roof elements. The ground was implemented as a layer 3.0m below the foundations and 3.0 m outside the building's projection. Construction loads are divided into two stages – permanent and functional loads as well as ground mining deformation. The maximum convex curvature K+ and the horizontal strain of the substrate ε+ were achieved in the 8th load step. The results of the analyses were presented in the form of stress and deformation maps. The most important results are the magnitude of the main tensile stresses σmax, which could to create cracks in the structure may occur after exceeding the tensile strength ft of the material. The presented method can be used to the analysis of endangered building objects by mining ground deformations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Szojda
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kapusta
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Structural Engineering, ul. Akademicka 5,44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Kielce University of Technology, Department of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

Sublevel caving (SLC) mining method has several features that make it one of the preferred methods for ore extraction due to its high productivity and early access to ore recovery. However, there are some major challenges associated with the SLC method such as ground surface subsidence, high unplanned ore dilution, and the potential for air blast. To remedy these shortcomings, a recent approach has been to modify the SLC method by introducing rockfill into the void atop the production zone to provide continued support for the host rock and prevent it from caving. This paper discusses in detail the merits of the Modified SLC or MSLC. In comparison with other long-hole stoping methods that are predominantly practiced in metal mines, the MSLC method boasts several advantages. Early production achieved from the topmost level helps reduce the payback period. Productivity is enhanced due to multilevel mining without the use of sill pillars. The cost of backfilling is significantly reduced as there is no need for the construction of costly backfill plants. Continuous stoping is achieved without delays as mining and backfilling take place concurrently from separate mining horizons. A significant reduction in underground development costs is achieved as fewer slot raises and crosscuts are required for stope preparation. These merits of the Modified SLC method in steeply dipping orebodies are discussed by way of reference to real-life mine case studies. Dilution issues are addressed, and the benefits of top-down mining are explained. Typical mine design, ventilation, materials handling, and mining schedules are presented. Geomechanics issues associated with different in-situ stress environments are discussed and illustrated with simplified mine-wide 3D numerical modeling study.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kenneth K. Adams
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tuo Chen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Atsushi Sainoki
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hani S. Mitri
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. McGill University, Canada
  2. Kumamoto University, Japan
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Abstract

The design of new investments with underground floors in the downtown urban fabric calls for determining its impact on existing, often historic, neighboring facilities. The article presents the results of own research on 3D spatial arrangement numerical modeling of this type of investment. The scope of the research includes the analysis of neighboring buildings (including historic buildings), construction of the 3D numerical model, and calibration of the subsoil model taking into account the actual results of geodetic measurements. Own research as well as the completed housing development complex in Poland, downtown Warsaw, including data from project design and implementation documentation serve as the basis for research and analysis. As a result of said research and analysis, it was found that 3D computational models allow mapping of actual impacts within the designed new buildings and neighboring buildings, and as consequence - after appropriate calibration - a good reflection of soil displacements in the area of the planned investment. The knowledge of the anticipated values of soil displacements related to erecting new buildings is necessary at the design and implementation stages to ensure safety in all phases of works of existing buildings.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hanna Michalak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Przybysz
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, 55 Koszykowa St, 00-659 Warsaw, Poland

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