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Abstract

The impact of caulking of goafs after mining exploitation of a hard coal seam with caving is expressed as the change in value of a a exploitation coefficient which, as defined, is the quotient of the maximum reduction in the surface height of a complete or incomplete trough to the thickness of the exploited seam. The basis for determining the value of the exploitation coefficient was geological and mining data combined with the results of the measurement of subsidence on the surface – measuring line 1222-1301 – of the Ruda mine. There, mining was carried out between 2005 and 2019, with a transverse longwall system and the caulking of goafs. The research team used two methods to determine the impact of the caulking applied in the goafs on the value of the exploitation coefficient. In the first method the goafs are filled evenly along the whole longwall, and in the second method unevenly and on a quarterly basis. The determination of the values of the exploitation coefficients for selected measuring points was preceded by the determination of the parameters of the Knothe-Budryk theory, which was further developed by J. Białek. The obtained dependencies are linear and the values of the correlation coefficients fall between –0.684 and –0.702, which should be considered satisfactory in terms of experimental data. It is possible to reduce the value of the exploitation coefficient by caulking the goafs by about 18%, when filling the goafs to 0.26% of the height of the active longwall.
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Bibliography

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[2] J. Białek, Algorytmy i programy komputerowe do prognozowania deformacji terenu górniczego. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej 2003.
[3] Y. Jiang, R. Misa, K. Tajduś, A. Sroka, A new prediction model of surface subsidence with Cauchy distribution in the coal mine of thick topsoil condition. Archives of Mining Sciences 65 (1), 147-158 (2020), doi: 10.24425/132712
[4] S. Knothe, Prognozowanie wpływów eksploatacji górniczej. 1984 Wydawnictwo Śląsk, Katowice.
[5] A. Kowalski, Deformacje powierzchni terenu górniczego kopalń węgla kamiennego. 2020 Wydawnictwo Głównego Instytutu Górnictwa, Katowice.
[6] H . Kratzsch Bergschadenkunde, 2008 Deutscher Markscheider-Verein e.v., Bochum.
[7] M. Mazurkiewicz, Z. Piotrowski, Grawitacyjne podsadzanie płytkich zrobów zawiesiną popiołów lotnych w wodzie. Ochrona Terenów Górniczych 66, 6-8 (1984).
[8] M. Mazurkiewicz, Technologiczne i środowiskowe aspekty stosowania stałych odpadów przemysłowych do wypełniania pustek w kopalniach podziemnych. Zeszyty Naukowe AGH, Górnictwo nr 152, (1990).
[9] T. Niemiec, Porowatość zrobów a współczynnik eksploatacyjny. Sbornik referatu XVIII, Konference SDMG, 161- 167 (2011).
[10] W . Piecha, S. Szewczyk, T. Rutkowski, Ochrona powierzchni dzielnicy Wirek w świetle dokonanej i prowadzonej podziemnej eksploatacji górniczej. Przegląd Górniczy (2) 55-66, (2019).
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[13] P. Polanin, A. Kowalski, A. Walentek, Numerical simulation of subsidence caused by roadway system. Archives of Mining Sciences 64 (2), 385-397 (2019), doi: 10.24425/1286090
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Kowalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Białek
2
ORCID: ORCID
Tadeusz Rutkowski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Central Mining Institute, 1 Gwarków Sq., 40-166 Katowice, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, 2A Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  3. PGG S.A. KWK Ruda, Ruda Śląska, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents a methodology for determining the value of the expansion coefficient of a reconsolidated caving zone in the context of forecasting the rise in underground mine water levels and consequent surface subsidence caused by the process of flooding the closed coal mines. The paper also provides a brief characterisation of analytical predictive models regarding surface subsidence during the process of flooding coal mines. In order to describe the vertical deformation of the reconsolidated porous rock mass in the caving zone, a linear-elastic medium of Biot was utilised. The conducted theoretical calculations demonstrate a high agreement with the results obtained through the identification of the expansion coefficient parameter based on the analysis of in-situ subsidence measurements in Dutch and German mining areas. The proposed methodology was applied to a real case study involving the forecasting of the impact of the flooding process on the underground workings of the German Ibbenbüren mine. The article constitutes a significant contribution to the field of forecasting the rise in underground mine water levels and surface subsidence during the process of flooding closed coal mines. The presented methodology and obtained results can be valuable for researchers, engineers, and decision-makers involved in the planning and management of mining areas.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Misa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Dudek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anton Sroka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Tajduś
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dawid Mrocheń
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Strata Mechanics Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Krakow, Poland
  2. AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The main problem of tunnelling with use of TBM in highly dense urban areas is to assign the range of subsiding trough and the impact of tunnelling works on existing buildings and underground or road infrastructure. The paper presents the results of settlements calculations over twin tube metro tunnel using analytical, empirical methods. The tunnel external diameter is 6,5 m ; the overburden vary from 5 m to 8 m ; the distance between tunnel axis is 14 m. Because of quaternary soils and high water table level the TBM type EBP was chosen as the method of tunnel construction. At the length of 502 m of tunnel the monitoring system was carried out in 22 cross sections. The results of settlements monitoring were compared with the values of analytical calculations.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Siemińska-Lewandowska
R. Kuszyk
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Abstract

The impact of TBM EPB tunnelling was assessed with respect to the observed values of settlements as the results of extensive monitoring system of the subsoil and ground surface. The aim of the analysis using empirical methods was to determine the real scale of impact and to determine the formula for the asymmetric subsidence trough observed during the passage of two TBMs in quaternary cohesive soils. Based on field measurements, authors propose the polynomial formulation for the depth and shape of the asymmetric subsidence trough prediction over twin tube TBM tunnel.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Kuszyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Siemińska-Lewandowska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Ph.D., Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Prof., DSc., PhD., Eng., Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Rehabilitation treatments applied to a local road prone to terrain subsidence from mining excavation should be designed considering cost-efficient and effective reinforcement solutions. In the analysed case, a glass-fibre mesh was applied under asphalt concrete layers in 2008, in one lane while another was left without the reinforcement. The main objective of this paper was to investigate the effectiveness of reinforcement by analysing the amount of produced on the pavement and the influence on pavement deflection. It was found that the reinforcement retracted the number of cracks, however, did not affect the bearing capacity. The influence of the applied geosynthetic was manifested in the values of the radius of curvature. The overall technical state of the road requires immediate treatment and the applied reinforcement proved obsolete because in this particular case of road located in the mining active terrain the glass fiber mesh did not prolong the life of the pavement.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Kałuża
Mirosław Kotasiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joanna Bzówka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Underground mining extraction causes the displacement and changes of stress fields in the surrounding rock mass. The determination of the changes is extremely important when the mining activity takes place in the proximity of post-flotation tailing ponds, which may affect the stability of the tailing dams. The deterministic modeling based on principles of continuum mechanics with the use of numerical methods, e.g. finite element method (FEM) should be used in all problems of predicting rock mass displacements and changes of stress field, particularly in cases of complex geology and complex mining methods. The accuracy of FEM solutions depends mainly on the quality of geomechanical parameters of the geological strata. The parameters, e.g. young modulus of elasticity, may require verification through a comparison with measured surface deformations using geodetic methods. This paper presents application of FEM in predicting effects of underground mining on the surface displacements in the area of the KGHM safety pillar of the tailing pond of the OUOW Żelazny Most. The area has been affected by room and pillar mining with roof bending in the years 2008-2016 and will be further exposed to room-and-pillar extraction with hydraulic filling in the years 2017–2019.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Warchała
Anna Szostak-Chrzanowski
Paweł Stefanek
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Abstract

The rim of a post-exploitation basin is a particularly dangerous zone for buildings. This is due to the impact of mining on the nearby buildings, which persists even after exploitation activities are finished. The rim of the basin remains constantly deformed. This paper presents numerical analyses of buildings located in Marklowice (Silesian Voivodeship, Poland). They are located in an area that was exploited for mining, above the initial exploitation edge on the rim of the basin. The area of the analysed buildings was geodetically monitored during mining works. The results of the measurements allowed the observation of changes in terrain deformation indicators, together with the determination of the settlement’s final values after the operation was completed. Knowledge of the results enabled the preparation of numerical analyses of buildings with the use of the finite element method (FEM), the purpose of which was to determine the residual stresses in the structures after the end of the exploitation. The results are presented in the form of stress maps, which show changes in the internal forces in buildings left by mining operations. Specific examples are used. Two residential two-storey buildings were analysed; they were built using traditional brick methods, with a single-storey outbuilding. All of the analysed buildings are located in the mining commencement zone, in which the deformation of the surface has not faded away.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Szojda
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kapusta
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Structural Engineering, Akademicka 5,44-100, Gliwice, Poland
  2. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Geomatics and Renewable Energy, 7 Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego Av., 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

This article presents a comparison of the real amount of structural bending of a traditional residential building on curved mining ground with the bending results from an elastic model of the system: building + ground. Thanks to surveying measurements conducted during the exploitation front, the relationship between the curvature of the building and the curvature of the area in its direct vicinity was determined. The measurement work lasted one and a half years. Observation results collected in nature verify the deformation results of the modelled structure in the approach proposed by the guidelines for designing buildings in mining areas in Poland. Building Research Institute Instructions, Guidelines, Guidance 416 (2006) allows the adoption of an elastic model for the structure, and for the ground, it allows the adoption of linear elastic features characteristic of Winkler elastic ground. The main purpose of the work was to determine the overestimation of stress in the modelled building resulting from the use of a simplified, computational engineering approach.

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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Szojda
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kapusta
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

In order to analyze the relationship between the configuration characteristics, variable mass permeability characteristics and the catastrophe mechanism of falling column process, The influence of the permeability was studied by diffraction instrument, And using the seepage test system of the fall column, The seepage instability process of variable mass broken rock mass is analyzed, The findings suggest that, The proportion of coarse particles accounted for 89.86%, Fine particles accounted for 10.14%, Broken rock particles is better, Low compression performance; The fall column, under strong hydrodynamic conditions, Due to its strong characteristics of migration and loss with water flow, It is easy to induce the subsidence column protrusion water disaster; As the ratio between coarse and fine aggregates increases, Porosity and permeability are both increased; When the axial displacement does not change, With the increasing circumference pressure, The permeability of the broken rock samples is decreasing; The fitting of the seepage velocity of the broken rock mass to the pore pressure gradient follows the Forchheimer relationship, The seepage of the broken rock mass belongs to the category of non-Darcy flow under the triaxial stress; The instability of the subsidence column fracture rock mass presents three seepage instability forms: initial seepage stage, seepage mutation stage and piping stage in different stages.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jie Suo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Qirong Qin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhenhua Li
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
  2. School of Energy Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
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Abstract

Understanding the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of grabens rich in lignite is important in the context of the accumulation of ~40–650 m of peat, as well as the exploitation of later formed lignite seams with a thickness of ~20–250 m. Six such areas were selected for a detailed palaeotectonic analysis: the Gostyń, Szamotuły, Legnica, Zittau, Lubstów, and Kleszczów grabens. During the analysis, borehole data were used, taking into account the compaction of peat at the transition to lignite, in order to reconstruct the magnitude of the total subsidence. This made it possible to distinguish between regional (covering areas also outside the grabens) and local (occurring only in the grabens) tectonic movements, and among the latter, tectonic and compactional subsidence. The hypothetical palaeosurface of the mires was reconstructed based on the lignite decompaction. As a result, it was possible to determine whether the examined peat/lignite seams underwent post-depositional uplift and/or subsidence. Between one (Gostyń Graben) and four (Zittau Basin and Kleszczów Graben) stages of tectonic subsidence were distinguished in the studied lignite-bearing areas. In the case of the Zittau Basin, as well as the Lubstów and Kleszczów grabens, post-depositional stages of tectonic uplift were also indicated. Like the boundaries of lithostratigraphic units, the successive stages of the Cenozoic tectonic development of the examined grabens are diachronic.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Widera
1

  1. Institute of Geology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Krygowski 12, 61-680 Poznań, Poland
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Abstract

In order to study the sensitivity of multiple karst cave factors on surface settlement during Tunnel Boring Machine(referred to TBM hereinafter) tunnelling, a three-dimensional numerical model is built by taking a subway project as an example and combining MIDAS GTS NX finite element software. Secondly, the influence of the radius, height, angle, vertical net distance, and horizontal distance of the karst cave on the maximum surface settlement is studied and sorted under the two working conditions of treatment and untreated using the grey correlation analysis method. Additionally, a multi-factor numerical model of the untreated karst cave is established. Finally, based on the preceding research, a multi-factor prediction model for the maximum surface settlement is proposed and tested. The results reveal that when the karst cave is not treated, the radius and height of the karst cave have a significant effect on the maximum surface settlement. After the cave treatment, the influence of the cave parameters on the maximum settlement of the surface is greatly reduced. The calculating modelcreated in this study offers excellent prediction accuracy and good adaptability.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bichang Dong
Tao Yang
ORCID: ORCID
Binbin JU
Zhongying QU
Chao Yi
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Abstract

One of the most important and urgent problems is constructing roads in difficult soil conditions, ensuring their strength, reliability, and normal operation. To create an efficient and competitive transport infrastructure in Kazakhstan, the State Programme of Infrastructural Development “Nurly Zhol” for 2020–2025 was developed. Its main objectives are to improve the technological, scientific, and methodological base, provide resources, and to attract “Big Transit”. The paper presents the details of the survey carried out in one of road construction areas. Irrigation canals and periodic and permanent watercourses represent the hydrographic network of the construction site. The analysis of these features and field tests were included in the research. Stamp tests were performed to analyse mechanical properties of embankment soil to provide more reliable information on the mechanical properties of the soil. Structural and technological solutions were adopted based on the field tests and surveys of hydrological conditions. A numerical simulation was used to determine the stability of the road embankment, the results of which showed maximum deformations of 4.5 mm during the operation of road transport. Geosynthetic material was used to reinforce the subgrade. The results of the study have shown that the analysis of factors affecting the stability of engineering structures on difficult soil conditions helps to achieve some improvement.
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Authors and Affiliations

Assel Tulebekova
1
ORCID: ORCID
Askar Zhussupbekov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aizhan Zhankina
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aliya Aldungarova
2
ORCID: ORCID
Gulnaz Mamyrbekova
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Department of Civil Engineering, Satpayev St, 2, 010008 Astana, Kazakhstan
  2. D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University, School of Architecture, Construction and Energy, D. Serikbayev St, 19, 070004, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
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Abstract

According to the requirements of green mine construction and the coordinated development of environmental protection regulations, the existing filling technologies in China are compared and analysed. Several types of technologies are discussed, including the dry filling technology for gangue, grouting and filling for separated strata zones in overburden, grouting and filling technology for caving gangue fissures, paste and paste-like filling, high-water and ultra-high-water filling, and continuous mining and continuous filling. Then, the characteristics of these individual technologies are analysed. Through the analysis and comparison of these technologies, considering the requirements of green mine construction and coordinated development of environmental protection regulations, it was found that continuous mining and continuous filling technology is a feasible mean for constructing green mines and protecting the environment. In this study, the application of continuous mining and continuous filling technology in the Yuxing coal mine is introduced. Results show that surface subsidence was less than 80 mm, and the recovery rate of the working face reached 95%. This indicates that continuous mining and continuous filling technology can solve the problems of surface subsidence, environmental damage, and coal resource waste. Finally, the development prospects of continuous mining and continuous filling technology are proposed, providing theoretical and technical support for similar mining.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dongmei Huang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Daqian Xing
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Xikun Chang
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Yingying Zhu
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Chunjing Gao
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Shandong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laborat ory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  2. Shandong University of Science and Technology, College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Qingdao 266590, China
  3. Shandong University of Science and Technology, College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Qingdao 266590, China
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Abstract

The Semarang-Demak plain has experienced intense human intervention over the last 40 years, thereby causing land subsidence. This study aims to assess long-term conditions in the study area using the drivers-pressuresstate- impacts-response (DPSIR) framework to mitigate land subsidence. Methods include analysis of land subsidence, socioeconomic, surface, and subsurface data, as well as spatial analysis. Results show that rapid population growth and economic activities are major driving forces, manifesting as pressures exerted from overexploitation of groundwater, increasing building and infrastructure loads, and decreasing non-built areas. Groundwater overexploitation reduced the artesian pressure in the 1980s, forming depression cones of the groundwater level from 5 to 30 m below mean sea level. From 1984 to the present, the constructed areas have increased more than tenfold, with Semarang City possessing the most densely built area. Based on our findings, we propose responses consisting of surface water utilization, spatial building regulation, and rigorous groundwater and land subsidence monitoring. Moreover, we encourage the strengthening of law enforcement and inter-sectoral management to ensure the successful land subsidence mitigation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dwi Sarah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Asep Mulyono
2
ORCID: ORCID
Nugroho Aji Satriyo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eko Soebowo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Taufiq Wirabuana
3

  1. Research Centre for Geological Disaster, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gedung B.J Habibie, Jl. M.H. Thamrin no. 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
  2. Research Centre for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia
  3. Center for Groundwater and Environmental Geology, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Bandung, Indonesia
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Abstract

The article presents numerical analysis of a typical residential building in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, which was erected in the early twentieth century and was not protected against mining ground deformations. The greatest impact of ground deformation on buildings are ground horizontal strain ε and ground curvature K. Numerical calculations included the building and the ground to take into account the effect of soilstructure interaction. The structure of the analysed building was made of masonry with wooden ceiling and roof elements. The ground was implemented as a layer 3.0m below the foundations and 3.0 m outside the building's projection. Construction loads are divided into two stages – permanent and functional loads as well as ground mining deformation. The maximum convex curvature K+ and the horizontal strain of the substrate ε+ were achieved in the 8th load step. The results of the analyses were presented in the form of stress and deformation maps. The most important results are the magnitude of the main tensile stresses σmax, which could to create cracks in the structure may occur after exceeding the tensile strength ft of the material. The presented method can be used to the analysis of endangered building objects by mining ground deformations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Szojda
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kapusta
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Structural Engineering, ul. Akademicka 5,44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Kielce University of Technology, Department of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

Coal is the main energy source in China, but its underground mining causes surface subsidence, which seriously damages the ecological and living environments. How to calculate subsidence accurately is a core issue in evaluating mining damage. At present, the most commonly used method of calculation is the Probability Integral Method (PIM), based on a normal distribution. However, this method has limitations in thick topsoil (thickness > 100 m), in that the extent of the calculated boundary of the subsidence basin is smaller than its real extent, and this has an undoubted impact on the accurate assessment of the extent of mining damage. Therefore, this paper introduces a calculation model for surface subsidence based on a Cauchy distribution for thick topsoil conditions. This not only improves the accuracy of calculation at the subsidence basin boundary, but also provides a universal method for the calculation of surface subsidence.

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Authors and Affiliations

Yue Jiang
Rafał Misa
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Tajduś
ORCID: ORCID
Anton Sroka
ORCID: ORCID
Yan Jiang
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Abstract

Sublevel caving (SLC) mining method has several features that make it one of the preferred methods for ore extraction due to its high productivity and early access to ore recovery. However, there are some major challenges associated with the SLC method such as ground surface subsidence, high unplanned ore dilution, and the potential for air blast. To remedy these shortcomings, a recent approach has been to modify the SLC method by introducing rockfill into the void atop the production zone to provide continued support for the host rock and prevent it from caving. This paper discusses in detail the merits of the Modified SLC or MSLC. In comparison with other long-hole stoping methods that are predominantly practiced in metal mines, the MSLC method boasts several advantages. Early production achieved from the topmost level helps reduce the payback period. Productivity is enhanced due to multilevel mining without the use of sill pillars. The cost of backfilling is significantly reduced as there is no need for the construction of costly backfill plants. Continuous stoping is achieved without delays as mining and backfilling take place concurrently from separate mining horizons. A significant reduction in underground development costs is achieved as fewer slot raises and crosscuts are required for stope preparation. These merits of the Modified SLC method in steeply dipping orebodies are discussed by way of reference to real-life mine case studies. Dilution issues are addressed, and the benefits of top-down mining are explained. Typical mine design, ventilation, materials handling, and mining schedules are presented. Geomechanics issues associated with different in-situ stress environments are discussed and illustrated with simplified mine-wide 3D numerical modeling study.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kenneth K. Adams
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tuo Chen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Atsushi Sainoki
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hani S. Mitri
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. McGill University, Canada
  2. Kumamoto University, Japan
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Abstract

The design of new investments with underground floors in the downtown urban fabric calls for determining its impact on existing, often historic, neighboring facilities. The article presents the results of own research on 3D spatial arrangement numerical modeling of this type of investment. The scope of the research includes the analysis of neighboring buildings (including historic buildings), construction of the 3D numerical model, and calibration of the subsoil model taking into account the actual results of geodetic measurements. Own research as well as the completed housing development complex in Poland, downtown Warsaw, including data from project design and implementation documentation serve as the basis for research and analysis. As a result of said research and analysis, it was found that 3D computational models allow mapping of actual impacts within the designed new buildings and neighboring buildings, and as consequence - after appropriate calibration - a good reflection of soil displacements in the area of the planned investment. The knowledge of the anticipated values of soil displacements related to erecting new buildings is necessary at the design and implementation stages to ensure safety in all phases of works of existing buildings.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hanna Michalak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Przybysz
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, 55 Koszykowa St, 00-659 Warsaw, Poland

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