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Abstract

To reduce the recoil and improve the stability of small arms, a muzzle brake compensator is attached to the muzzle of the barrel. This device uses the kinetic energy of the powder gas escaping from the bore after the bullet is fired. In this paper, the authors present the determination of the thermo-gas-dynamic model of the operation of a muzzle brake compensator and an example of calculating this type of muzzle device for the AK assault rifle using 7.62x39 mm ammunition. The results of the calculation allowed for obtaining the parameters of the powder gas flow in the process of flowing out of the muzzle device, as well as the change in the momentum of the powder gas's impact on the muzzle device. The model proposed in the article provides the basis for a quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of using the muzzle device in stabilizing infantry weapons when firing.
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Bibliography

[1] V.V. Alferov. Design and Calculation of Automatic Weapons. Moscow, Mechanical Engineering, 1977 (in Russian).
[2] M. Stiavnicky and P. Lisy. Influence of barrel vibration on the barrel muzzle position at the moment when bullet exits barrel. Advances in Military Technology, 8(1):89–102, 2013.
[3] D.M. Hung. Study on the dynamics of the AGS-17 30mm grenade launcher and the effect of some structural factors on gun stability when fired. PhD Thesis, Military Technical Academy, Hanoi, 2016 (in Vietnamese).
[4] J. Balla. Contribution to determining of load generated by shooting from automatic weapons. International Conference on Military Technologies (ICMT), pages 1–6, Brno, Czech Republic, 30-31 May 2019. doi: 10.1109/MILTECHS.2019.8870116.
[5] V.B. Vo, J. Balla, H.M. Dao, H.T. Truong, D.V. Nguyen, and T.V. Tran. Firing stability of automatic grenade launcher mounted on tripod. International Conference on Military Technologies (ICMT), pages 1–8, Brno, Czech Republic, August 2021. doi: 10.1109/ICMT52455.2021.9502836.
[6] M. Macko, B.V. Vo, and Q.A. Mai. Dynamics of short recoil-operated weapon. Problems of Mechatronics. Armament, Aviation, Safety Engineering, 12(3):9–26, 2021. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.2432.
[7] N.T. Dung, N.V. Dung, T.V. Phuc, and D.D. Linh. biomechanical analysis of the shooter-weapon system oscillation. International Conference on Military Technologies (ICMT), Brno, Czech Republic, pages 48–53, 2017. doi: 10.1109/MILTECHS.2017.7988729.
[8] V.B. Vo, M. Macko, and H.M. Dao. Experimental study of automatic weapon vibrations when burst firing. Problems of Mechatronics. Armament, Aviation, Safety Engineering, 12(4):9–28, 2012. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.5984.
[9] T.D. Van, T.L. Minh, D.N. Thai, D.T. Cong, and P.V. Minh. The application of the design of the experiment to investigate the stability of special equipment. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2022: 8562602, 2022. doi: 10.1155/2022/8562602.
[10] Instructions on shooting. Gun shooting basics. 7.62 mm Modernized Kalashnikov assault rifle (AKM and AKMS), 7.62 mm Kalashnikov light machine gun (RPK and RPKS), 7.62 mm Kalashnikov machine gun (PK, PKS, PKB and PKT), 9 mm Makarov pistol. Hand grenades. Military Publishing House of the USSR Ministry of Defense, 1973 (in Russian).
[11] D.N. Zhukov, V.V. Chernov, and M.V. Zharkov. Development of an algorithm for calculating muzzle devices in the CFD package, Fundamentals of ballistic design. All-Russian Scientific and Technical Conference, St. Petersburg, pages 126-129, 2012. (in Russian).
[12] R. Cayzac, E. Carette, and T. Alziary de Roquefort. 3D unsteady intermediate ballistics modelling: Muzzle brake and sabot separation, In Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Ballistics, New Orleans, LA, USA, pages 423–430, 2008.
[13] J.S. Li, M. Qiu, Z.Q. Liao, D.P. Xian, and J. Song. Dynamic modeling and simulation of Gatling gun with muzzle assistant-rotating and recoil absorber. Acta Armamentarii, 35(9):1344–1349, 2014. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2014.09.003.
[14] N.A. Konovalov, O.V. Pilipenko, Yu.A. Kvasha, G.A. Polyakov, A.D. Skorik, and V.I. Kovalenko. On thermo-gas-dynamic processes in devices for reducing the sound level of a small arms shot. Technical Mechanics, pp. 69-81, 2011 (in Russian).
[15] E.N. Patrikov. Mathematical modeling of the functioning process of service weapons in the mode of non-lethal action. Technical Sciences, News of TulGU, pp. 33-39, 2012 (in Russian).
[16] X.Y. Zhao, K.D. Zhou, L. He, Y. Lu, J. Wang, and Q. Zheng. Numerical simulation and experiment on impulse noise in a small caliber rifle with muzzle brake. Shock and Vibration, 2019: 5938034, 2019. doi: 10.1155/2019/5938034.
[17] P.F. Li and X.B. Zhang. Numerical research on adverse effect of muzzle flow formed by muzzle brake considering secondary combustion. Defence Technology, 17(4):1178–1189, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2020.06.019.
[18] H.H. Zhang, Z.H. Chen, X.H. Jiang, and H.Zh. Li. Investigations on the exterior flow field and the efficiency of the muzzle brake. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 27: 95–101, 2013. doi: 10.1007/s12206-012-1223-8.
[19] I. Semenov, P. Utkin, I. Akhmedyanov, I. Menshov, and P. Pasynkov. Numerical investigation of near-muzzle blast levels for perforated muzzle brake using high performance computing. International Conference "Parallel and Distributed Computing Systems" PDCS 2013, pages 281–289, Ukraine, Kharkiv, March 13-14, 2013. (in Russian).
[20] S.Q. Uong. Investigating the effect of gas compensator combined with brake device on the stability of automatic hand-held weapons when firing in series by experiment. Military Technical and Technological Science Research, 23:80–83, 2008. (in Vietnamese).
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[22] Theory and Calculation of Automatic Weapons. V.M. Kirillov (editor). Penza: PVAIU, 1973. (in Russian).
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[24] Yu.P. Platonov. Thermo-gas-dynamics of Automatic Weapons. Mechanical Engineering, USSR, 2009. (in Russian).
[25] M.I. Gurevich. Theory of Jets of an Ideal Fluid. Fizmatgiz, USSR, 1961. (in Russian).
[26] Guiding Technical Material, Small Arms, Methods of Thermo-Gas-Dynamic Calculations. RTM-611-74, 1975. (in Russian).
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Authors and Affiliations

Dung Van Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Viet Quy Bui
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dung Thai Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Quyen Si Uong
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hieu Tu Truong
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Special Equipment, Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Abstract

This study investigates the use of a thermopressor to achieve highly dispersed liquid atomization, with a primary focus on its application in enhancing contact cooling systems of the cyclic air for gas turbines. The use of a thermopressor results in a substantial reduction in the average droplet diameter, specifically to less than 25 μm, within the dispersed flow. Due to practically instantaneous evaporation of highly atomized liquid droplets in accelerated superheated air the pressure drop is reduced to minimum. A further increase of the air pressure takes place in diffuser. In its turn, this allows for the compensation of hydraulic pressure losses in the air path, thereby reducing compressive work. Experimental data uncover a significant decrease in the average droplet diameter, with reductions ranging from 20 to 30 µm within the thermopressor due to increased flow turbulence and intense evaporation. The minimum achievable droplet diameter is as low as 15 µm and accompanied by a notable increase in the fraction of small droplets (less than 25 µm) to 40–60%. Furthermore, the droplet distribution becomes more uniform, with the absence of large droplets exceeding 70 µm in diameter. Increasing the water flow during injection has a positive impact on the number of smaller droplets, particularly those around 25 μm, which is advantageous for contact cooling. The use of the thermopressor method for cooling cyclic air provides maximum protection to blade surfaces against drop-impact erosion, primarily due to the larger number of droplets with diameters below 25 μm. These findings underline the potential of a properly configured thermopressor to improve the efficiency of contact cooling systems in gas turbines, resulting in improved performance and reliability in power generation applications. The hydrodynamic principles explored in this study may have wide applications in marine and stationary power plants based on gas and steam turbines, gas and internal combustion engines.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dmytro Konovalov
1
Halina Kobalava
2
Mykola Radchenko
3
Terese Løvås
1
Anatoliy Pavlenko
4
ORCID: ORCID
Roman Radchenko
3
Andrii Radchenko
3

  1. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Kolbjørn Hejes vei 1a, Trøndelag, Trondheim, 7034, Norway
  2. Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding, Avenue Ushakov 44, Kherson, 73003, Ukraine
  3. Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding, Machine Building Institute, Avenue 9, 54025 Mykolayiv, Ukraine
  4. Kielce University of Technology, Aleja Tysiaclecia Panstwa Polskiego 7, Kielce, 25-314, Poland

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