Search results

Filters

  • Journals
  • Authors
  • Keywords
  • Date
  • Type

Search results

Number of results: 4
items per page: 25 50 75
Sort by:
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The resistance parameters of timber structures decrease with time. It depends on the type of load and timber classes. Strength reduction effects, referred to as creep-rupture effects, due to long term loading at high stress ratio levels are known for many materials. Timber materials are highly affected by this reduction in strength with duration of load. Characteristic values of load duration and load duration factors are calibrated by means of using probabilistic methods. Three damage accumulation models are considered, that is Gerhard [1] model, Barret, Foschi[2] and Foshi Yao [3] models. The reliability is estimated by means of using representative short- and long-term limit states. Time variant reliability aspects are taken into account using a simple representative limit state with time variant strength and simulation of whole life time load processes. The parameters in these models are fitted by the Maximum Likelihood Methods using the data relevant for Polish structural timber. Based on Polish snow data over 45 years from mountain zone in: Zakopane – Tatra, Świeradów – Karkonosze, Lesko – Bieszczady, the snow load process parameters have been estimated. The reliability is evaluated using representative short – and long –term limit states, load duration factor kmod is obtained using the probabilistic model.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

T. Domański
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This paper presents the results of the static work analysis of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beams strengthened with carbon fabric sheets (CFRP). Tested specimens were 45mm wide, 100 mm high, and 1700 mm long. Two types of strengthening arrangements were assumed as follows: 1. One layer of sheet bonded to the bottom face; 2. U-shape half-wrapped reinforcement; both sides wrapped to half of the height of the cross-section. The reinforcement ratios were 0.22% and 0.72%, respectively. In both cases, the FRP reinforcement was bonded along the entire span of the element by means of epoxy resin. The reinforcement of the elements resulted in an increase in the bending strength by 30% and 35%, respectively, as well as an increase in the global modulus of elasticity in bending greater than 20% for both configurations (in comparison to the reference elements).

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M. Bakalarz
P.G. Kossakowski
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents the results of experimental tests on the reinforcement of bent laminated veneer lumber beams with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips glued to the bottom of elements. CFRP strips (1.4×43×2800 mm) were glued to the beams by means of epoxy resin. The tests were performed on full-size components with nominal dimensions of 45×200×3400 mm. Static bending tests were performed in a static scheme of the so-called four-point bending. The increase in the load bearing capacity of the reinforced elements (maximum bending moment and loading force) was 38% when compared to reference beams. A similar increase was noted in relation to the deflection of the elements at maximum loading force. For the global stiffness coefficient in bending, the increase for reinforced beams was 21%. There was a change in the way elements were destroyed from brittle, sudden destruction for reference beams resulting from the exhaustion of tensile strength to more ductile destruction initiated in the compressive zone for reinforced beams. The presented method can be applied to existing structures.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] A. Borri, M. Corradi, “Strengthening of timber beams with high strength steel cords”, Composites: Part B, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1480–1491, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.04.051
[2] A. Borri, M. Corradi, A. Grazini, “A method for flexural reinforcement of old wood beams with CFRP materials”, Composites: Part B, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 143–153, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2004.04.013
[3] A. D’Ambrisi, F. Focacci, R. Luciano, “Experimental investigation on flexural behavior of timber beams repaired with CFRP plates”, Composite Structures, vol. 108, pp. 720–728, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.10.005
[4] A. De Jesus, J. Pinto, J. Morais, “Analysis of solid wood beams strengthened with CFRP laminates of distinct lengths”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 35, pp. 817–828, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.124
[5] B. Anshari, Z.W. Guan, A. Kitamori, K. Jung, K. Komatsu, “Structural behaviour of glued laminated timber beams pre-stressed by compressed wood”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 29, pp. 24–32, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.002
[6] E.R. Thorhallsson, G.I. Hinriksson, J.T. Snæbj€ornsson, “Strength and stiffness of glulam beams reinforced with glass and basalt fibres”, Composites: Part B, vol. 115, pp. 300–307, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.074
[7] F.H. Theakston, “A feasibility study for strengthening timber beams with fiberglass”, Canadian agricultural engineering, 1965, pp. 17-19.
[8] G.M. Raftery, A.M. Harte, “Low-grade glued laminated timber reinforced with FRP plate”, Composites: Part B, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 724–735, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.01.029
[9] G.M. Raftery, F. Kelly, “Basalt FRP rods for reinforcement and repair of timber”, Composites: Part B, vol. 70, pp. 9–19, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.10.036
[10] H. Gezer, B. Aydemir, “The effect of the wrapped carbon fiber reinforced polymer material on fir and pine woods”, Materials and Design, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 3564–3567, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.02.031
[11] H. Yang, D. Ju, W. Liu, W. Lu, “Prestressed glulam beams reinforced with CFRP bars”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 109, pp. 73–83, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.008
[12] H. Yang, W. Liu, W. Lu, S. Zhu, Q. Geng, “Flexural behavior of FRP and steel reinforced glulam beams, Experimental and theoretical evaluation”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 106, pp. 550–563, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.135
[13] I. Glišović, B. Stevanović, M. Todorović, T. Stevanović, “Glulam beams externally reinforced with CFRP plates”, Wood research, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 141–154, 2016.
[14] J.A. Balmori, L.A. Basterra, L. Acuña, “Internal GFRP Reinforcement of Low-Grade Maritime Pine Duo Timber Beams”, Materials, vol. 13, no. 3, 571, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030571
[15] J. Soriano, B.P. Pellis, N.T. Mascia, “Mechanical performance of glued-laminated timber beams symmetrically reinforced with steel bars”, Composite Structures, vol. 150, pp. 200–207, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.05.016
[16] K. Andor, A. Lengyel, R. Polgár, T. Fodor, Z. Karácsonyi, “Experimental and statistical analysis of spruce timber beams reinforced with CFRP fabric”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 99, pp. 200–207, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.026
[17] L.A. Basterra, J.A. Balmori, L. Morillas, L. Acuña, M. Casado, “Internal reinforcement of laminated duo beams of low-grade timber with GFRP sheets”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 154, pp. 914–920, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.007
[18] L. Rudziński, “Konstrukcje drewniane. Naprawy, wzmocnienia, przykłady obliczeń”, Skrypt Politechniki Świętokrzyskiej, Kielce, 2010.
[19] L. Ye, B. Wang, P. Shao, “Experimental and Numerical Analysis of a Reinforced Wood Lap Joint”, Materials, vol. 13, no. 18, 4117, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184117
[20] M. Bakalarz, P. Kossakowski, “Mechanical Properties of Laminated Veneer Lumber Beams Strengthened with CFRP Sheets”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 57–66, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0018
[21] M. Bakalarz, P. Kossakowski, “The flexural capacity of laminated veneer lumber beams strengthened with AFRP and GFRP sheets”, Technical Transactions, vol. 2, pp. 85–95, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.19.023.10159
[22] M.M. Bakalarz, P.G. Kossakowski, P. Tworzewski, “Strengthening of Bent LVL Beams with Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) FRP Reinforcement”, Materials, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 1–12, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102350
[23] M. Corradi, A. Borri, “Fir and chestnut timber beams reinforced with GFRP pultruded elements”, Composites: Part B, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 172–181, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.07.003
[24] M. Dudziak, I. Malujda, K. Talaśka, T. Łodygowski, W. Sumelka, “Analysis of the process of wood plasticization by hot rolling”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 503–516, 2016. https://doi.org/10.15632/jtam-pl.54.2.503
[25] M. Fossetti, G. Minafò, M. Papia, “Flexural behaviour of glulam timber beams reinforced with FRP cords”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 95, pp. 54-64, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.116
[26] P. De La Rosa, A. Cobo, M.N. González García, “Bending reinforcement of timber beams with composite carbon fiber and basalt fiber materials”, Composites: Part B, vol. 55, pp. 528–536, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.07.016
[27] P. De La Rosa García, A.C. Escamilla, M.N. González García, “Analysis of the flexural stiffness of timber beams reinforced with carbon and basalt composite materials”, Composites: Part B, vol. 86, pp. 152–159, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.10.003
[28] P.G. Kossakowski, “Influence of anisotropy on the energy release rate GI for highly orthotropic materials”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 739–752, 2007.
[29] PN-EN 14374:2005 Timber Structures. Structural Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL). Requirements, Polish Standards Committee: Warsaw, Poland, 2005.
[30] PN-EN 1995-1-1:2010 Eurocode 5, Design of timber structures. Part 1-1: General. Common rules and rules for buildings, Polish Standards Committee: Warsaw, Poland, 2010.
[31] PN-EN 408+A1:2012 Timber Structures. Structural Timber and Glued Laminated Timber. Determination of Some Physical and Mechanical Properties, Polish Standards Committee: Warsaw, Poland, 2012.
[32] PN-EN 527-1:2012 Plastics. Determination of tensile properties. Part 1: General principles, Polish Standards Committee: Warsaw, Poland, 2013.
[33] PN-EN 527-5:2010 Plastics. Determination of tensile properties. Part 5: Test conditions for unidirectional fibre-reinforced plastic composites, Polish Standards Committee: Warsaw, Poland, 2010.
[34] T.P. Nowak, J. Jasieńko, D. Czepiżak, “Experimental tests and numerical analysis of historic bent timber elements reinforced with CFRP strips”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 40, pp. 197–206, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.106
[35] V. De Luca, C. Marano, “Prestressed glulam timbers reinforced with steel bars”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 30, pp. 206–217, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.016
[36] Y. Nadir, P. Nagarajan, M. Ameen, M. Arif M, “Flexural stiffness and strength enhancement of horizontally glued laminated wood beams with GFRP and CFRP composite sheets”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 112, pp. 547–555, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.133
[37] Y.-F. Li, M.-J. Tsai, T.-F. Wei, W.-C. Wang, “A study on wood beams strengthened by FRP composite materials”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 62, pp. 118–125, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.036
[38] Y.-F. Li, Y.-M. Xie, M.-J. Tsai, “Enhancement of the flexural performance of retrofitted wood beams using CFRP composite sheets”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, pp. 411–422, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.11.005
[39] Z.W. Guan, P.D. Rodd, D.J. Pope, “Study of glulam beams pre-stressed with pultruded GRP”, Computers and Structures, vol. 83, pp. 2476–2487, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2005.03.021
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Michał Bakalarz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This paper presents a study of laminated veneer lumber panels subjected to bending. Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is a sustainable building material manufactured by laminating 3-4-mm-thick wood veneers, using adhesives. The authors of this article studied the behaviour of type R laminated veneer lumber (LVL R), in which all veneers are glued together longitudinally – along the grain. Tensile, compressive and bending tests of LVL R were conducted. The short-term behaviour, load carrying-capacity, mode of failure and load-deflection of the LVL R panels were investigated. The authors observed failure modes at the collapse load, associated with the delamination and cracking of veneer layers in the tensile zone. What is more, two non-linear finite element models of the tested LVL R panel were developed and verified against the experimental results. In the 3D finite element model, LVL R was described as an elastic-perfectly plastic material. In the 2D finite element model, on the other hand, it was described as an orthotropic material and its failure was captured using the Hashin damage model. The comparison of the numerical and experimental analyses demonstrated that the adopted numerical models yielded the results similar to the experimental results.
Go to article

Bibliography

[1] A. M. Harte, “Timber engineering: an introduction”, in ICE Manual of Construction Materials: Volume I/II: Fundamentals and theory; Concrete; Asphalts in road construction; Masonry, M. Forde, Ed., ICE Publishing, Chapter 60, 2009.
[2] A. Karolak, J. Jasieńko and R. Raszczuk, “Historical scarf and splice carpentry joints: state of the art”, Heritage Science, vol. 8, article number 105, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-020-00448-2
[3] P. Witomski, A. Krajewski and P. Kozakiewicz, “Selected mechanical properties of Scots pine wood from antique churches of Central Poland”, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, vol. 72, pp. 293–296, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-014-0783-y
[4] E. Kotwica and S. Krzosek, “Timber bridges – revive of old and new bridges built in Switzerland”, Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Forestry and Wood Technology, vol. 92, pp. 207-210, 2015.
[5] B. Franke, S. Franke, A. Müller, M. Vogel, F. Scharmacher and T. Tannert, “Long term monitoring of timber bridges – Assessment and results”, Advanced Materials Research, vol. 778, pp. 749–756, 2013. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.778.749
[6] T. Alapieti, R. Mikkola, P. Pasanen and H. Salonen, “The influence of wooden interior materials on indoor environment: a review”, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, vol. 78, pp. 617–634, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01532-x
[7] A. Bragov, L. Igumnov, F. dell’Isola, A. Konstantinov, A. Lomunov and T. Iuzhina, “Dynamic testing of lime-tree (Tilia Europoea) and pine (Pinaceae) for wood model identification”, Materials, vol. 13, no. 22, article 5261, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225261
[8] P. G. Kossakowski, “Influence of anisotropy on the energy release rate GI for highly orthotropic materials”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 739–752, 2007.
[9] P. G. Kossakowski, “Fracture toughness of pine wood for I and II loading modes”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 509–529, 2008.
[10] P. G. Kossakowski, “Mixed mode I/II fracture toughness of pine wood”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 199–227, 2009.
[11] M. Szumigała, E. Szumigała and Ł. Polus, “Laboratory tests of new connectors for timber-concrete composite structures”, Engineering Transactions, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 161–173, 2018.
[12] M. Fragiacomo and E. Łukaszewska, “Time-dependent behaviour of timber-concrete composite floors with prefabricated concrete slabs”, Engineering Structures, vol. 52, pp. 687–696, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.03.031
[13] A. Dias, J. Skinner, K. Crews and T. Tannert, “Timber-concrete-composites increasing the use of timber in construction”, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 443–451. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0975-0
[14] N. Khorsandnia, H. R. Valipour and K. Crews, “Experimental and analytical investigation of short-term behavior of LVL-concrete composite connections and beams”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 37, pp. 229–238, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.022
[15] P. Kyvelou, L. Gardner and D. A. Nethercot, “Testing and analysis of composite cold-formed steel - wood-based flooring systems”, Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 143, no. 11, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001885
[16] A. Hassanieh, H. R. Valipour and M. A. Bradford, “Experimental and numerical study of steel-timber composite (STC) beams”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 122, pp. 367–378, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.04.005
[17] M. Chybiński and Ł. Polus, “Theoretical, experimental and numerical study of aluminium-timber composite beams with screwed connections”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 226, pp. 317–330. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.101
[18] S. M. Saleh and N. A. Jasim, “Structural behavior of timber aluminum composite beams under static loads”, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 1166–1173, 2014.
[19] M. Szumigała, M. Chybiński and Ł. Polus, “Preliminary analysis of the aluminium-timber composite beams”, Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 131–141, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2017-0056
[20] C. Bedon and M. Fragiacomo, “Numerical analysis of timber-to-timber joints and composite beams with inclined self-tapping screws”, Composite Structures, vol. 207, pp. 13–28, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.09.008
[21] G. Schiro, I. Giongo, W. Sebastian, D. Riccadonna and M. Piazza, “Testing of timber-to-timber screw-connections in hybrid configurations”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 171, pp. 170–186, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.078
[22] K. Furtak and K. Rodacki, “Experimental investigations of load-bearing capacity of composite timber-glass I-beams”, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 956–964, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2018.02.002
[23] M. Kozłowski, M. Kadela and J. Hulimka, “Numerical investigation of structural behavior of timber-glass composite beams”, Procedia Engineering, vol. 161, pp. 78–89, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.838
[24] P. Rapp, “Application of adhesive joints in reinforcement and reconstruction of weakened wooden elements loaded axially”, Drewno, vol. 59, no. 196, pp. 59–73, 2016. https://doi.org/10.12841/wood.1644-3985.128.05
[25] P. Rapp, “The numerical modeling of adhesive joints in reinforcement of wooden elements, subjected to bending and shearing”, Drewno, vol. 60, no. 199, pp. 21–36, 2017. https://doi.org/10.12841/wood.1644-3985.192.02
[26] I. Burawska, M. Zbieć, A. Tomusiak and P. Beer, “Local reinforcement of timber with composite and lignocellulosic materials”, BioResources, vol. 10, 457–468, 2015.
[27] M. Dudziak, I. Malujda, K. Talaśka, T. Łodygowski and W. Sumelka, “Analysis of the process of wood plasticization by hot rolling”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 503–516. 2016. https://doi.org/10.15632/jtam-pl.54.2.503
[28] M. Wieruszewski, G. Gołuński, G. J. Hruzik and V. Gotych, “Glued elements for construction”, Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Forestry and Wood Technology, vol. 72, pp. 453–458, 2010.
[29] J. Porteous and A. Kermani, “Structural Timber Design to Eurocode 5”, 2nd ed., Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
[30] P. Dietsch and T. Tannert, “Assessing the integrity of glued-laminated timber elements”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 1259–1270, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.064
[31] R. Mirski, D. Dziurka, M. Chuda-Kowalska, M. Wieruszewski, J. Kawalerczyk and A. Trociński, “The usefulness of pine timber (Pinus sylvestris L.) for the production of structural elements. Part I: Evaluation of the quality of the pine timber in the bending test”, Materials, vol. 13, article 3957, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13183957
[32] R. Mirski, D. Dziurka, M. Chuda-Kowalska, J. Kawalerczyk, M. Kuliński and K. Łabęda, “The usefulness of pine timber (Pinus sylvestris L.) for the production of structural elements. Part II: Strength properties of glued laminated timber”, Materials, vol. 13, article 4029, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184029
[33] R. Brandner, A. Ringhofer and T. Reichinger, “Performance of axially-loaded self-tapping screws in hardwood: Properties and design”, Engineering Structures, vol. 188, pp. 677–699, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.03.018
[34] T. Gečys, G. Šaučiuvėnas, L. Ustinovichius, C. Miedzialowski and P. Sulik, “Surface based cohesive behavior implementation for the strength analysis of glued-in threaded rods in glulam”, Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 1149–1157, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24425/bpasts.2020.134665
[35] R. Brandner, “Production and technology of cross laminated timber (CLT): State-of-the-art report”, in European Conference on Cross Laminated Timber, R. Harris, A. Ringhofer and G. Schickhofer, Eds., Graz: Graz University of Technology, 2013, pp. 3–36.
[36] M. Jeleč, D. Varevac and V. Rajčić, “Cross-laminated timber (CLT) – a state of the art report”, Građevinar, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 75–95, 2018. https://doi.org/10.14256/JCE.2071.2017
[37] O. Espinoza, V. R. Trujillo, M. F. Laguarda and U. Buehlmann, “Cross-laminated timber: Status and research needs in Europe”, BioResources, vol. 11, pp. 281–295, 2016.
[38] A. Ringhofer, R. Brandner and H. J. Blaß, “Cross laminated timber (CLT): Design approaches for dowel-type fasteners and connections”, Engineering Structures, vol. 171, pp. 849–861, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.032
[39] R. Brandner, A. Ringhofer and M. Grabner, “Probabilistic models for the withdrawal behavior of single self-tapping screws in the narrow face of cross laminated timber (CLT)”, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 13–30, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-017-1226-3
[40] T. Tannert, M. Follesa, M. Fragiacomo, P. González, H. Isoda, D. Moroder, H. Xiong and J. van de Lindt, “Seismic Design of Cross-laminated Timber Buildings”, Wood and Fiber Science, vol. 50, pp. 3–26, 2018.
[41] Z. Chena, Q. Lei, R. He, Z. Zhang, A. Jalal Khan Chowdhury, “Review on antibacterial biocomposites of structural laminated veneer lumber”, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 142–147, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.025
[42] A. Özçifçi, “Effect of scarf joints on bending strength and modulus of elasticity to laminated veneer lumber (LVL)”, Building and Environment, vol. 42, pp. 1510–1514, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.12.024
[43] H. Ido, H. Nagao, H. Kato, A. Miyatake and Y. Hiramatsu, “Strength properties of laminated veneer lumber in compression perpendicular to its grain”, Journal of Wood Science, vol. 56, pp. 422–428, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-010-1116-3
[44] C. Pirvu, H. Yoshida and K. Taki, “Development of LVL frame structures using glued metal plate joints I: bond quality and joint performance of LVL-metal joints using epoxy resins”, Journal of Wood Science, vol. 45, pp. 284–290, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00833492
[45] C. Pirvu, H. Yoshida, M. Inayama, M. Yasumura and K. Taki, “Development of LVL frame structures using glued metal plate joints II: strength properties and failure behavior under lateral loading”, Journal of Wood Science, vol. 46, pp. 193–201, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00776449
[46] A. Özçifçi, “The effects of pilot hole, screw types and layer thickness on the withdrawal strength of screws in laminated veneer lumber”, Materials and Design, vol. 30, pp. 2355–2358, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.11.001
[47] G. Celebi and M. Kilic, “Nail and screw withdrawal strength of laminated veneer lumber made up hardwood and softwood layers”, Construction and Building Materials, 21, pp. 894–900, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.12.015
[48] M. Dorn, K. Habrová, R. Koubek and E. Serrano, “Determination of coefficients of friction for laminated veneer lumber on steel under high pressure loads”, Friction, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0377-0
[49] C. Y. C. Purba, G. Pot, J. Viguier, J. Ruelle and L. Denaud, “The influence of veneer thickness and knot proportion on the mechanical properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made from secondary quality hardwood”, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, vol. 77, pp. 393–404, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-019-01400-3
[50] P. Berard, P. Yang, H. Yamauchi, K. Umemura and S. Kawai, “Modeling of a cylindrical laminated veneer lumber I: mechanical properties of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and the reliability of a nonlinear finite elements model of a four-point bending test”, Journal of Wood Science, vol. 57, pp. 100–106, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-010-1150-1
[51] Y.-J. Song, S.-I. Hong, J.-S. Suh and S.-B. Park, “Strength performance evaluation of moment resistance for cylindrical-LVL column using GFRP reinforced wooden pin”, Wood Research, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 417–426, 2017.
[52] Z. Bednarek, D. Pieniak and P. Ogrodnik, “Wytrzymałość na zginanie i niezawodność kompozytu drewnianego LVL w warunkach podwyższonych temperatur”, Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP, vol. 40, pp. 5–17, 2010. (in Polish)
[53] M. Bakalarz and P. Kossakowski, “The flexural capacity of laminated veneer lumber beams strengthened with AFRP and GFRP sheets”, Technical Transactions, Civil Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 85–94, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.19.023.10159
[54] M. Bakalarz and P. Kossakowski, “Mechanical properties of laminated veneer lumber beams strengthened with CFRP sheets”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 57–66, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0018
[55] M. Bakalarz, P. Kossakowski and P. Tworzewski, “Strengthening of bent LVL beams with near-surface mounted (NSM) FRP reinforcement”, Materials, vol. 13, no. 10, article 2350, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102350
[56] B. Kawecki and J. Podgórski, “3D ABAQUS simulation of bent softwood elements”, Archives of Civil Engineering, vol. 66 no. 3, pp. 323–337, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24425/ace.2020.134400
[57] B. P. Gilbert, H. Bailleres, H. Zhang and R. L. McGavin, “Strength modelling of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) beams”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 149, pp. 763–777, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.153
[58] H. Valipour, N. Khorsandnia, K. Crews and S. Foster, “A simple strategy for constitutive modelling of timber”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 53, pp. 138–148, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.100
[59] N. Khorsandnia, H. R. Valipour and K. Crews, “Nonlinear finite element analysis of timber beams and joints using the layered approach and hypoelastic constitutive law”, Engineering Structures, vol. 46, pp. 606–614, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.08.017
[60] M. Komorowski, “Manual of design and build in the STEICO system, Basic information, Building physics, Guidelines”, Warsaw: Forestor Communication, 2017. (in Polish)
[61] European Committee for Standardization, EN 1990, Eurocode 0, Basis of structural design, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, 2002.
[62] European Committee for Standardization, EN 408, Timber structures - Structural timber and glued laminated timber - Determination of some physical and mechanical properties; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium, 2012.
[63] European Committee for Standardization, EN 13183-1, Moisture content of a piece of sawn timber - Part 1: Determination by oven dry method; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium, 2004.
[64] Abaqus 6.13 Documentation, Abaqus Analysis Users Guide, Abaqus Theory Guide.
[65] H. T. Nguyen and S. E. Kim, “Finite element modeling of push-out tests for large stud shear connectors”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 65, pp. 1909–1920, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.06.010
[66] M. P. Budziak and T. Garbowski, “Failure assessment of steel-concrete composite column under blast loading”, Engineering Transactions, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 61–84, 2014.
[67] M. Sciomenta, L. Spera, C. Bedon, V. Rinaldi, M. Fragiacomo and M. Romagnoli, “Mechanical characterization of novel homogeneous beech and hybrid beech-corsican pine thin cross-laminated timber panels”, Construction and Building Materials, article 121589, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121589
[68] Ł. Polus and M. Szumigała, “An experimental and numerical study of aluminium-concrete joints and composite beams”, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 375–390, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2018.11.007
[69] A. Pełka-Sawenko, T. Wróblewski and M. Szumigała, “Validation of computational models of steel-concrete composite beams”, Engineering Transactions, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 53–67, 2016.
[70] P. Szewczyk and M. Szumigała, “Welding deformation in a structure strengthened under load in an empirical-numerical study”, in Advances in Mechanics: Theoretical, Computational and Interdisciplinary Issues. Proceedings of the 3rd Polish Congress of Mechanics (PCM) and 21st International Conference on Computer Methods in Mechanics (CMM), Gdansk, Poland, 8-11 September 2015, M. Kleiber, T. Burczynski, K. Wilde, J. Gorski, K. Winkelmann and L. Smakosz, Eds., London: CRC Press, 2016, pp. 563–566.
[71] P. Szewczyk, “Wzmacnianie pod obciążeniem belek zespolonych stalowo-betonowych w eksperymencie numerycznym i fizycznym”, PhD thesis, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland, 2016. (in Polish)
[72] P. Różyło, “Stateczność i stany graniczne ściskanych cienkościennych profili kompozytowych”, Lublin: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Lubelskiej, 2019. (in Polish)
[73] P. Rozylo, “Failure analysis of thin-walled composite structures using independent advanced damage models”, Composite Structures, vol. 262, article 113598, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113598
[74] A. B. Widodo, “Application of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) on the wooden boat construction”, IPTEK The Journal for Technology and Science, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 8–14, 2012.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Chybiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Polus
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Piotrowo 5 Street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland

This page uses 'cookies'. Learn more