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Number of results: 22
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Abstract

Studies were carried out to determine the effect of heat treatment parameters on the plastic properties of unalloyed ausferritic ductile iron,

such as the elongation and toughness at ambient temperature and at – 60 °C. The effect of austenitizing temperature (850, 900 and 950°C)

and ausferritizing time (5 - 180 min.) at a temperature of 360°C was also discussed. The next step covered investigations of

a relationship that is believed to exist between the temperature (270, 300, 330, 360 and 390 °C) and time (5, 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180,

240 min.) of the austempering treatment and the mechanical properties of unalloyed ausferritic ductile iron, when the austenitizing

temperature is 950°C. The “process window” was calculated for the ADI characterized by high toughness corresponding to the EN-GJS800-10-RT

and EN-GJS-900-8 grades according to EN-PN 1564 and to other high-strength grades included in this standard. Low-alloyed

cast iron with the nodular graphite is an excellent starting material for the technological design of all the ausferritic ductile iron grades

included in the PN-EN-1624 standard. The examined cast iron is characterized by high mechanical properties stable within the entire range

of heat treatment parameters.

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Authors and Affiliations

E. Guzik
M. Sokolnicki
A. Nowak
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Abstract

Weld metal deposit (WMD) was carried out for standard MMA welding process. This welding method is still promising mainly due to the high amount of AF (acicular ferrite) and low amount of MAC (self-tempered martensite, retained austenite, carbide) phases in WMD. That structure corresponds with good impact toughness of welds at low temperature. Separate effect of these elements on the mechanical properties of welds is well known, but the combined effect of these alloy additions has not been analyzed so far. It was decided to check the total influence of nickel with a content between 1% to 3% and molybdenum with content from 0.1% up to 0.5%.

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Authors and Affiliations

B. Szczucka-Lasota
T. Węgrzyn
A. Kurc-Lisiecka
J. Piwnik
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Abstract

One of important resistance parameters introduced into engineering calculations for selection of materials and evaluation of their operating properties is material crack resistance. Contrary to the stationary fracture toughness K1c, J," the dynamic fracture toughness K,d, J,d, ~ is also an important parameter. In this paper, the authors have evaluated the relation between the parameters of the dynamical fractures toughness and the structure as well as impact resistance in chosen frictionally welded joints. The above-mentioned joints are made of the following steel parts: N9E-45, 18G2A-St3S, St3S-45, 40H-45, 18G2A-40H. In this experiment, the instrumented bending impact test was used.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Sadowski
Tadeusz Szykowny
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Abstract

The authors studied the fracture mechanical properties under half-symmetric loading in this paper. The stress distribution around the crack tip and the stress intensity factor of three kinds of notched specimens under half symmetric loading were compared. The maximum tensile stress σmax of double notch specimens was much greater than that of single notch specimens and the maximum shear stress τmax was almost equal, which means that the single notch specimens were more prone to Mode II fractures. The intensity factors KII of central notch specimens were very small compared with other specimens and they induced Mode I fractures. For both double notch and single notch specimens, KII was kept at a constant level and did not change with the change of a/h, and KII was much larger than KI. KII has the potential to reach its fracture toughness KIIC before KI and Mode II fractures occurred. Rock-like materials were introduced to produce single notch specimens. Test results show that the crack had been initiated at the crack tip and propagated along the original notch face, and a Mode II fracture occurred. There was no relationship between the peak load and the original notch length. The average value of KIIC was about 0.602 MPa×m1/2, and KIIC was about 3.8 times KIC. The half symmetric loading test of single notch specimens was one of the most effective methods to obtain a true Mode II fracture and determine Mode fracture toughness.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zhi Wang
Jiajia Zhou
Long Li
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Abstract

Fe-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have been extensively investigated due to their ultrahigh strength and elastic moduli as well as desire magnetic properties. However, these BMGs have few applications in industrial productions because of their brittleness at room temperature. This study is focused on the effect of cooling rate on the mechanical properties (especially toughness) in the Fe41Co7Cr15Mo14Y2C15B6 BMG. For this aim, two samples with the mentioned composition were fabricated in a water-cooled copper mold with a diameter of 2 mm, and in a graphite mold with a diameter of 3 mm. The formation of crystalline phases of Fe23(B, C)6, α-Fe and Mo3Co3C based on XRD patterns was observed after the partial crystallization process. To determine the toughness of the as-cast and annealed samples, the indentation technique was used. These results revealed that the maximum hardness and toughness were depicted in the sample casted in the water-cooled copper mold and annealed up to 928°C. The reason of it can be attributed to the formation of crystalline clusters in the amorphous matrix of the samples casted in the graphite mold, so that this decrease in the cooling rate causes to changing the chemical composition of the amorphous matrix.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Rezaei-Shahreza
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Redaei
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Moosavi
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Hasani
1
A. Seifoddini
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Jeż
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nabiałek
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Yazd University, Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 89195-741, Yazd, Iran
  2. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Physics, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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Abstract

The microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-rolled Fe-9Mn-0.2C medium-manganese steels with different Al, Cu, and Ni contents were investigated in this study. Based on the SEM, XRD, and EBSD analysis results, the microstructure was composed of martensite, band-type delta ferrite, and retained austenite phases depending on the Al, Cu, and Ni additions. The tensile and Charpy impact test results showed that the sole addition of Al reduced significantly impact toughness by the presence of delta-ferrite and the decrease of austenite stability although it increased yield strength. However, the combined addition of Al and Cu or Ni provided the best combination of high yield strength and good impact toughness because of solid solution strengthening and increased austenite stability.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Young-Chul Yoon
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Gyu Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Hyeok Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byoungchul Hwang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 232, Gongneung-Ro., Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea
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Abstract

Turbulent filling of a mould is one of the ways to introduce extrinsic defects into the cast part that could deteriorate many properties of any casting. The turbulence can be easily eliminated by counter gravity casting. In gravity casting, tapered downsprue, tapered runner is needed such that the mould cavity is filled counter-gravity from the bottom which is the only best way to eliminate turbulence during filling. Tilt casting method also exists which has the potential to quiescently transfer the liquid into the mould cavity. In this work, gravity and tilt casting methods were used to evaluate the tensile properties of Nb grain refined 206 alloy. Three different Nb contents were investigated: 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 wt% ratios and it was found that 0.05 wt% revealed the highest tensile properties. On the other hand, when the intrusion of surface folded oxides was eliminated during filling, it was found that mechanical properties were increased significantly, and particularly, the toughness was increased by two folds when tilt casting was applied compared to gravity casting.
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Bibliography

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[40] Sahin, H., & Dispinar, D. (2023). Effect of Rare Earth Elements Erbium and Europium Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of A356 (Al–7Si–0.3 Mg) Alloy. International Journal of Metalcasting, 1-10
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Authors and Affiliations

Nuri Palamutcu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kerem Can Dizdar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hayati Sahin
2
ORCID: ORCID
Derya Dispinar
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
  2. Foseco R&D, Netherlands
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Abstract

The present work, presented the study of effect of different inoculants on impact toughness in High Chromium Cast Iron. The molds were

pouring in industrial conditions and samples were tested in laboratory in Faculty of Foundry Engineering at AGH. Seven samples were tested

- one reference sample, three with different addition of Fe-Ti, and three with different addition of Al. The samples were subjected to impact

toughness on Charpy hammer and the hardness test. The presented investigations indicate that for the each inoculant there is an optimal

addition at which the sample obtained the highest value of impact toughness. For the Fe-Ti it is 0.66% and for Al is 0.17%. Of all the

examined inoculants best results were obtained at a dose of 0.66% Fe-Ti. Titanium is a well-known as a good modifier but very interesting

results gives the aluminum. Comparing the results obtained for the Fe-Ti and Al can be seen that in the case of aluminum hardness is more

stable. The hardness of all samples is around 40-45 HRC, which is not high for this type of cast iron. Therefore, in future studies it is

planned to carry out the heat treatment procedure that may improves hardness.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Siekaniec
D. Kopyciński
E. Guzik
E. Tyrała
A. Nowak
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Abstract

The material selected for this investigation was low alloy steel weld metal deposit (WMD) after MAG welding with micro-jet cooling. The

present investigation was aimed as the following tasks: analyze impact toughness of WMD in terms of micro-jet cooling parameters. Weld

metal deposit (WMD) was first time carried out for MAG welding with micro-jet cooling of compressed air and gas mixture of argon and

air. Until that moment only argon, helium and nitrogen and its gas mixture were tested for micro-jet cooling

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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Stanik
T. Węgrzyn
W. Tarasiuk
J. Piwnik
M. Gabrylewski
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Abstract

This study investigated the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and impact toughness property of AISI D2 manufactured with direct energy deposition (DED) and compared the results with conventional wrought material. The fracture crack propagation behavior was examined in connection with microstructures through fracture surface analysis. AISI D2 manufactured with DED had a eutectic structure that turned into a net-type carbide after heat treatment, and Cr-rich needle-type secondary carbide was observed. Impact toughness of DED AISI D2 measured 2.0 J/cm2 in the as-built sample and 1.1 J/cm2 in the heat-treated sample. Compared to a wrought heat-treated AISI D2, DED AISI D2 had relatively low impact toughness. DED AISI D2 and wrought material had different crack propagation mechanisms. In DED AISI D2, the eutectic structure and net-type carbide boundary were identified as the major microstructural factor decreasing impact toughness.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jung-Hyun Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kyu-Sik Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Mo Koo
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jin-Young Kim
3
ORCID: ORCID
Min-Chul Kim
4
Kee-Ahn Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Inha University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon 22212, Korea
  2. Changsung Corp., Incheon, 21628, Korea
  3. Maxrotech Corp., Daegu, 42703, Korea
  4. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon 34057, Korea
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Abstract

The effect of additions of silver or titanium (0.5 or 3 vol.%) microparticles on the microstructure, as well as some physical properties of Al2O3-based composites, were studied. The processing method for the manufacturing of alumina-based composites was a combination of RBAO and SPS processes. After the SPS process, bodies with almost full density were obtained. Observations by optical microscopy show a very fine and homogenous microstructure in all samples. Concerning mechanical properties, the addition of metals on alumina increases its fracture toughness significantly (112% for the sample with additions of silver, while the composite with additions of titanium fracture toughness increases by 72%). In terms of optical properties, both silver and titanium improve the absorbance in the visible range.
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Authors and Affiliations

Enrique Rocha-Rangel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Carlos A. Calles-Arriaga
1
ORCID: ORCID
Juan López-Hernández
1
ORCID: ORCID
José A. Rodríguez-García
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universidad Politécnica de Victoria, Ciudad Victoria, México
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Abstract

Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) is identified as a suitable technique to prepare the alumina titanium carbide composite to overcome the difficulty in fabricating it through other consolidation method. The present work focuses on the fabrication and characterization of a series of titanium carbide reinforced alumina ceramic composites using a spark plasma sintering process. The titanium carbide reinforcement on the alumina matrix is varied between 20 and 35 wt.%, in order to improve the electrical conductivity and fracture toughness of the composites. The particle size of the starting powders at received and ball milled conditions was analysed through Particle size analyser and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Microstructural analysis revealed that the TiC reinforcement is uniformly dispersed in the sintered composite. XRD report showed that α-alumina and titanium carbide were the two dominant phases without the formation of any reaction phases. Further, the correlation between mechanical and physical properties of the prepared composite was investigated as a function of TiC. Various fracture toughening indicators like crack deflection, bridging and branching were analysed by Vicker’s indentation method. Electrical resistivity of the sintered compact decreases proportionally with the increase in titanium carbide constituents. Maximum density (98.80%) and hardness (20.56 GPa) was obtained for 30 wt. % reinforced composite. Almost 40% improvement in fracture toughness is noted for 25 wt. % reinforced composite. This work demonstrates the synthesis and fabrication of alumina titanium carbide composites at low temperature via SPS resulted in obtaining an intact compact with improved mechanical and electrical properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

G. Selvakumar
1
S. Prakash
1
K. Rajkumar
1

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, India
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Abstract

Wider application of silicon carbide (SiC) is anticipated for increasing the durability of various structural facilities. For this study, SiC was fabricated with decreased electrical resistivity for precision electrical discharge machining. Two-step reaction sintering by infiltration of molten Fe-Si alloy was applied for SiC fabrication. The procedure included first sintering at 973 K in Ar gas atmosphere and second sintering by spontaneous infiltration of molten Fe-75%Si alloy at 1693 K in vacuum. The sintered structure porosity became very low, forming 3C-type SiC. Results confirmed that molten Fe-75%Si alloy infiltration occurred because of reaction sintering. The electrical resistivity of the sintered SiC infiltrated by molten Fe-75%Si alloy can be improved to be two orders of magnitude lower than that by molten Si, consequently maintaining the high performance of SiC.

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Authors and Affiliations

Yoshitsugu Hanada
Yang Xiao
Akio Sonoda
Hyo-Gyoung Kang
Hideaki Nagayoshi
Atsuo Yamamoto
Tatsuya Tokunaga
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Abstract

The old-new concrete interface is the weakest part in the composite structure, and there are a large number of microcracks on the interface. In order to study the mode II fracture performance of the bonding surface of old-new concrete, the effect of planting rebar and basalt fiber is investigated. Nine Z-shaped old-new concrete composite specimens with initial cracks are made. Nine shear fracture load-displacement curves are obtained, and the failure process and interface fracture are discussed. On this basis, the mode II fracture toughness and fracture energy are obtained. The regression equations for fracture toughness and fracture energy are deduced with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results show that fracture toughness and fracture energy increase with the increase of planting rebar number and basalt fiber content. With the increase of the planting rebar number, mode II fracture toughness and fracture energy increase more significantly. Planting rebar is the major factor for mode II fracture performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Shuang Liu
1 2
Zhenwu Shi
1
Tao Jiang
3
Huili Wang
3

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, China
  2. Senior engineer, Heilongjiang Transportation Investment Engineering Construction CO., LTD, Heilongjiang Transportation Investment Group Co, 150040 Harbin, China
  3. National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Bridge and Tunnel Technology, Dalian University of Technology, 116023 Dalian, China
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Abstract

The results of bearing capacity, deformability and fracture toughness of reinforced concrete beams with the external reinforcement in the form of steel cut and stretchy sheet, obtained due to the conducting of the experiment and mathematical simulation which were made of concrete of C40/50 class are given in the article. Mathematical simulation of beam structures is done on the basis of the deformation model which allows to conduct calculations of the unified methodological positions of different elements with diverse configuration of cross section and reinforcement as well as take into consideration elastic and plastic properties of concrete and reinforcement, assessing the actual stress-strain state of sections of reinforced concrete elements at different loading levels, including ultimate one. The deformation model is based on the actual diagrams use of concrete and reinforcement materials deformation and conditions of efforts balance in the normal section and hypothesis of flat sections. The theoretical value of bearing capacity and deformability, obtained as a result of the mathematical simulation was compared to the experimental data. The satisfactory coincidence of the mathematical calculation of bearing capacity, deformability, fracture toughness and experimental data gives an opportunity to use the algorithm not only for beam structures with bar reinforcement but also for beam structures with the external reinforcement in the form of steel cut and stretchy sheet.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sofiya Burchenya
Shmyh Roman
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Abstract

The paper describes influence of rare earth metals (REMs) on G20Mn5 cast steel microstructure and mechanical properties. The cerium mixture of the following composition was used to modify cast steel: 49.8% Ce, 21.8% La, 17.1% Nd, 5,5% Pr and 5.35% of REMs. Cast steel was melted in industrial conditions. Two melts of non-modified and modified cast steel were made. Test ingots were subject to heat treatment by hardening (920°C/water) and tempering (720°C/air). Heat treatment processes were also performed in industrial conditions. After cutting flashes off samples of cast steel were collected with purpose to analyze chemical composition, a tensile test and impact toughness tests were conducted and microstructure was subject to observations. Modification with use of mischmetal did not cause significant changes in cast steel tensile strength and yield strength, while higher values were detected for fractures in the Charpy impact test, as they were twice as high as values for the data included in the PN-EN 10213:2008 standard. Observations performed by means of light and scanning microscopy proved occurrence of significant differences in grain dimensions and morphology of non-metallic inclusions. Adding REMs resulted in grain fragmentation and transformed inclusion shapes to rounded ones. Chemical composition analyses indicated that round inclusions in modified cast steel were generally oxysulphides containing cerium and lanthanum. In the paper the author proved positive influence of modification on G20Mn5 cast steel mechanical properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Kasińska
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Abstract

New graphite tools were designed and produced to fabricate a semi-finished product from which nine cutting inserts were obtained in one spark plasma sintering process. As a result, WC-5Co cemented carbides were spark plasma sintered and the effect of various sintering parameters such as compacting pressure, heating rate and holding time on the main mechanical properties were investigated. It was shown that WC-5Co cemented carbides spark plasma sintered at 1200°C, 80 MPa, 400°C/min, for 5 min are characterized by the best relation of hardness (1861 ±10 HV30) and fracture toughness (9.30 MPa·m1/2). The microstructure of these materials besides the WC ceramic phase and Co binder phase consists of a synthesized Co3W3C complex phase. Comparison with a commercial WC-6Co cutting insert fabricated by conventional powder metallurgy techniques shows that spark plasma sintering is a very effective technique to produce materials characterized by improved mechanical properties.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Siwak
D. Garbiec
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Abstract

The ductility of High Performance Concrete (HPC) can develop both in tension and compression.This aspect is evidenced in the present paper by measuring the mechanical response of normalvibrated concrete (NC), self-compacting concrete (SC) and some HPCs cylindrical specimensunder uniaxial and triaxial compression. The post-peak behaviour of these specimens is definedby a non-dimensional function that relates the inelastic displacement and the relative stress duringsoftening. Both for NC and SC, the increase of the fracture toughness with the confinement stressis observed. Conversely, all the tested HPCs, even in absence of confinement, show practically thesame ductility measured in normal and self-compacting concretes with a confining pressure. Thus,the presence of HPC in compressed columns is itself sufficient to create a sort of active distributedconfinement.

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Authors and Affiliations

A.P. Fantilli
H. Mihashi
P. Vallini
B. Chiaia
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Abstract

The paper deals with the properties and microstructure of Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC), which was developed at Cracow University of Technology. The influence of three different curing conditions: water (W), steam (S) and autoclave (A) and also steel fibres content on selected properties of RPC was analyzed. The composite characterized by w/s ratio equal to 0.20 and silica fume to cement ratio 20%, depending on curing conditions and fibres content, obtained compressive strength was in the range from 200 to 315 MPa, while modulus of elasticity determined during compression was about 50 GPa. During three-point bending test load-deflection curves were registered. Base on aforementioned measurements following parameters were calculated: flexural strength, stress at limit of proportionality (LOP), stress at modulus of rapture (MOR), work of fracture (WF), and toughness indices I₅, I₁₀ and I₂₀. Both amount of steel fibres and curing conditions influence the deflection of RPC during bending.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Zdeb
J. Śliwiński

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