In the present study, the novel quaternary ammonium salt (QAS⁺), 1-methyl-di-octyl-1 phenyl ammonium iodide (QAS₁), was synthesized by complete alkylation reaction. Sodium montmorillonite (Mt) was modified via an ion-exchange reaction with QAS₁⁺. The modified material and quarternary ammonium salt (Mt₁ and QAS₁) were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Removal capacity of hydrophobic organic pollutants such as 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) from solution media of synthesized organoclay was evaluated. The optimum conditions and batch kinetics of adsorption of 4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol from aqueous solutions are reported. It was shown that the adsorption capacity decreased in the order 4-NP> 2,4-DNP. The total mass loss during the drying process was 66% and 78%, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters enthalpy (∆H⁰) and entropy (∆S⁰) and the mean free energy (E) for the adsorption of nitrophenol compounds (NCP) were determined.

The article presents the results of numerical and analytical investigations of the influence of raw liquid natural gas (LNG) composition on parameters characterizing the combustion process. The high content of higher hydrocarbons influences the thermodynamic combustion process described with parameters like the adiabatic flame temperature, laminar flame speed and ignition delay time. A numerical study of the impact of LNG fuels on emission characteristics using the Cantera code has been performed. Results have shown that the change of grid natural gas to some types of liquid natural gas can result in an incomplete combustion process and an increase of emission of toxic compounds such as carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. For all investigated fuels the laminar flame speed rises by about 10% compared to natural gas, while the adiabatic flame temperature is nearly the same. The ignition delay time is decreased with an increase of ethane share in the fuel. The analysis of chemical pathways has shown that hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen formation is present, particularly in the high temperature combustion regimes, which results in an increase of nitric oxide molar fraction in flue gases by even 10% compared to natural gas. To summarize, for some applications, liquid natural gases cannot be directly used as interchangeable fuels in an industry sector, even if they meet the legal requirements.