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Contribution to the a priori assessment of the value of the caving zone expansion coefficient in the forecast of ground surface uplift caused by the flooding of closed coal mines in the Ruhr region/Germany

Rafał Misa Mateusz Dudek Anton Sroka Krzysztof Tajduś Dawid Mrocheń
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 2 | e148611 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.148611
Keywords uplift caving zone closed mine flooding subsidence
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Abstract

The article presents a methodology for determining the value of the expansion coefficient of a reconsolidated caving zone in the context of forecasting the rise in underground mine water levels and consequent surface subsidence caused by the process of flooding the closed coal mines. The paper also provides a brief characterisation of analytical predictive models regarding surface subsidence during the process of flooding coal mines. In order to describe the vertical deformation of the reconsolidated porous rock mass in the caving zone, a linear-elastic medium of Biot was utilised. The conducted theoretical calculations demonstrate a high agreement with the results obtained through the identification of the expansion coefficient parameter based on the analysis of in-situ subsidence measurements in Dutch and German mining areas. The proposed methodology was applied to a real case study involving the forecasting of the impact of the flooding process on the underground workings of the German Ibbenbüren mine. The article constitutes a significant contribution to the field of forecasting the rise in underground mine water levels and surface subsidence during the process of flooding closed coal mines. The presented methodology and obtained results can be valuable for researchers, engineers, and decision-makers involved in the planning and management of mining areas.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Misa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Dudek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anton Sroka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Tajduś
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dawid Mrocheń
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Strata Mechanics Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Krakow, Poland
  2. AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland

Tide gauge records-derived variations of Baltic Sea level in terms of geodynamics

Jan Kryński Yevgen M. Zanimonskiy
Geodesy and Cartography | 2004 | vol. 53 | No 2 | 85-98
Keywords Sea level tide gauge land uplift geodynamics polar motion
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Abstract

Sea level monitoring at tide gauges plays an important role in geodesy, geodynamics research and oceanography. It provides data for referencing vertical datum, for modelling geoid in coastal regions, for determination of vertical land movements and for studying ocean dynamics. Investigation of Baltic Sea level variations ·is considered an important component of geodynamics research in Central and Northern Europe. The analysis of tide gauge records from Baltic sites was conducted in the framework of the project on a cm geoid in Poland. Those records showed strong common features that were further used for deriving the model of Baltic Sea level variations. High level of correlations of the model with individual site data proved its adequacy. Regional characteristics of the model were investigated using regression and correlation analysis. It was shown that the model represents very well both global and regional features of Baltic Sea level variations. The use of the model as reference to investigate local features of tide gauge records that reflect site-specific variations of sea level was also discussed. Spectral analysis of the model of Baltic Sea level variations indicates the existence of distinguished term of Chandler period besides two major terms of annual and semi-annual periods. The existence of polar motion component in Baltic Sea level variations was investigated using correlation analysis. Also the land vertical movement derived from Baltic tide gauge data was determined and compared with literature data.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Kryński
ORCID: ORCID
Yevgen M. Zanimonskiy

The land surface deformation caused by the liquidation of the Anna mine by flooding

Mateusz Dudek Krzysztof Tajduś Janusz Rusek
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2022 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 100-108
Keywords mine closure mine flooding land surface uplift flooding scenarios prediction
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Abstract

The most worldwide method of liquidating underground hard coal mines is by spontaneous flooding as the result of the discontinuation of the rock mass drainage. Due to the hydrological reconstruction of the previously disturbed water system by mining operations, the movements of the rock mass with the opposite direction than subsidence appear. These movements are called rock mass uplift. This paper aims to present possible hazards related to land surface objects and the environment, which can appear during the flooding of the underground mine. The issue of proper forecasting of this phenomenon has so far been marginal in world literature. To date, only a few analytical methods have been used to predict the possible effects of surface deformation. Nowadays, the most common analytical method of forecasting surface deformation caused by the liquidation of underground workings by flooding is Sroka’s method. In this paper, the authors have presented analyses of flooding scenarios developed for a Polish mine and their impact on the land surface as well as the environment. The scenarios presented in the manuscript were selected for analysis as the most probable concerning the mine and the future plans of the mining enterprise. The process of flooding coal mines results in several risks for surface objects and underground infrastructure. This is why the uplift caused by the flooding of the mine should be predicted. The resulting uplifting movements can also, apart continuous deformation lead to the creation of much more dangerous phenomena involving discontinuous deformations.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Dudek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Tajduś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Rusek
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Strata Mechanics Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Reymonta 27, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
  2. Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland

Knothe’s theory parameters – computational models and examples of practical applications

Rafał Misa
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2023 | vol. 39 | No 4 | 157-180 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2023.148164
Keywords Knothe’s theory salt caverns uplift surface movement post-mining
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Abstract

The theory of Professor Stanislaw Knothe, known as Knothe’s Theory, has been the foundation for practical predictive calculations of the impacts of exploitation for many years. It has enabled the large-scale extraction of coal, salt and metal ores located in the protective pillars of cities and prime surface structures. Knothe’s Theory has been successfully applied in Polish and global mining for over seventy years, making it one of the most well-known and recognized achievements in Polish mining science. Knothe’s Theory provides a temporal-spatial description of subsidence that relies on four essential parameters: the vertical scale parameter a, the horizontal displacement parameter λ, the horizontal range scale parameter cotβ and the time scale parameter c.
This article characterizes the parameters of Knothe’s Theory used in various current applications for calculating subsidence, surface and rock uplift, and other applications of the theory, even beyond its classical form. The presented solutions are based on a mathematical model of the interaction of a complex element and cover topics such as subsidence during full exploitation with roof collapse and full exploitation with backfilling, pillar-room mining, the effect of salt caverns on the surface and salt rock, and fluid deposits and surface uplift caused by changes in the water level within closed coal mines. The article also discusses the evolution of the range angle of the main influences and presents Knothe’s solutions related to time, describing the horizontal displacement parameter λ.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Misa
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Strata Mechanics Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Kraków, Poland

The application of Knothe’s theory for the planning of mining exploitation under the threat of discontinuous deformation of the surface and for the prediction of ground surface movements with rising water levels in the post-mining phase

Anton Sroka Stefan Hager Rafał Misa Krzysztof Tajduś Mateusz Dudek
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2021 | vol. 37 | No 4 | 199-218 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2021.139737
Keywords coal mining mine flooding uplift surface movement post-mining
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Abstract

The article presents three German-located case studies based on stochastic methods founded by the theory proposed by Knothe and the development of the ‘Ruhrkohle method’ according to Ehrhardt and Sauer. These solutions are successfully applied to predict mining-induced ground movements. The possibility of forecasting both vertical and horizontal ground movements has been presented in the manuscript, which allowed for optimization mining projects in terms of predicted ground movements.
The first example presents the extraction of the Mausegatt seam beneath the district of Moers-Kapellen in the Niederberg mine. Considering, among others, the adaption of the dynamic impact of the underground operations to the mining-induced sensitivity of surface objects, the maximum permissible rate of the face advance has been determined.
The second example presents the extraction of coal panel 479 in the Johann seam located directly in the fissure zone of Recklinghausen-North. Also, in this case, the protection of motorway bridge structure (BAB A43/L225) to mining influences has been presented. The Ruhrkohle method was used as a basis for the mathematical model that was developed to calculate the maximum horizontal opening of the fissure zone and the maximum gap development rate.
Part of the article is dedicated to ground uplift due to rising mine water levels. Although it is not the main factor causing mining-related damage, such movements in the rock masses should also be predicted. As the example of the Königsborn mine, liquidated by flooding, shows stochastic processes are well suited for predicting ground uplift. The only condition is the introduction of minor adjustments in the model and the use of appropriate parameters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anton Sroka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stefan Hager
2
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Misa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Tajduś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Dudek
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Strata Mechanics Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Kraków, Poland
  2. RAG Aktiengesellschaft, Im Welterbe 10, 45141 Essen, Germany

Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the main lignite-rich grabens in Poland. Part 1. Tectonic stages

Marek Widera
Acta Geologica Polonica | 2024 | vol. 74 | No 1 | e2 | DOI: 10.24425/agp.2023.148021
Keywords Peat-to-lignite compaction Decompaction Compactional subsidence Tectonicsubsidence Tectonic uplift
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Abstract

Understanding the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of grabens rich in lignite is important in the context of the accumulation of ~40–650 m of peat, as well as the exploitation of later formed lignite seams with a thickness of ~20–250 m. Six such areas were selected for a detailed palaeotectonic analysis: the Gostyń, Szamotuły, Legnica, Zittau, Lubstów, and Kleszczów grabens. During the analysis, borehole data were used, taking into account the compaction of peat at the transition to lignite, in order to reconstruct the magnitude of the total subsidence. This made it possible to distinguish between regional (covering areas also outside the grabens) and local (occurring only in the grabens) tectonic movements, and among the latter, tectonic and compactional subsidence. The hypothetical palaeosurface of the mires was reconstructed based on the lignite decompaction. As a result, it was possible to determine whether the examined peat/lignite seams underwent post-depositional uplift and/or subsidence. Between one (Gostyń Graben) and four (Zittau Basin and Kleszczów Graben) stages of tectonic subsidence were distinguished in the studied lignite-bearing areas. In the case of the Zittau Basin, as well as the Lubstów and Kleszczów grabens, post-depositional stages of tectonic uplift were also indicated. Like the boundaries of lithostratigraphic units, the successive stages of the Cenozoic tectonic development of the examined grabens are diachronic.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Widera
1
  1. Institute of Geology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Krygowski 12, 61-680 Poznań, Poland

Analysis of steel industrial portal frame building subjected to loads resulting from land surface uplift following the closure of underground mines

Mateusz Dudek Janusz Rusek Krzysztof Tajduś Leszek Słowik
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 3 | 283-298 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.138056
Keywords mine closure mine flooding uplift numerical modelling industrial portal frame hall mining damages
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Abstract

The liquidation of underground mines by the flooding leads to movements of the rock mass and land surface as a result of pressure changes in the flooded zones. The changes resulting from the rising water table caused by the changes in the stress and strain state, as well as the physical and mechanical properties of rock layers, can lead to damage to building structures and environmental changes, such as chemical pollution of the surface water. For this reason, the ability to predict the movements of rock masses generated as a result of mine closure by flooding serves a key function in relation to the protection of the land surface and buildings present thereon. This paper presents an analysis of a steel industrial portal-frame structure under loading generated by the liquidation of a mine by flooding. The authors obtained land surface uplift results for the liquidated mine and used them in a numerical simulation for the example building. Calculations were performed for different cases, and the results were compared to determine whether limit states may be exceeded. A comparison was made between the cases for the design state and for additional loading caused by the uplift of the subsurface layer of the rock mass.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Dudek
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Rusek
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Tajduś
ORCID: ORCID
Leszek Słowik
ORCID: ORCID

Effect of the Entire Coal Basin Flooding on the Land Surface Deformation

Krzysztof Tajduś Anton Sroka Mateusz Dudek Rafał Misa Stefan Hager Janusz Rusek
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 375-392 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2023.146857
Keywords Uplifts land surface deformation underground mining excavation flooding mining damages environmental problems Ruhr District Python
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Abstract

This paper presents one of the environmental problems occurring during underground mine closures: according to the underground coal mine closure programme in Germany, the behaviour of the land surface caused by flooding of the entire planned mining area – the Ruhr District – had to be addressed. It was highlighted that water drainage would need to be continuous; otherwise, water levels would rise again in the mining areas, resulting in flooding of currently highly urbanised zones. Based on the variant analysis, it was concluded that the expected uniform ground movements caused by the planned rise in the mining water levels (comprising a part of two concepts – flooding up to the level of –500 m a.s.l. and −600 m a.s.l.), in the RAG Aktiengesellschaft mines, will not result in new mining damage to traditional buildings. The analysis included calculations of the maximum land surface uplift and the most unfavourable deformation factor values on the land surface, important from the point of view of buildings and structures: tilt T, compressive strain ε– and tensile strain ε+. The impact of flooding on potential, discontinuous land surface deformation was also analysed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Tajduś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anton Sroka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Dudek
2
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Misa
2
ORCID: ORCID
Stefan Hager
3
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Rusek
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Krakow, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  2. Strata Mechanics Research Institutes of Polish Academy of Science, 27 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  3. R AG Aktiengesellschaft, Essen, Germany

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