The aim of this study was to investigate qualitative and quantitative chemical compounds of plant water extract (PWE), and the reduction potential of Corum herbicide (bentazone and imazamox) doses using PWE for weed control in faba bean fields. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of diverse allelochemicals including polyphenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The field experiment results showed clear differences between the measured traits in response to the applied treatments. The application of Corum at 1.5 l · ha ^–1, at 0.75 l · ha ^–1, and at 0.75 l · ha ^–1 + PWE significantly reduced weed density and biomass, with a weed control efficiency of 75.5–78.4, 57.4–53.3 and 68.2–56.9 % during the first-second cropping seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, Corum at 1.5 l · ha ^–1 and at 0.75 l · ha ^–1 + PWE treatments guaranteed approximately the same yield components and improved the faba bean yield (Q · ha ^–1) by 65 and 40% in 2018–2019 and by 91 and 85% in 2019–2020, respectively. Therefore, the results suggest that PWE in combination with a lower herbicide dose (up to 50%) could be used as a potential weed management strategy in faba bean. Further research is required to understand the phytotoxic mechanisms of the studied extract-herbicide mixtures and their modes of action.

This study aimed to evaluate the bioherbicidal effect of aqueous fresh extracts of leaves and roots of the Aloe vera plant on the broad leaf weed growth of Sonchus oleraceus associated faba bean plants. During the winters of 2020/2021 and 2021/2022, two pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse of the National Research Center. Leaf and root aqueous extracts of Aloe vera were applied as soil and/or spray treatments at different concentrations. The results showed that there was significant inhibition in the fresh and dry biomass of S. oleraceus and was maximum with application of soil treatment (10%) of the leaf extract sequenced by spraying leaf extract at 20%. Furthermore, the inhibition of the weed growth was accompanied by an increase in the growth and yield of faba bean. The results indicated that phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins were present in the leaf extract, and there were smaller amounts of tannins and saponins in the root extract than in the leaf extract. Total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids in the leaf extract was more than three times that of the root extract. The results also revealed that the presence of higher concentrations of natural substances in the leaf extract than in the root extracts gave it its efficiency in inhibiting the growth of S. oleraceus weeds.

The investigations of energetic piles on the landfill in Zakurzewo near Grudziądz were done. The study provided answers to the following questions: I - are the piles worth digging up, li - what kind of material may be recovered after that, and Ill - what kind of process dominates currently in piles? It has been found out that plastic. mineral fraction and fraction of waste with the particles at the diameter below 10 mm made up about 75-90% of the total mass of waste in piles. Therefore. in the future these groups should be selected from the whole mass. Small fractions - I fraction of waste (with the particles of the diameter below 10 mm) and li fraction (with the particles of the diameter between 10-40 mm) made up significant share (50-93%) of the total mass of waste in piles. Organic matter content in dry mass of I fraction was high ranging from 71.6-86.8% of d.rn. This fraction can be used as a biological layer on the landfill. but should not be treated as a neutral waste for the sake of lcachuig of high pollutants concentration. fur the sake of low reduction of organic matter further fermentation of waste from piles W I - W6 with biogas recovery is advisable. In order to improve structural and odor features of waste. before sorting on the secondary materials. three weeks of air drying is advisable.

Seabirds constitute an important link between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, one of its manifestations being the transport of organic matter from the sea to breeding grounds. The main aim of our study was to determine the impact of gregarious and planktivorous little auks on the quantity and chemistry of soil organic matter along the western coast of Spitsbergen, Svalbard archipelago. Samples from the vicinity of four breeding colonies and respective controls were investigated using the elemental analyzers as well as the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer with attenuated total reflection module. The results clearly indicate that soils affected by little auks are characterized by significantly higher content of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, water-extractable organic carbon, and water-extractable total nitrogen in comparison with those unaffected by the birds. The size of the local population of little auks appears to be the crucial factor here. The chemistry of soil organic matter in soils affected by little auks is significantly different from that in soils unaffected by the birds. This is associated with fertilization of soils via guano deposition as well as differences in the quantity and quality of vegetation cover related to aforementioned process.