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Abstract

Wood pellets are classified as a solid biomass type. They are one of the most popular bio-heating fuels used in Europe, especially in the small heating sector, where pellets are burned in low-power domestic boilers. The pellets and automatic pellet-fired heating devices gained popularity due to the increasing air pollution (smog) problem and the low emission limiting campaigns associated with it. Wood pellets are formed as a result of small forestry particles mechanical compression (mainly conifers originated) and they are listed among renewable energy sources. The purpose of the presented studies was to compare the quality of wood pellets used for pellet-fired boilers and to identify, qualitatively and quantitatively, impurities marked in the samples obtained from the domestic market. The application of petrographic analyses, applied so far in relation to fossil fuels, is a presented work innovation for wood pellets. The microscopic analyses were performed on both certified (ENplus/DINplus) and uncertified wood pellets available on the market. Unfortunately, the analysis revealed that the quality requirements were not met, because of the unacceptable contamination presence. The unacceptable organic inclusions in the analyzed samples are fossil coals and their derivatives, coke, and polymeric materials of natural origin. Unacceptable inorganic inclusions determined in the analyzed samples were: glass, slag, rust, pieces of metal, stone powder, plastic, and polymeric materials of inorganic origin.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Nocoń
Iwona Jelonek
Marta Jach-Nocoń
Zbigniew Jelonek
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Abstract

Wood pellets, commonly referred to as biomass fuel, are increasingly used in heating and district heating in the European Union countries, including Poland. Their use in class 5 and/or Ecodesign boilers enables an individual consumer to use energy from renewable sources, reduce the environmental burden by reducing the emission of harmful compounds, and provides a sense of comfort by automating the boiler system. The article presents the current situation in the global wood pellet market, describes the basic quality standards applicable to this fuel during production, and indicates the difficulties in the implementation of programs co-financing the replacement of obsolete coal-fired boilers with automatic class 5 biomass-fired boilers. The research presented in this article is focused on the presence of contaminants in the DIN Plus, EN Plus, and A1 pellets, as well as in non-certified pellets. The analysis has shown that the use of wood pellets containing prohibited substances negatively affects boiler operation and contributes to the formation of slag and the emission of harmful compounds, making the discussed fuel non-ecological.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Jach-Nocoń
Adam Nocoń
Tomasz Mirowski
Iwona Jelonek
ORCID: ORCID
Zbigniew Jelonek
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

This paper presents a test stand equipped, among others, with two boilers intended for the combustion of solid fuels. The first is a single-fuel boiler designed to burn wood pellets only. The second is a multi-fuel boiler intended for the combustion of mainly hard coal (basic fuel) with the grain size of 0.005–0.025 m. Wood pellets can also be fired in this boiler, which in such a case are treated as a substitute fuel. There is a developed and verified algorithm for the control of the multi-fuel boiler operation in a wide range of loads for the basic fuel. However, for the substitute fuel (wood pellets) there are no documented and confirmed results of such testing. The paper presents selected results of testing performed during the combustion of wood pellets in a multi-fuel automatically stoked boiler. Several measuring series were carried out, for which optimal operating conditions were indicated. These conditions may serve as the basis for the development of the boiler operation control algorithm. A detailed analysis was carried out of the flue gas temperatures obtained at the outlet of the boiler combustion chamber and of the contents of carbon monoxide and oxygen in the boiler flue gases.
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Bibliography

[1] Announcement of the Sejm Speaker of the Republic of Poland on the promulgation of a consolidated text of the Act on renewable energy sources. Journal of Laws – Republic of Poland (Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) 2021, Item 610 (in Polish).
[2] Regulation of the Minister of Development and Finance on the requirements for solid-fuel boilers. Journal of Laws – Republic of Poland (Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) 2017, Item 1690 (in Polish).
[3] EN 303-5:2021: Heating boilers – Part 5: Heating boilers for solid fuels, manually and automatically stoked, nominal heat output of up to 500 kW – Terminology, requirements, testing and marking.
[4] Poland’s Energy Policy until 2040. Ministry of Climate and the Environment, Appendix to Resolution 22/2021 of the Council of Ministers, 2021 (in Polish).
[5] Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/2146 amending Regulation (EC) 1099/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on energy statistics, as regards the implementation of updates for the annual, monthly and short-term monthly energy statistics. OJ L 325, 16.12.2019.
[6] Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. OJ L 328, 21.12.2018.
[7] Zima W., Ojczyk G.: Current status and prospects for solid multi-fuel boilers of low power. Rynek Energii 5(2013), 108, 50–56 (in Polish).
[8] Juszczak M., Pałaszynska K., Rolirad K., Janicki M., Szczechowiak E.: Attempt to use additives increasing ash melting point while firing agricultural biomass pellets in order to avoid slag production in the furnace. Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja 48(2017), 8, 320–326 (in Polish).
[9] Ciupek B., Urbaniak R., Judt W.: Experimental research of changes in co, nox and pm concentrations in flue gases during combustion of wood pellets with wheat seeds. Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja 50(2019), 2, 56–61.
[10] Orłowska A., Sroka K.: Changes in legal regulations concerning supplying households with heat. Rynek Energii 140(2019), 1, 38–47.
[11] Zima W., Ojczyk G.: Analysis of combustion of wood pellets as a substitute fuel in a low-power boiler. Arch. Combust. 35(2015), 2, 117–130.
[12] Ziebik A., Stanek W.: Energy effciency – selected thermo-ecological problems. Arch. Thermodyn. 41(2020), 2, 277–299.
[13] https://www.herz-energie.at/pl/ (accessed 6 Sept. 2021).
[14] http://www.ogniwobiecz.com.pl/ (accessed 12 Sept. 2021).
[15] Ecological Safety Mark: Certificate 1035. Inst. Chem. Process. Coal, Zabrze 2009 (in Polish).
[16] https://www.keison.co.uk/ (accessed 17 Aug. 2021).
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[18] Rutkowski Ł., Szczygieł I.: Calculation of the furnace exit gas temperature of stoker fired boilers. Arch. Thermodyn. 42(2021), 3, 3–24.


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Authors and Affiliations

Wiesław Zima
1
Grzegorz Ojczyk
2

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Department of Energy, al. Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Kraków, Poland
  2. MTHE Modern Technologies in Heating Engineering, Młynska-Boczna 7/2, 31-470 Kraków, Poland

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