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Abstract

This article reflects on key concepts of historical thinking proposed by doctoral students and young researchers. Established concepts such as the social role of history, professional historian and (imagined) space are still important to the new generation of historians. At the same time, some new concepts are emerging, such as political exhumations, mass graves, motion, embodied historical research, ahistorical memory politics, websites as historical sources, critical heritage studies and heritagisation, treason, preposterous history – an idea taken from Mieke Bal, and “Supreme Peace” – a notion drawn from the Chinese philosophy of history. To interpret these concepts, I build word clouds as a way of creating knowledge involving non‑human factors (algorithms) while enabling speculative interpretations of the relations between words. The idea of a secure past comes to the fore and I therefore examine whether historical security and being secure in history could be considered important elements of interdisciplinary security studies.
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Bibliography

Adamczyk, Marcin. „Teoretyczne wprowadzenie do badań nad bezpieczeństwem”. W Polska – Europa – świat wczoraj i dziś, red. Magdalena Debita, Marcin Adamczyk, 54–74. Poznań: Media‑Expo Wawrzyniec Wierzejewski, 2017.
Austin, John Langshaw. Mówienie i poznawanie: rozprawy i wykłady filozoficzne. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1993.
Bal, Mieke. Quoting Caravaggio: Contemporary Art, Preposterous History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
Bal, Mieke. Wędrujące pojęcia w naukach humanistycznych: krótki przewodnik. Warszawa: Narodowe Centrum Kultury, 2012.
Pihlainen, Kalle, „The Distinction of History: On Valuing the Insularity of the Historical Past”. Rethinking History 20, nr 3 (2016): 414–432.
Pokruszyński, Witold. Filozoficzne aspekty bezpieczeństwa. Józefów: Wydawnictwo WSGE im. Alcide De Gasperi w Józefowie, 2011.
White, Hayden. Przeszłość praktyczna. Kraków: Universitas, 2014.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Domańska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
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Abstract

Phishing has been one of the most successful attacks in recent years. Criminals are motivated by increasing financial gain and constantly improving their email phishing methods. A key goal, therefore, is to develop effective detection methods to cope with huge volumes of email data. In this paper, a solution using BLSTM neural network and FastText word embeddings has been proposed. The solution uses preprocessing techniques like stop-word removal, tokenization, and padding. Two datasets were used in three experiments: balanced and imbalanced, whereas in the imbalanced dataset, the effect of maximum token size was investigated. Evaluation of the model indicated the best metrics: 99.12% accuracy, 98.43% precision, 99.49% recall, and 98.96% f1-score on the imbalanced dataset. It was compared to an existing solution that uses the DL model and word embeddings. Finally, the model and solution architecture were implemented as a browser plug-in.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Wolert
1
Mariusz Rawski
1

  1. Institute of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

The article deals with the adaptation of Belorussian and Russian affixes in Polish dialects of Braslaw region. The author singles out certain models of af fixal adaptation on the basis of phonetic, morphological and semantic or phonomorphological equivalence. Collected vocabulary provides many examples where we can observe the assimilation of foreign elements into the native system of the multilingual population. Modifications of borrowings in this way indicate the vitality of the systemic word-formative rules of the Polish language in the speakers’ consciousness.

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Authors and Affiliations

Julia Domitrak
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Abstract

The article presents vocabulary, both indigenous Polish and borrowed, connected with human characteristics arising from man’s appearance, character and behaviour as used in the petty nobility village of Dorohań and the peasant village of Wójtowce in Ukraine on the east bank of the Zbruch river. 204 words were analyzed divided into three main thematic categories and smaller groups, i.e. behavioural traits, moral deeds, status characteristics, mental abilities; appearance traits, character features and physical and emotional state words. The analysis showed that the foreign – Ukrainian and Russian – influence on the Polish vocabulary of the peasant village of Wójtowce is stronger than on the vocabulary of the petty nobility village of Dorohań. At the same time, the residents of Wójtowce use indigenous and borrowed words that are more expressive, both positively and negatively, what can be explained by the more frequent use of Polish in their everyday life. Comparison with other Polish dialects in Ukraine has revealed a certain similarity but also diversity, what can serve as the basis for further linguistic as well as cultural, ethnographic or anthropological research.

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Authors and Affiliations

Oksana Zakhutska
ORCID: ORCID
Viktoriia Cherniak
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Abstract

The author, following the concept of E. Benveniste, considers complex words as a product not only of word-formation derivation, but also of syntactic trans-formation (condensation) of phrases. The object of the transformation is phrases as composite syntactic and semantic constructions, but the derivation itself, i.e. the formation of complex words is carried out in the language according to the same rules as the derivation of simple (not complex) words, and with the same formal techniques as word formation in general, i.e. by affixation and transformation of components of complex words (truncation, interfixation, accent shifts, etc.). At the same time, the syntactic and semantic relations between components that are characteristic of generating phrases retain their meaning in the structure of derived complex words, no matter what models of derivation (semantic and word-forming) they may relate to. Complex words of the same type in their word-formation structure can have completely different semantics, depending on the syntactic and semantic relations that link the components of the original phrases.

The article offers a typology of complex words in the Russian language in terms of their "internal" syntactic and semantic structure. In composites derived from predicative phrases, there are subject, object, locative, temporal, and other semantic models of relations between a predicate and a dependent word. Composites with a supporting noun can be derived both from phrases with a com-positional connection, and from phrases with a subordinate connection (with relations of functional, comparative, and attributive dependence in a broad sense). Similarly, composites with a reference adjective, numeral, and counting words are analyzed. The article contains a criticism of some provisions of the academic "Russian grammar" (1980).

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Authors and Affiliations

Светлана М. Толстая
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The article contains an analysis of the word formation of proper names which are used in the texts of advertisements. The analyzed examples are drawn from the texts of advertisements found on television, radio, press, the Internet etc. which were produced at the end of 20th century and the beginning of 21st century. The article analyses two categories of these proper names: word formations which are used in contemporary Polish language (f.e. Robuś, Marysia, Stefcia, Kasia, Jasio, Krzyś, Rozalka, Basia, Bartuś, Sabinka, Julka, Karinka, Tomek, Adaś, Goździkowa) and neologisms f.e. Zapobiegalska, Zarażalski, Kichalska, Krzywonogi, Przyklapiusz, Musztarderowie, TurboDymoMan, SuperEs, Zozolka, Łazienkowo). The analysis conducted in the article proves that both types of proper names, which are word formation derivatives, appear relatively often in the texts of advertisements. This is the case since they are easy to form (advertisements take the majority of them from usage) and can perform many functions, which advertisements willingly use for their own needs. Proper names that are word formation derivatives and just proper names serve mainly as an assessment as they connote the values appreciated both culturally and socially and the values attributed to proper names are carried on the advertised products. Proper names which are derivatives create a desired picture of advertised products more expressively than other proper names, thanks to their clear word formation structure. Moreover, they expose their commercial assets so they fully use and at the same time cocreate the system of values of consumption culture.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Rogowska-Cybulska
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Abstract

The newest book of the renowned Polish linguist Leszek Bednarczuk summarizes his ideas in the field of comparative, areal and typological linguistics and brings some of his original ways out.
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Bibliography

Bednarczuk L., 2020, Sporne problemy językoznawstwa porównawczego, Kraków: Lexis.
Boček V., 2010, Studie k nejstarším romanismům ve slovanských jazycích, Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny. – (Studia etymologica Brunensia ; 9).
Boček V., 2012, On the Relationship between Gemination and Palatalization in Early Romance Loanwords in Common Slavic, “Journal of Slavic Linguistics”, vol. 20/2, pp. 151–170.
Boček V., 2014. Praslovanština a jazykový kontakt, Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny. – (Studia etymologica Brunensia ; 17).
Boček V., 2019, Common Slavic in the light of language contact and areal linguistics: Issues of methodology and the history of research, [In:] Slavic on the Language Map of Europe. Historical and Areal‑Typological Dimensions, eds. A. Danylenko, N. Motoki, Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 63–86.
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Authors and Affiliations

Václav Blažek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Masaryk University, Brno
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Abstract

The author considers problems of the book by Krystyna Waszakowa on the cognitive and communicative aspects of the study of modern Polish word-‑formation. The researcher focuses her attention on the possibility of using the cognitive semantics model of Ronald Langacker and the cognitive‑discourse model of Elena Kubryakova for the analysis of mechanisms of forming the semantics of word‑formation derivatives. Perspectives of the cognitive-‑communicative approach to the study of modern Polish word‑formation derivation Krystyna Waszakowa discusses in connection with the achievements of Slavic descriptive and structural derivatology.
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Bibliography

Dokulil M., 1962, Tvořeni slov v češtine. I: Teorie odvozováni slov, Praha: Československá akademie věd.
Puzynina J., 1967, Pojęcie regularnej i nieregularnej konstrukcji morfemowej a fakty słowotwórcze, „Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego”, zesz. 25, s. 91–102.
Tezisy 1967: Tezisy Prazhskogo lingvisticheskogo kruzhka, [in:] Prazhskiy lingvisticheskiy kruzhok : sbornik statey, sost., red., avt. predisl. N.A. Kondrashov, Moskva: Progress, pp. 17–41.
Waszakowa K., 2017, Kognitywno‑komunikacyjne aspekty słowotwórstwa. Wybrane zagadnienia opisu derywacji w języku polskim, Warszawa: Wydział Polonistyki Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
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Authors and Affiliations

Євгенія Карпіловська
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Інститут української мови Національної академії наук України, Київ
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Abstract

Many studies have been developed aiming to improve digital filters realizations, recurring to intricate structures and analyzing probabilistically the error's behavior. The work presented in this paper analyzes the feasibility of fixed-point implementation of classical infinite impulse response notch filters: Butterworth, Chebyshev I and II, and elliptic. To scrutinize the deformations suffered for distinct design specifications, it is assessed: the effect of the quality factor and normalized cut-off frequency, in the number of significant bits necessary to represent the filter's coefficients. The implications brought to FPGA implementation are also verified. The work focuses especially on the implementation of power line notch filters used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in biomedical signals. The results obtained, when quantizing the digital notch filters, show that by applying second-order sections decomposition, low-order digital filters may be designed using only part of double precision capabilities. High-order notch filters with harsh design constraints are implementable using double precision, but only in second-order sections. Thus, it is revealed that to optimize computation time in real-time applications, an optimal digital notch filter implementation platform should have variable arithmetic precision. Considering these implementation constraints, utmost operation performance is finally estimated when implementing digital notch filters in Xilinx Virtex-5 field-programmable gate arrays. The influence of several design specifications, e.g. type, and order, in the filter's behavior was evaluated, namely in regard to order, type, input and coefficient number of bits, quality factor and cut-off frequency. Finally the implications and potential applications of such results are discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Eduardo Pinheiro
Octavian Postolache
Pedro Girão
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Abstract

The paper approaches an important issue of the phonological similarity of words, relevant for current research in phonotactics, word recognition, production and acquisition, by analyzing the data collected in an experiment in which 30 native speakers of Polish were asked to provide phonologically similar words to 80 nonwords. The study demonstrates that the uncovered patterns of phonological similarity (segment substitutions, deletions and additions, the use of bigrams, trigrams and quadrigrams, noncontiguous sounds and segment metathesis) go beyond the commonly employed concept of neighbourhood density and point to the need to revise the current approaches to phonological similarity of words. It is argued that the experimental results can be attributed to the considerably more complex phonotactic and morphological structure of Polish than English.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jolanta Szpyra-Kozłowska
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Abstract

The article is devoted to an analysis of the suffixal and truncated suffixal variants of male Christian names in the Lutsk castle book of 1560‑1561(2013), and the identification of productive / unproductive formants in the composition of the researched names. The Polish academic I. Mytnik prepared a monograph Anthroponymy of Volynia of the 16th‑18th centuries (2010), using a wide source base – 58 manuscripts and 32 printed sources, but this 16th‑century Volyn literary heritage site did not serve as a basis for her study. Having studied the word‑formative derivatives of the male Christian names in the Lutsk castle book of 1560‑1561 we came to the conclusion that the most productive formants are ‑k(o) (67 variants) and ‑ets (40 variants); the suffixes ‑yna (10), ‑uk (9), ‑ash (6), ‑osh (4) show a slightly lower productivity. With the help of the suffixes ‑k(a), ‑yk, ‑ysh, ‑ut(a), ‑yts(a) 2 nominal variants are formed. Names with the formants ‑ok, ‑as, ‑ys, ‑os, ‑ay constitute single examples. The most commonly used names in Volyn documents from the middle of the 16th century were Yatsko / Ya(ts)ko (35 bearers), Fede(ts) / Khvede(ts) (22), Vasko / Va(s)ko (20), Hrytsko / Hry(ts)ko, Yvane(ts) (18), Le(v)ko (15), Andree(ts) / Andr± e(ts) (14), Yvashko / Yva(sh)ko, Matys (11), Mykhno, Tyshko / Ty(sh)ko, Fe(d)ko / Khve(d)ko (10). Among the truncated suffix name variants, the most productive form is ‑khno: it being attested in 9 names. While the most commonly used name is Mykhno (10 bearers).
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Authors and Affiliations

Lesya Yashchuk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Oksana Lytvynchuk
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Ivan Franko Zhytomyr State University
  2. Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University
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Abstract

The paper is concerned with the most fundamental compositional divide to be found in lyrical discourse, consisting in that the latter one is normally split into an empirical part, presenting the author’s concrete experience, and a focal part, where the author discovers some signifi cant truth or/and changes her attitude towards the world. It is claimed in the paper that, more generally, one of the specifi c linguistic properties of focal fragments is their higher and/or specially underscored informativity, and, in particular, one of the means recruited to emphasize it is inverted word order.

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Authors and Affiliations

Gennadij Zeldowicz
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The article presents a relation between a word and a picture against a background of art theology developing in Christianity. Such an assumption releases from the presentation of a selection of illustrations to biblical texts. Assumed deliberations have a form of an outline illustrated by the examples from the field of miniature painting and engraving, depicting in a literal sense a transformation of a word into a picture. The studies from the field of a word function in faith tradition created the whole theological and biblical literature. On the other hand analyses of the analo- gical role of a picture in Christianity are relatively new and only seldom are they conducted by theologians or art historians.

The title of the present dissertation constitutes a travesty of a sentence announced by St. John in the prologue of his Gospel: "And the Word was made flesh" (1:14). When John is talking about the Logos it means in our perspective a written word, that is the Revelation described in the Bible. Based on what St. Paul said in the Letter to the Romans (10:14-18) the expression: Fides ex auditu started to be used in theology. The question of the role of a picture in religion can be encapsulated in a paraphrase of this expression, as: Fides ex visu. Certain people in specific circumstances acquire faith through the sense of sight, through image.

The Prophets attributed to pictures magic forces and the power of influencing human souls. Therefore they pushed them into the field of magic and witchcraft, into the world of dark forces, using signs. According to their teaching a real cult does not need any material signs. A monotheistic religion wants to remain a religion based on reading and not watching „suspicious" pictures. Rejecting visual representations, the Old Testament favours verbal symbols. And not only has the image of a false godbecome the idol, but also a false image of the true God. The invisible God can be described, but not painted. Art is too weak to show the greatness of God. The undescribed God remained invisible. He made himself known to people only through the revealed word and depicting Him in paintings was forbidden because it was a threaten to the primary Plan of Salvation. In such an approach a word becomes a power and the rejected picture becomes weak because it is useless and even harmful. This was well expressed by Re'gis Debray, who wrote that art with its altars, paintings and figures was too heavy to be carried by the Jew, this eternal wanderer, on his way. Thus he took the book.

Despite strict bans we can find in the Old Testament statements containing human longing for watching God, either during the sleepas in the case of patriarch Jacob, or in a „face-to-face" meeting as Moses at Mount Sinai, or in a prophetic seeing as it was experienced e.g. by Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, or the other ones „seeing".

The situation changed in the New Testament, when the eternal Logos - the son of God became a man. It was possible to see God through the incarnate Word, as Jesus Christ became the most ideal icon of God. The incarnation gave a possibility of depicting the one that was so far Invisible. This can be contained in a sentence that „the Word was made a picture". The Mystery of the Incarnation was invoked by the iconodules at the Second Council of Nicea, in 787.

Christianity is a religion of a word and a picture, but Protestants are different from Catholics in their approach to pictures. Taking a doctrinal assumption on the sole primacy of a word (sola Scriptura), certain sections of the Reformation rejected a picture as a form of superstition. The specific character of Protestant art became the custom of placing citations from the Bible on paintings, or even placing the sole citations or the sentences of the Reformation in altar reredos.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ks. Ryszard Knapiński
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Abstract

The subject of this review is the monograph of Marta Vojteková on the new compounds with initial baseoids of foreign origin in contemporary Polish.
The author describes Polish lexicon occurring in the Polish press in 2001–2005 excerpted from the work by Teresa Smółkowa (ed.), Nowe słownictwo polskie. Materiały z prasy lat 2001–2005. Vojteková presents the set of 276 baseoids occurring as the initial part of compounds gathered as a dictionary, which can serve as a starting point for the preparation new neological sources or for further linguistic research on baseoids.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sylwia Sojda
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The Institute of Liguistics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Abstract

The theme of the article focuses on the description of the tactile sphere selected for the presentation of Russian literary prose figures from the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 21st century. The term “homo hapticus” is understood in the article as a characterization of a figure expressed through touch. At the same time, haptics, representative of the physical, biological side of the characters’ functioning in the world, is closely related to their spiritual sphere and can be referred to types of saintly characters. These dependencies are expressed by both the touching and the touched subject, and in particular by the body elements involved in the haptic turn – in my examples these are the hands and the mouth. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the haptics of the analysed characters abolishes the binary between the material and spiritual worlds. He points out that touch reflects not only a specific physical action, but is closely related to the Russian cultural context, primarily the religious. It is the haptics of the figures who act as healers that allows them to be called righteous men – expressing a loving Christian attitude towards their fellow man.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Trojanowska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy
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Abstract

The aim of this study is to refl ect on two notions that are often used in contemporary research, relevant to cultural linguistics: linguistic vision of the world and linguistic image of the world. We start with expressing our conviction that it is not a question of two synonymic concepts nor do we believe that they are opposite notions. In our opinion, they are two ideas that refl ect the relationship between the language and culture of a speech community but at different levels and from a different perspective. In this study we will examine the research works that, in recent years, have used both notions in order to expose their advantages. In the fi rst part of our work we will discuss the background of the discipline and then provide the defi nitions of both notions and their uses most signifi cant uses. We will draw on the studies of researchers who study Slavic languages, Spanish and English.

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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Brzozowska-Zburzyńska
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Abstract

Among the most important expressions of the cultural identity of the Silesians are the Silesian dialect and Silesian cuisine. The German-Polish cultural and linguistic contacts that have been present in Silesia for centuries are also manifested in the culinary vocabulary of the regionʼs inhabitants. In addition to numerous loan words of German provenance, which have also been incorporated into Polish literary language, many other lexemes are found in Silesian variety that are related to eating and drinking and have only regional distribution. From a contact linguistic perspective, the article focuses on the court terms of German provenance present in the Silesian dialect, mainly addressing the various forms of borrowing.
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Authors and Affiliations

Daniela Pelka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institut für Sprachwissenschaft Universität Oppeln, Polen
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Abstract

The purpose of the article is to study the origin and spread of the Carpathism koshara in Slavic and Balkan languages and within Carpathian dialects. The material used in the analysis comprises general, specialist and dialect dictionaries, as well as dialectological atlases and maps. The study has used methods of semantic and phonetic analysis of lexicographic sources, an interpretation of linguistic maps as well as etymological analysis. A comparative‑historical study of the word koshara allows one to determine such a development of meaning: “the result of weaving, something woven”. Then there was a transfer to capacity and, finally, specialization: “capacity for carrying things, basket”, “capacity for body, clothes”, “capacity for housing, house”, “housing for people”, “housing for animals”. The comparative‑historical research conducted involving broad dialectical material has allowed one to finally accept the еastern etymology of the word from the turс. koš, related to the verb košmak.
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Authors and Affiliations

Надія Пашкова
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Київський національний лінгвістичний університет
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Abstract

This article addresses the issue of the axiological and derivational specificity of the secondary names of defenders and enemies of Ukraine during the period of the Russian intervention of 2022. Its relevance is due to the need for a comprehensive study of new trends in connotative nomination, as well as the importance of outlining the value orientations of Ukrainians in the critical conditions of the war. The author defines 5 groups of secondary names of persons created during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022: 1) names of soldiers of the Armed Forces; 2) the names of the occupiers; 3) names of Ukrainian politicians; 4) names of politicians from the aggressor side; 5) names of foreign politicians who have supported Ukraine. The author emphasizes that modern Ukrainians use both traditional means of emotional and evaluative nomination, as well as original derivational mechanisms, in particular graphoderivation, a non‐standard combination of word‐forming components, witty convergence of words, etc. For the first time, the author substantiates the connotative derivation as an effective method of verbal psycho‐regulation and worldview self‐presentation of Ukrainians during the Russian aggression, since the names of defenders and enemies in the modern Ukrainian communicative space perform a number of communicative‐pragmatic and psychoregulatory functions: they enable the nomination of persons according to new value criteria, provide an outlet for negative emotions, indicate a cultural and moral superiority over the invaders, define the political position against the background of the enemy’s geopolitical and informational aggression.
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Authors and Affiliations

Myroslava Bahan
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kyiv National Linguistic University
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Abstract

The purpose of the paper is foremost to present Andrey Muraviev’s approach to fasting, both in his personal life and in literary work. The main basis of the analysis are the memories of the writer and his Letters about the service of the Eastern Catholic [Orthodox] Church (Письма о Богослужении Восточной Кафолической Церкви). Attention is paid to the Slavic word post ‘fast’, to its etymology, sense, its equivalents in biblical languages, i.e. in Hebrew and Greek as well. The writer’s considerations for fasting are confronted with appropriate biblical comments on this topic. The paper emphasizes that Muraviev, despite being brought up in a religious spirit, in his childhood and youth was not used to following the restraints of fasting. Only on his way to the Holy Land, did he fast throughout the entirety of Lent. Then he gradually got used to other multi‑day fasts and to weekly fasts, on Wednesdays and Fridays. In his reflections, referring to the books of the Old and New Testament, the works of Church Fathers and church songs, Muraviev argued that fasting is an important means in man’s spiritual life. He pointed out the need not only to renounce a particular type of food, but also above all to subdue the body to the soul and to tame passions. For the writer, fasting was a sign of faith and a practice supporting prayer.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Kościołek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Arleta Szulc
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
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Abstract

The present work discusses the issues of the variantivity of borrowings from English into modern Polish and Russian. The material for study is variants of English borrowings (based on spelling, spelling and pronunciation, stress pattern, and morphology), excerpted mainly from newest dictionaries of foreign words that have been published over the last 15 years. The analysis aims to determine common “regular correspondencies” of such variants present in the two Slavic languages under discussion, and to identify the individualised variances typical of a particular national language. An important objective of the study is also to specify the reasons why alternative forms have been emerging so numerously in both languages, and to unearth some problems underlying the variantivity of Anglicisms. The research presented in this paper is significant for several perspectives: firstly, variantivity is a challenge to lexicographers and normative linguists still attempting to standardise the enormity of foreign lexical items of an unstable form. Secondly, the fact that a given item has its equivalents poses a problem to average language users who are often confused and do not know how to write or pronounce a word, with dictionaries not necessarily being helpful in this respect. The obtained results may encourage further steps towards the systematization of principles governing the adaptation of borrowings and the attempts to tame the present escalating chaos in Polish and Russian literature on the subject.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Romanik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Białystok, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
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Abstract

The aim of the article is to examine the specific properties of language actions in terms of their moral evaluation. The author starts from the question whether responsibility for words has the same meaning as responsibility for a physical action. In her analysis, the author deliberates whether in both cases the same rules and criteria are applicable. Referring to the classical theory of speech acts proposed by John L. Austin, who introduced a fundamental division into constative and performative utterances and went on to distinguish illocutionary effects from perlocutionary consequences of speech acts, the author investigates how far a subject is responsible for the words he uses.

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Authors and Affiliations

Karolina Rozmarynowska
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Abstract

The issue of the morphemic analysis of medical terminology is a crucial factor in terms of translation strategies and compilation of a terminological dictionary. The research was conducted in the context of author’s current lexicographical work called as English-Ukrainian-Russian defining dictionary of dental terms. To provide the user of the dictionary with reliable techniques to construct the meaning of terms, morphemes relative frequency in the area of dentistry have been determined.

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Authors and Affiliations

Yuliia Deviatko
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Abstract

In contrast to foreign combining forms, native combining forms are usually treated as elements on the margin of German word formation. At the same time the question is under discussion, how the notion of combining form has to be defined. Based on a semantically oriented notion, as presented in reference books, and using a large sample of items, it is argued that elements like SCHWIEGER(vater), STIEF- (kind), (Vogel)KUNDE, (Hallen)WART are just the often mentioned examples of a category with a broad range of elements and with communicative relevance. Native combining forms are not only remains of former language periods, but are permanently produced by language users in order to meet their communicative needs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Josef Schu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken

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